A secretomic study on human hepatocellular carcinoma multiple drug-resistant cell lines
- Authors:
- Published online on: July 3, 2015 https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4106
- Pages: 1249-1260
Abstract
Introduction
Liver cancer remains one of the most common types of cancer worldwide and is ranked in the top 10 causes of cancer-associated mortalities (1). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of liver cancer pathology, has been a major threat to human life, especially in regions where viral hepatitis is prevalent, such as in Asia (hepatitis B) and America (hepatitis C). Multiple treatments, including chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), adjuvant therapy, surgical resection and liver transplantation, are available options for HCC at different stages. However, HCC is prone to be in an advanced stage when diagnosed, rendering it unresectable and responds poorly to chemotherapeutic drugs, due to multiple drug resistance (MDR). MDR refers to the phenomenon whereby microorganisms or tumor cells simultaneously resist several varieties of drugs which themselves are structurally and functionally different (2–4). MDR in cancer emerges in ongoing treatment with an anticancer drug when the cancer cells become resistant to both the chemical in use as well as to other chemotherapeutic drugs. It is generally accepted that early identification of MDR is useful in selecting the optimal treatment protocol and predicting the prognosis of the cancer. Therefore, identifying biomarkers associated with drug resistance is a highly desirable research purpose.
Secretomics is a branch of proteomics that focuses on the proteins secreted by cells, tissues or organisms. Increasing attention has been given to the study of Secretomics, because secreted proteins are believed to be essential to numerous physiological and pathological processes such as glucose and lipid metabolism, cell signal transduction, matrix remodeling, drug delivery and invasion of malignant cells. It is deemed likely that some proteins connected to the chemotherapeutic drug resistance of HCC are to be found from the secretome of HCC multi-drug-resistant cell line BEL7402/5-FU. Although several proteins such as BCRP, MRP, P-gp and ANXA3 have been found to correlate with the MDR phenomenon, secretory proteins in the MDR phenotype are worthy of study.
The lack of abundance is the main obstacle to conventional proteomic approaches. Secretory proteins are difficult to detect and analyze by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) owing to the low protein concentration in cell media or body fluids, as well as to the existence of hydrophobic proteins (7). Consequently, the conventional 2-DE-conducted proteomic assay is not suited to secretomic studies. Isobaric tags for the relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) analysis is an emerging quantitative proteomics technology that labels peptides with isotope-coded covalent tags to study changes of protein expression in different samples. With respect to conventional approaches, iTRAQ has an advantage in accuracy and can analyze eight different samples simultaneously. In the present study, the iTRAQ-based proteomic approach was applied to identify differentially expressed secretory proteins between BEL7402 and BEL7402/5-FU.
Materials and methods
Cell lines
Cell lines used in this study were obtained from the Cancer Cell Bank of the Chinese Medical Science Institute. BEL7402/5-FU is an MDR HCC cell line that was induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) from the human HCC cell line BEL7402. RPMI-1640 medium and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). The complete medium for BEL7402 and BEL7402/5-FU consisted of 89% RPMI-1640 medium, 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution. By adding 20 mg/l 5-Fu to the complete medium, the BEL7402/5-FU cell line maintained its biological characteristics of MDR. Cell lines were cultured in a water incubator (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA) at 37°C and 5% CO2.
Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) determination
The cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs to BEL7402 and its MDR cell line were measured by a WST-8 assay (5). BEL7402 and BEL7402/5-FU cells were counted and placed in 96-wells at a density of 5×103 cells/well, and then cultured in an incubator at 37°C for 24 h before being treated with chemotherapeutic drugs. 5-Fu, cisplatin, adriamycin and vincristine (VCR) in graded concentrations were added to the two types of cells. After treatment for 48 h, the medium was replaced with fresh medium containing 10% WST-8 reagent, and the cells were incubated for an additional 1–4 h until their optical density was measured at 450 nm. The IC50 of BEL7402 and BEL7402/5-FU for each drug was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) by means of probit analysis (6).
Secretory protein extraction
The secretory proteins of BEL7402 and BEL7402/5-FU were extracted through ultrafiltration. When BEL7402 and BEL7402/5-FU were 90% confluent, the culture media were replaced with basic RPMI-1640 medium after the residual serum was washed away with PBS. Twenty-four hours after instituting this serum-free culture, the media of each cell line were collected and concentrated by centrifugation at 4°C for 1 h using centrifugal filter devices from Amicon (Carrigtwohill, Co., Cork, Ireland). The resulting concentrated solution was removed and placed into a tube and precipitated overnight with acetone at 20°C. Subsequently, the precipitated samples were separated by high-speed centrifugation, and then dissolved in a buffer containing 0.5 M triethylammonium bicarbonate and 8 M urea (urea TB buffer). Protein samples were stored at −80°C prior to isotope labeling.
iTRAQ labeling
Secretory protein samples were quantified using a 2-D Quant kit purchased from Amersham Biosciences, and diluted with the urea TB buffer to obtain a final concentration of 5 mg/ml. A 100 µg protein/sample of BEL7402 and BEL7402/5-FU was employed for isotope labeling, and a duplex was set for the HCC cell and its MDR phenotype, respectively. Samples in each tube were denatured and cysteine-blocked using buffers in the iTRAQ Buffer kit (AB Sciex, Foster City, CA, USA). Having been digested with 5 µg trypsin (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) at 37°C overnight and desiccated using a vacuum pump, the peptides were dissolved in isopropanol and then subjected to iTRAQ labeling. Isotope tags were allocated as follows: i) BEL7402 secretory protein −113 and −115 tags; and ii) BEL7402/5-FU secretory protein −114 and −116 tags. The labeled samples were mixed together for further mass spectrometric (MS) analysis.
Peptide fractionation
Peptides labeled with isotope tags were fractionated as previously described (7). Briefly, the fractionation process is conducted through isoelectric focusing (IEF). Labeled samples were dissolved in Pharmalyte and urea solution, subjected to pH 3–10 IPG strips, and then focused on the IPGphor. The IPGphor IEF system was purchased from Amersham Biosciences (Uppsala, Sweden). Peptides were extracted from the gel using buffer A (2% acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid) and lyophilized in a vacuum pump. The fractions were desalinated using a solid phase extraction (SPE) column (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA) and lyophilized again. The fractions were then stored at −20°C prior to the MS analysis.
Mass spectrometric analysis
MS analysis was performed with the QStar® Elite hybrid mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) coupled to a liquid chromatography system (Amersham, The Netherlands). Lyophilized samples were re-suspended in buffer A, and 10 µl was loaded on a capillary column for peptide separation. Peptides were separated by eluting with buffer A and a series of buffer B (98% acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic) gradients at a 0.3 µl/min flow rate. The LC eluent was applied to the electrospray ionization (ESI) quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometer (QTOF-MS) analysis. The mass spectrometer was operated in positive ion mode, with the mass range set at 300–2,000 m/z. The two most intensely ionized peptides >20 counts were selected for tandem mass spectrometry at a dynamic exclusion for 30 sec with a tolerance of ± 50 mDa.
MS analysis data were processed using the ProteinPilot version 2.0 software (Applied Biosystems) and searched against the International Protein Index (IPI) human protein database (v3.77). Cysteine modified by methane thiosulfate (MMTS) was specified as a fixed modification. Relative quantification of proteins was determined using ratios of the peak areas at 113, 114, 115 and 116 Da, respectively. These values corresponded to the abundance of the tags applied to label the samples.
Western blot analysis
To verify the differentially expressed secretory proteins identified through MS analysis, western blotting was subsequently carried out. Figures for the total proteins of BEL7402 and its MDR cell line were calculated by lysing cells with a lysis buffer as previously described (9). Concentrations of each protein sample were determined using the 2D-Quant kit. Equal amounts of intercellular and secreted proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and then transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. The membranes were subsequently blocked with blocking buffer [5% milk, 3% BSA or 0.04% gelatin in tris-buffered saline and Tween-20 (TBS-T)] at room temperature for 1 h. The blocked membranes were incubated with specific primary antibodies (1:1,000–1:10,000 dilution in blocking buffer) overnight at 4°C. Primary antibodies, including polyclonal and monoclonal against α-2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG), angiopoietin 1 (ANGPT1), vitronectin (VTN), SerpinF1, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) 1 (NQO1) and lipocalin-2 (LCN2), were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Species-specific horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies were applied to incubate the membranes, which were previously washed three times in TBS-T. Reactions between the target proteins and specific antibodies were then visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) reagent (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) through the ChemiDOC™ MP imaging system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
AHSG siRNA treatment to BEL7402/5-FU cell line
Three AHSG siRNA sequences (5′-ACACCUUCAUGGGUGUGGUCUCAUU-3′, 5′-ACGCUCAGAACGGCUCCAAUUU-3′ and 5′-UCGUCCUGCUCCUUUGUCUUGCUCA-3′) and negative control siRNA purchased from Invitrogen-Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA) were each transfected into BEL7402/5-FU cells following the manufacturer's instructions. BEL7402/5-FU cells were evenly planted into 6-well plates and cultured until they were 60–80% confluent. AHSG siRNAs and negative control siRNA were incubated with the Lipofectamine® 2000 Transfection reagent (Invitrogen-Life Technologies) for 20 min in Opti-MEM® I Reduced-Serum Medium (Gibco) prior to being transfected into BEL7402/5-FU cells. The final concentration of the siRNAs was 40 nmol/l, which corresponded to the optimal concentration as measured in a pre-test. The medium in each well was replaced with RPMI-1640 complete medium 4–6 h after siRNA transfection and the cells were allowed to continue in culture for a further 48 h. The apoptotic rate was detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI using flow cytometry (FCM). The viabilities of RNA-interfered cells were examined using WST-8 following treatment with 5-Fu, adriamycin, VCR and cisplatin, respectively, in their IC50 concentrations for 48 h. Simultaneously, AHSG protein expression of knockdown cells was determined by western blotting.
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on the tissue microarray (TMA) LV801a obtained from US Biomax, Inc. (Rockville, MD, USA). The TMA contained 40 cases of HCC and an equal amount of adjacent normal tissue. The IHC was performed as previously described (7). Paraffin-embedded HCC tissue sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated, and antigen retrieval was performed with 0.01 M citrate for 5 min. Endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched in 3% H2O2 for 10 min. Tissue sections were then blocked with BSA, and incubated with specific monoclonal antibodies for AHSG (1:20), ANGPT1 (1:20), VTN (1:100), NQO1 (1:100), LCN2 (1:200) and SerpinF1 (1:400). The reactions were visualized by incubating with diaminobenzidine solution (DAB), counterstained with hematoxylin and evaluated under a light microscope. The protein expression levels were semi-quantitatively analyzed based on the percentage of positive cells, ranging from 0 to 100%, and the staining intensity was counted as 0, 1, 2, or 3. The arithmetic product of the two parameters was generated as the IHC score value. All evaluations were performed by the same pathologist to maintain consistency.
Cell proliferation, migration and invasion assays
BEL7402 and HepG2 cells were transfected with negative control siRNA and AHSG siRNA sequences as previously mentioned. For the proliferation assay, transfected BEL7402 and HepG2 were added into 96-well plates at a density of 1×103 cells/well, and the number of viable cells was monitored at regular intervals by WST-8. Cell migration and invasion assays were carried out in 24-well plates using polycarbonate membrane inserts (Cell Biolabs, Inc.) with 8 µm pores. For the cell invasion assay, an additional uniform basement membrane matrix layer was coated on the upper surface of the chambers to obstruct non-invasive cells. Transfected cells were re-suspended with serum-free media at a concentration of 1.0×106 cells/ml and plated into the polycarbonate membrane chambers. Medium containing 10% FBS was added to the bottom of each well. After 24-h incubation at 37°C, any cells on the surface of the chambers that had not migrated or invaded were removed. The migrated and invaded cells on the polycarbonate membrane were stained with cell stain solution (Cell Biolabs, Inc.), dissociated with extraction solution, and the optical density was quantified at 560 nm.
Statistical analysis
The continuous variables in this study were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis of data in this study was conducted by SPSS Statistics 21 software. The IC50 values of each chemotherapeutic drug were calculated by the probit analysis (8). Intergroup significance tests were conducted using a Student's t-test and the data were considered statistically significant when P<0.05.
Results
Property of MDR
The biological characteristics of BEL7402 and its MDR phenotype cell line BEL7402/5-FU have been previously described (9). The state of the cells was slightly different from that of the previous study, since they were of a different generation. Following the protocol mentioned above, dose-response relationships for 5-Fu, cisplatin and adriamycin were obtained and analyzed by SPSS software using the probit model, thereby determining the IC50 values. As is shown in Table I, the IC50 values of 5-Fu for BEL7402 and BEL7402/5-FU were 3.46±0.31 and 697.57±52.88, respectively. Thus, the resistance to 5-Fu of BEL7402/5-FU was 201.61-fold higher than that for BEL7402 (Fig. 1). Differences were also observed following treatment with cisplatin, adriamycin, and VCR, which amounted to 11.74-, 29.68- and 8.75-fold higher in BEL7402/5-FU cells, respectively (Table I and Fig. 1). The results indicated that BEL7402/5-FU was resistant to several types of chemotherapeutic drugs, and served as a typical model in the MDR study of HCC.
iTRAQ-based MS analysis
Secretory protein samples were enriched from a cell culture medium of the human BEL7402 HCC cell line and its MDR cell line BEL7402/5-FU, and subjected to iTRAQ-based MS analysis after being labeled with iTRAQ tags. A brief flowchart of the quantitative proteomic approach using isobaric labeling is presented in Fig. 2A. A duplicate of each sample was created to increase confidence in the result, and protein samples were labeled as follows: BEL7402, 113 and 115; BEL7402/5-FU, 114 and 116. Thus, the relative abundance of proteins from BEL7402/5-FU cells with respect to proteins from BEL7402 cells was revealed as the iTRAQ ratios 114:113 and 116:115. The isobaric-labeled peptides were analyzed by LC/MS/MS, searched for in the IPI database, and identified with ProteinPilot software. By searching the human IPI database under the ProteinPilot algorithm, 1,780 unique proteins were identified with 95% confidence. Considering the technical variations of the method and statistical analysis in the relative quantification analysis, and in order to reduce false positives and increase accuracy, stricter cut-off points were imposed when dividing the identified proteins. Proteins with a ratio >1.5 or <0.5 were classified as upregulated or downregulated (10). In total, 279 differentially expressed proteins were filtrated, of which 131 proteins were highly expressed in BEL7402/5-FU relative to its parental cell line, while 56 proteins were underexpressed. Table II shows the top 30 upregulated and downregulated proteins in BEL7402/5-FU cells compared to BEL7402 cells. Of the downregulated proteins, aldo-keto reductase (AKR) (peptide sequence: ALGVSNFSHFQIEK) ranks in the top 30, and its MS/MS spectrum and relative abundance by iTRAQ ratio 116:115 and 114:113 are shown in Fig. 2B.
Table IIPartial list of proteins identified to be expressed at different levels between the secretome of BEL7402 and BEL7402/5-FU cells by iTRAQ analysis. |
Protein classification by the PANTHER classification system
To achieve a preview of the profile of the 279 differentially expressed proteins, the proteins were classified by the PANTHER classification system (http://www.pantherdb.org) according to protein class, cellular component, molecular function and biological process (Fig. 3). The differentially expressed proteins were various and divided into 28 classes, but mainly comprise nucleic acid binding (12.9%), hydrolase (11.7%), enzyme modulator (6.8%) and signaling molecule (6.1%) proteins (Fig. 3A). There were 10 molecular function categories, including catalytic activity (38.8%) and binding (31.1%) (Fig. 3B). The identified proteins participate in a range of biological processes, including metabolic processes (33.1%) and cell processes (17.9%) (Fig. 3C).
Validation of differentially expressed proteins
By studying protein classification and screening the relative abundance of proteins through the iTRAQ approach, the most significantly dysregulated proteins, AHSG, ANGPT1, VTN, SerpinF1, NQO1 and LCN2 were further validated. Western blotting was performed as described above to validate the identified differentially expressed proteins. The expression of AHSG, ANGPT1, VTN, SerpinF1, NQO1 and LCN2 in the conditioned medium and cell lysis product of BEL7402 and BEL7402/5-FU cells is shown in Fig. 4. The abundance of proteins AHSG, ANGPT1, VTN and SerpinF1 in secretory protein and total cytoplasmic protein were obviously higher in the BEL7402/5-FU than in BEL7402 cells, while NQO1 and LCN2 were downregulated. Thus, the results of immunoblotting were highly coincidental with the mass spectrum analysis.
The relevance of AHSG to MDR
To study the relevance of AHSG upregulation to the MDR phenomenon in the BEL7402/5-FU cell line, three specific siRNA sequences were employed to knock down AHSG expression in BEL7402/5-FU cells. By western blotting, AHSG expression in specific siRNA-transfected BEL7402/5-FU cells were proven to have been effectively silenced (Fig. 5A). To assess the relationship between AHSG and MDR, BEL7402/5-FU cells were treated with the aforementioned anticancer drugs for 2 days with their IC50 concentration after being transfected with specific siRNA sequences for 48 h. Fig. 5B shows that the inhibition rate of anticancer drugs 5-Fu, cisplatin, adriamycin and VCR on AHSG-knockdown BEL7402/5-FU cells was higher, compared with negative control. IC50 values of these drugs to AHSG-knockdown cells are detailed in Table III, showing that IC50 values of 5-Fu, cisplatin and adriamycin were markedly decreased in AHSG-knockdown BEL7402/5-FU cells than negative control. The result suggested that suppression of AHSG minimizes BEL7402/5-FU resistance to several chemotherapeutic drugs, which, in turn, indicated that AHSG may contribute to the MDR phenomenon in the cell line. Furthermore, through FCM detection, we found that AHSG-knockdown has no effect on the apoptosis of BEL7402/5-FU under the pressure of chemotherapeutic drugs (data not shown).
Association of dysregulated proteins with clinical HCC
The selected differentially expressed proteins in the present study have been reported be linked to tumor development and progression in several types of cancer (11–14). However, their association with HCC is, by contrast, rarely reported. Moreover, chemoresistance phenotype is a common biological behavior in malignancy, while drug resistance may not be an isolated event in tumor development and progression. Thus, TMA containing 40 HCC and adjacent tissues were employed for the immunohistochemical assay. Fig. 6A shows the expression of AHSG, ANGPT1, VTN, SerpinF1, NQO1, and LCN2 in HCC, and adjacent tissues. The proteins AHSG, ANGPT1 and VTN were significantly upregulated in HCC tissues compared to adjacent tissues, and the semi-quantitative analysis described above shows the differential expression visually, as well as the statistical significance (Fig. 6B). The differential expression of SerpinF1 and NQO1 was observed in only a few locations, and there was no significant difference in the expression of SerpinF1 and NQO1 between HCC tissue and the adjacent normal tissue. The IHC results of AHSG, ANGPT1 and VTN were coincident with MS/MS analysis of the MDR cell line, whereas LCN2, which was a markedly underexpressed protein in BEL7402/5-FU cells, was overexpressed in HCC tissues compared to adjacent tissues.
Effects of AHSG on HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion
The experimental data on TMA, coupled with the known information on AHSG, suggests that AHSG may not only be connected with the MDR of HCC, but also contributes to the progression of the cancer. In light of this, the expression of AHSG in human HepG2 and BEL7402 HCC cell lines were knocked down by its specific siRNAs to prepare the cell proliferation, migration and invasion assays. By measuring the OD values following incubation with media containing WST-8 reagent, the relative amounts of viable cells at each specified time interval are shown in Fig. 7, showing that AHSG-knockdown cells, HepG2 and BEL7402, exhibited fewer cells in contrast to the control cells over time. In the cell migration and invasion assays, however, silencing of AHSG had little or no effect on the migration or invasion process of HepG2 and BEL7402 cells (data not shown).
Discussion
In the present study, the secretomic profiles of the human BEL7402 HCC cell line and its MDR cell line BEL7402/5-FU were comparatively analyzed by mass spectrum technology with the assistance of iTRAQ labels. Cancer secretomics focuses on proteins that are released by cancer cells and exist in the conditioned medium of cell lines or in the proximal body fluid of tumor tissue. Cancer secretome contains various proteins that have been shown to participate in numerous physiological and pathological processes such as cell signaling, immune defense, drug delivery, differentiation, cancer angiogenesis and invasion. Secretome is thus considered a potential source of biomarkers and worthy of investigation in this field (15). Studies have focused on mass spectrometry in recent years, identifying potential biomarkers in cancer cell secretome. In these studies, proximal body fluid is often employed because of its high correlativity with cancer tissues, for example pleural effusions in lung cancer (16,17) and seminal plasma in prostate cancer (18). For most solid tumors, however, proximal body fluid is unavailable or excessively complex for MS analysis and the conditioned medium of cancer cells is, on this account, frequently utilized to delineate the cancer secretome. Primary cells from oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its adjacent non-tumor epithelium have thus been used in comparing their secretome profiles. As a result, 19 candidate proteins were eventually identified and the indications are that upregulation of THBS2 in OSCC may be associated with cancer progression (19). In a separate study, Gloghini et al (20) collected the secretomes of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines and analyzed these cells using MLC-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF simultaneously. They found that S10A6, GRAA, CATA, ANM, PCBP2 and GSTK1 were strongly associated with PEL pathogenesis. Since no body fluid originates from HCC cells, the BEL7402 HCC cell line and its MDR phenotype were used as models in this study to investigate MDR pathogenesis. In total, 279 differentially expressed proteins were identified, of which 131 proteins were significantly upregulated in the secretome of the BEL7402/5-FU cell line and 56 proteins were downregulated.
Using western blot analysis, the expression of several identified proteins AHSG, ANGPT1, VTN, SerpinF1, NQO1 and LCN2 was validated at the same levels as those in the results of the quantitative proteomic analysis, revealing that iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics was an efficient and powerful method in secretome analysis. BEL7402/5-FU cells were transfected with three specific siRNAs against AHSG, and their sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs was measured. The results show that the downregulation of AHSG may increase the response of the MDR cell line to several anticancer drugs, a finding that has not been previously reported in studies on HCC. AHSG, also known as fetuin-A, is a serum glycoprotein that is synthesized predominantly by hepatocytes. It has been proven to participate in functions such as bone tissue formation, brain development and endocytosis. Previous findings have demonstrated that, AHSG is highly relevant to insulin resistance and is pivotal in the genesis of diabetes (21–23), metabolic syndrome (24,25) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (26,27). The elevation of serum AHSG levels increases the risk of type-2 diabetes, since the protein AHSG specifically inhibits insulin receptor autophosphorylation (21) and serves as an endogenous ligand of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which is crucial to the activation of an inflammatory pathway (22). AHSG is not only associated with metabolic disorders, and is also linked to several types of cancer. By blocking the binding of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) to its receptors, AHSG modulates the TGF-β signaling pathway which exerts bidirectional regulation effects on cancer progression (28,29). As demonstrated in the IHC results, AHSG was highly expressed in HCC tissues with respect to their adjacent non-tumor tissues, and its downregulation was found to suppress the proliferation of human liver HepG2 and BEL7402 cancer cell lines, suggesting that the dysregulation of AHSG may be associated with the development of HCC. Moreover, we found that, by knocking down this expression, AHSG accelerates the migration process in HepG2 and BEL7402 but hardly affects cancer cell invasion. Associated with the link between the AHSG and TGF-β pathway reported by many previous studies (28–30), the results of the present study suggest that the manner in which AHSG affects the tumor behaviors of HCC may depend on the degree it acts on the TGF-β signaling pathway, a result that remains to be verified in future studies. Thus, through iTRAQ-based secretomic analysis, this study has shown that the upregulation of AHSG in the MDR cell line of HCC may be a predictive factor of chemotherapeutic drug resistance of HCC, and it may also play a vital role in HCC progression.
Among the differentially expressed proteins, angiopoietin 1 (ANGPT1 or Ang1) is significantly overexpressed in BEL7402/5-FU with respect to its parental cell line BEL7402. Tissue microarrays showed that ANGPT1 was upregulated in HCC tissues as well, compared with their adjacent non-tumor tissues. ANGPT1 belongs to the angiopoietin family which modulates the angiogenesis processes, both physiologically and pathologically (31,32) and is thus vital to the development of solid cancers (33–35). In addition, ANGPT1 is also reported as modulating multi-drug resistance in human glioma through Tie2 signaling by upregulating the ATP-binding cassette transporters (33). ANGPT1, therefore, may be a critical factor in oncogenesis and in the chemoresistance of HCC.
Dysregulated proteins including VTN, NQO1, LCN2 and SerpinF1 were identified by iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis and are involved in HCC chemoresistance. Of these, LCN2 showed a notable downregulation in the MDR cell line BEL7402/5-FU compared to BEL7402. LCN2 is derived from the lipocalin family and participates in numerous biological processes, including cell apoptosis and innate immune response when the organism is infected by a bacterium. It is also known to be overexpressed in several types of cancer, for example pancreatic (36), breast (37) and thyroid (38) cancer. It has also been reported that deficiency of LCN2 contributes to resistance to anticancer drugs of malignant glioma (39,40). Although no study has verified the association of LCN2 and HCC chemoresistance, the relationship between LCN2 and the MDR mechanism of HCC should be further investigated.
HCC remains a threat for patients with cirrhosis caused by alcohol, hepatitis B or C virus. MDR appears to be a main obstacle to chemotherapy for advanced HCC patients. Ascertaining its mechanism may be useful in eradicating this obstacle. In the present quantitative secretomic study, 279 differentially expressed proteins, which may be associated with the MDR of BEL7402/5-FU, were identified, and the relevance of AHSG to MDR was then determined. Data in this study facilitate further investigation of the MDR phenomenon in HCC, in order to ascertain the role of MDR.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 81171560, 30930082, 81171561, 30972584), the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (no. 2008ZX10002–006, 2012ZX1002007001, 2011ZX09302005, 2012ZX09303001–001, 2012ZX10002003).
Abbreviations:
HCC |
hepatocellular carcinoma |
MDR |
multiple drug resistance |
iTRAQ |
isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification |
TMA |
tissue microarray |
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