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TPX2 as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for malignant melanoma proliferation and metastasis

  • Authors:
    • Fuqi Li
    • Ronghui Yang
    • Zhixian Wu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China, Department of Plastic Surgery, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, P.R. China, Department of Burn Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524013, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 182
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    Published online on: May 8, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13177
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Abstract

Malignant melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer with increasing incidence and poor prognosis after metastasis. Identifying key molecular drivers of melanoma progression is critical for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Therefore, in the present study, differential gene expression analysis was conducted on GSE98394 and The Cancer Genome Atlas‑skin cutaneous melanoma datasets using ‘limma’ package and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2. Consistently dysregulated genes were intersected and subjected to Kaplan‑Meier survival and Cox regression analyses. Functional assays, including reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, western blotting, MTT proliferation assay, wound healing, Transwell migration and small interfering (si)RNA‑mediated targeting protein for Xklp2 (TPX2) knockdown assays, were performed in A375 and C32 melanoma cells and PIG1 melanocytes. Intersection of the two datasets revealed eight upregulated and five downregulated genes, and high TPX2 expression was significantly associated with short overall survival. TPX2 mRNA and protein levels were markedly higher in A375 cells than in PIG1 controls. TPX2 silencing via siRNA reduced aurora kinase A mRNA and protein levels, inhibited cell proliferation and impaired cell migration in wound healing and Transwell assays. Overall, the integrated bioinformatics and experimental analyses identified TPX2 as a potent oncogene promoting cell proliferation and migration, at least in part, via upregulation of aurora kinase A in melanoma. In conclusion, TPX2 may constitute a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for metastatic melanoma.
View Figures

Figure 1

DEGs and functional enrichment
analyses of tumor and normal samples. (A) Heatmap of DEGs showing
distinct gene expression profiles in the GSE98394 dataset.
Hierarchical clustering was performed using the top significantly
upregulated and downregulated genes. (B) Volcano plot of DEGs from
the GSE98394 dataset. Red dots indicate significantly upregulated
genes, blue dots indicate significantly downregulated genes and
black dots indicate genes with no significant changes. Vertical
dashed lines represent |fold change|>4, whereas horizontal
dashed lines indicate the threshold of adjusted
P<1x10-10. (C) KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of
DEGs. The top 10 significantly enriched pathways are shown, with
dot size indicating the number of genes and color indicating
adjusted P-values. (D) Gene Ontology biological process enrichment
analysis of DEGs. The top enriched immune-related biological
processes are shown, with gene ratio on the x-axis and dot size
representing gene counts. (E) Chromosomal distribution of DEGs from
The Cancer Genome Atlas-skin cutaneous melanoma dataset.
Upregulated genes are marked in red, whereas downregulated genes
are indicated in green. All DEGs are mapped to their corresponding
chromosomal locations. (F) Box plot of TPX2 expression in the
GSE3189 dataset. (G) Box plot of TPX2 expression in the GSE46517
dataset. DEG, differentially expressed gene; KEGG, Kyoto
Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; TPX2, targeting protein for
Xklp2.

Figure 2

Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of
candidate genes in patients with melanoma from The Cancer Genome
Atlas cohort. (A) Patients with low TPX2 expression showed
significantly longer overall survival than those with high TPX2
expression (log-rank P=0.0074; HR=1.4). Percentage survival was
plotted over time (months), with 95% confidence intervals indicated
by dotted lines. Grouping was based on median expression (n=229 for
each group). Kaplan-Meier survival curves of DSS in the GSE65904
cohort stratified by (B) TPX2 and (C) AURKA expression. HR, hazard
ratio; DSS, disease-specific survival; AURKA, aurora kinase A;
TPX2, targeting protein for Xklp2.

Figure 3

TPX2 is highly expressed in melanoma
cells and promotes cell proliferation and migration. (A) Reverse
transcription-quantitative PCR analysis of TPX2 mRNA levels
in normal melanocytes (PIG1) and melanoma cells (A375). (B) Western
blot analysis of TPX2 protein levels in PIG1 and A375 cells. GAPDH
was used as a loading control. (C) Cell proliferation was measured
via MTT assay at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. A375 cells showed
significantly higher proliferation rates than PIG1 cells. (D)
Representative images of Transwell migration assay showing
increased migration of A375 cells compared to that of PIG1
(magnification, x200; scale bar, 50 µm). (E) Wound healing assay
showing faster closure of scratch wounds in A375 cells than in PIG1
cells at 24 h (magnification, x50; scale bar, 200 µm). Data are
presented as the mean ± SD. *P<0.05 vs. PIG1. TPX2,
targeting protein for Xklp2; OD, optical density.

Figure 4

TPX2 knockdown reduces AURKA
expression and suppresses proliferation and migration in A375 and
C32 melanoma cells. (A) Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR
analysis of TPX2 mRNA levels in A375 and C32 cells transfected with
siTPX2 or non-targeting siNC. Data are presented separately for
each cell line. (B) Western blot analysis of TPX2 and AURKA protein
levels in parental A375 and C32 cells and in the corresponding
siTPX2- and siNC-transfected cells. GAPDH served as a loading
control. (C) Cell proliferation assessed using an MTT assay at the
indicated time points. Proliferation of siTPX2-transfected cells
and parental controls is shown. (D) Transwell migration assay of
A375 and C32 cells and their siTPX2 transfectants. Migrated cells
were stained and counted under a microscope (magnification, x200;
scale bar, 50 µm). siTPX2-transfected cells were compared with
parental cells within each cell line. (E) Wound healing assay
images at 0 and 24 h. Wound closure was quantified and siTPX2
transfectants were compared with parent cell controls
(magnification, x50; scale bar, 200 µm). Data are presented as the
mean ± SD. *P<0.05 vs. parental cells,
#P<0.05 vs. siNC, A375 or C32 as applicable. si,
small interfering; NC, negative control; AURKA, aurora kinase A;
TPX2, targeting protein for Xklp2; OD, optical density.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Li F, Yang R and Wu Z: TPX2 as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for malignant melanoma proliferation and metastasis. Exp Ther Med 32: 182, 2026.
APA
Li, F., Yang, R., & Wu, Z. (2026). TPX2 as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for malignant melanoma proliferation and metastasis. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 32, 182. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13177
MLA
Li, F., Yang, R., Wu, Z."TPX2 as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for malignant melanoma proliferation and metastasis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32.1 (2026): 182.
Chicago
Li, F., Yang, R., Wu, Z."TPX2 as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for malignant melanoma proliferation and metastasis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32, no. 1 (2026): 182. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13177
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Li F, Yang R and Wu Z: TPX2 as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for malignant melanoma proliferation and metastasis. Exp Ther Med 32: 182, 2026.
APA
Li, F., Yang, R., & Wu, Z. (2026). TPX2 as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for malignant melanoma proliferation and metastasis. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 32, 182. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13177
MLA
Li, F., Yang, R., Wu, Z."TPX2 as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for malignant melanoma proliferation and metastasis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32.1 (2026): 182.
Chicago
Li, F., Yang, R., Wu, Z."TPX2 as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for malignant melanoma proliferation and metastasis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32, no. 1 (2026): 182. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13177
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