Association between serum anti‑ASXL2 antibody levels and acute ischemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease and digestive organ cancer, and their possible association with atherosclerosis and hypertension
- Authors:
- Published online on: July 29, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4690
- Pages: 1274-1288
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Copyright: © Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Stroke, which comprises ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, has become the second leading cause of mortality worldwide, causing >$300 billion in economic losses annually and affecting >17 million individuals in 2007 (1-3). After a stroke, patients can experience long-term effects, which is one of the main reasons for bed rest. Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a common type of ischemic stroke induced by insufficient oxygen supply to brain tissues, leading to irreversible brain damage, disability and even premature death within hours (4,5). Thus, novel predictive biomarkers are required for early diagnosis and disease progression monitoring in order to improve the prognosis of patients with AIS.
The serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning (SEREX) is a screening method for serum antigen and antibody markers (6). NY-ESO-1, a cancer/testis antigen, was first identified by SEREX using sera from patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) (7). The SEREX method has also assisted in the identification of the p53 (8,9), RALA (10), TROP2 (11), SLC2A1/GLUT1 (12), tripartite motif-containing 21 (13), myomegalin (14), makorin 1 (15), ECSA (16) and cyclin L2 (17) proteins in ESCC, the FIR/PUF60 protein (18) in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), the src-homology 3-domain GRB2-like 1 (19) and filamin C (20) proteins in glioma, and the EID3 protein for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (21). SEREX and protein array methods have been applied to atherosclerotic diseases and have identified autoantibodies against replication protein A2 (RPA2) (22), sclerostin domain-containing protein 1 (23), programmed cell death 11 (24), metalloproteinase 1, chromobox homolog 1 and chromobox homolog 5 for AIS (25), ribosomal protein L7 (26), ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 4, bone morphogenetic protein 1 (27), SH3BP5 (28) and deoxyhypusine synthase (29) for atherosclerosis; nardilysin for acute coronary syndrome (30), and tubulin beta 2C (31), insulin (32), glutamic acid decarboxylase (33), adiponectin (34) and growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible gene 34 (35) for diabetes mellitus (DM).
Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for AIS, transient ischemic attack (TIA), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (36,37) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (38). DM and hypertension (HT) are major risk factors for AIS and AMI (39-41). In the present study, it was found that anti-additional sex combs-like 2 (ASXL2) antibody levels were significantly higher in patients with AIS, AMI, DM, CKD, ESCC and CRC, than in healthy donors (HDs), which indicates that elevated serum anti-ASXL2 antibody levels may be associated with atherosclerosis and cancer.
Materials and methods
Sera from patients and HDs
The present study was approved by the Local Ethical Review Board of Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine (Chiba, Japan) and by the review boards of the participating hospitals. Serum was collected from patients who had provided their written informed consent.
Chiba University Hospital provided the samples from 275 patients with DM, 64 with ESCC, and 64 with CRC, while Chiba Prefectural Sawara Hospital provided the samples from 226 patients with AIS, 43 with TIA, 17 with asymptomatic cerebral infarction (asymptCI), and 121 with deep and subcortical white matter hyperintensity (DSWMH). Kyoto University Hospital provided the sera from 128 patients with AMI (30), while the Kumamoto cohort provided the samples from 300 patients with CKD (42,43). Serum samples associated with AIS, TIA and AMI were obtained within 2 weeks following disease onset. Chiba University, Port Square Kashiwado Clinic, Chiba Prefectural Sawara Hospital, and National Hospital Organization of Shimoshizu Hospital provided sera from HDs. HDs from Port Square Kashiwado Clinic and Chiba Prefectural Sawara Hospital were selected from individuals who exhibited no abnormalities in cranial magnetic resonance imaging. Each serum sample was centrifuged at 2,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C, and the supernatant was stored at -80°C until use. Repeated thawing and the freezing of samples were avoided.
SEREX screening
SEREX immune screening was performed using a modified version of previously published methods (11-17). As a first screening, a search was made for antigens recognized by the serum IgG antibodies of patients with atherosclerosis. First, a Uni-ZAP XR cDNA phage library containing a human aortic endothelial cell cDNA library (Stratagene; Agilent Technologies, Inc.) was prepared, which was infected into Escherichia coli (E. coli) XL1-Blue MRF′. Proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes (NitroBind, Osmonics), which were pre-treated with 10 mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) for 30 min. Membranes with bacterial proteins were washed 3 times with TBS-T [20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 0.15 M NaCl, and 0.05% Tween-20]. Non-specific binding was then blocked by incubating the membranes with 1% protease-free bovine serum albumin (Nacalai Tesque, Inc.) in TBS-T for 1 h. The membranes were incubated overnight with 1:2,000 diluted sera from the patients. Following 3 washes in TBS-T, the membranes were incubated for 1 h with 1:5,000 diluted alka-line phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc.). Positive reactions were identified by incubating the membranes in a color development solution [100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.5), 100 mM NaCl, and 5 mM MgCl2]. The solution contained 0.15 mg/ml of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphospate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and 0.3 mg/ml of nitro blue tetrazolium (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). To obtain monoclonality, positive clones were re-cloned two additional times, as previously described (11-17).
Sequence analysis of identified antigens
The monoclonalized phage cDNA clones were converted to pBluescript phagemids by in vivo excision using ExAssist helper phage (Stratagene; Agilent Technologies, Inc.). Plasmid DNA was obtained from the E. coli SOLR strains transformed by the phagemids. Following the sequencing of the inserted cDNAs, homologous analysis was performed using a public database provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi).
Expression and purification of ASXL2 protein
Full-length coding sequences of ASXL2 cDNA were recombined into the SalI/NotI site of pGEX-4T-3 (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Inc.), followed by confirmation by DNA sequencing. The expression of the cDNA product was induced by treating pGEX-4T-3-ASXL2-transformed E. coli with 0.1 mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside at 25°C for 4 h. The cells were then lysed in BugBuster Master Mix (Merck KGaA). GST-tagged ASXL2 protein was purified by Glutathione-Sepharose (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Inc.) column chromatography according to the manufacturer's instructions and dialyzed against phosphate-buffered saline, as described previously (22,25,27-29).
ASXL2 peptide antigen
The epitope sites in the ASXL2 protein were comprehensively screened throughout the ASXL2 full-length protein using a website (http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/propred/), as previously described (23,28). An N-terminal biotinylated 14-mer peptide (amino acid positions 587-600 of ASXL2; designated as bASXL2-587) was designed. The synthetic peptide was purchased from Eurofins Genomics. The amino acid sequence of the peptide was biotin-QRFMLGFAGRRTSK-COOH, with a purity of 97.01%.
Amplified luminescence proximity homogeneous assay-linked immunosorbent assay (AlphaLISA)
AlphaLISA was performed in 384-well microtiter plates (white opaque OptiPlate™, PerkinElmer, Inc.) containing either 2.5 µl of 1:100 diluted serum and 2.5 µl of 10 µg/ml of GST, GST-ASXL2 protein, or 400 ng/ml of bASXL2-587 petide in AlphaLISA buffer (25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 0.1% casein, 0.5% Triton X-100, 1 mg/ml dextran-500 and 0.05% Proclin-300). The reaction mixture was incubated at room temperature for 6-8 h, after which anti-human IgG-conjugated acceptor beads (2.5 µl at 40 µg/ml) and glutathione-conjugated donor beads (2.5 µl at 40 µg/ml) or streptavidine-conjugated donor beads (2.5 µl at 40 µg/ml) were added and incubated further at room temperature in the dark for 1-14 days. Chemical emissions were read on an EnSpire Alpha microplate reader (PerkinElmer, Inc.) as previously described (24,26,28-31). Specific reactions were calculated by subtracting the alpha photon counts of the GST and buffer control from the counts of the GST-ASXL2 protein and bASXL2-587 petide, respectively. As the results of AlphaLISA are affected by light, temperature and oxygen, ASXL2 antigens and its controls were always plated, incubated and measured simultaneously in a temperature-controlled dark room.
Statistical analysis
The Mann-Whitney U test was employed to determine significant differences between 2 groups and the Kruskal-Wallis test (Mann Whitney U with Bonferroni's correction applied) was used to evaluate differences among >3 groups. Correlations were calculated using Spearman's correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, Inc.) and EZR software (44). The predictive values of the putative disease markers were assessed via an receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and the cut-off values were set to maximize the sums of sensitivity and specificity. All tests were two-tailed, and P-values <0.05 were considered to indicate statistically significant differences.
Results
Identification of ASXL2 by SEREX screening
As a first screening, the present study searched for antigens recognized by SEREX using serum IgG antibodies from patients with atherosclerosis, one of which was ASXL2 (accession no. NM_018263.6). GST-fused ASXL2, which contained a full-length ASXL2 protein, was then expressed in E. coli, purified by affinity-chromatography and employed as an antigen to examine the serum antibody levels. N-terminal biotinylated 14-mer peptides [amino acid positions 587-600 (QRFMLGFAGRRTSK) of ASXL2 were designed; designated as bASXL2-587], which were also used as antigens.
Serum anti-ASXL2-antibody levels associated with AIS
The serum ASXL2-antibody (s-ASXL2-Abs) levels in the AIS, TIA, asymptCI, and DSWMH samples provided by Chiba Prefectural Sawara Hospital were then examined. Sera from HDs were provided by Chiba University, Chiba Prefectural Sawara Hospital, and National Hospital Organization of Shimoshizu Hospital. The average ages [± standard deviations (SDs)] of the HDs and patients with AIS, TIA + asymptCI, and DSWMH were 46.98±14.51, 76.87±11.21, 67.81±11.30, and 66.08±10.35 years, respectively (Table IA). AlphaLISA was employed to measure the antibody levels, and the results demonstrated that the s-ASXL2-Ab levels were significantly higher in the patients with AIS and TIA + asymptCI than in the HDs (Fig. 1A). When a cut-off value was determined to be the average HD value + 2 SD, the s-ASXL2-Abs positivity rates for the HDs and the patients with AIS, TIA + asymptCI and DSWMH were 5.5, 13.4, 13.6 and 7.6%, respectively (Table IB). ROC analysis revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) values for s-ASXL2-Abs vs. AIS and vs. TIA + asymptCI were 0.620 and 0.673, respectively (Fig. 1C and D).
 | Table IComparison of serum antibody levels against ASXL2 between HDs and patients with AIS, TIA + asymptCI and DSWMH. |
The levels of serum antibodies against the ASXL2 peptide (s-ASXL2pep-Abs) were also examined. The AlphaLISA results revealed that s-ASXL2pep-Ab levels were significantly higher in the patients with AIS than in the HDs (Fig. 1B). At a cut-off value of the average HD value + 2 SD, the s-ASXL2pep-Ab positivity rates in the HDs and the patients with AIS, TIA + asymptCI and DSWMH were 3.9, 13.4, 4.5 and 3.8%, respectively (Table IB). The AUC value of s-ASXL2pep-Abs vs. AIS was 0.577 (Fig. 1E).
Elevated s-ASXL2-Ab levels in patients with DM or AMI
The s-ASXL2-Ab levels were also measured in the HDs and patients with DM. The sera of patients with DM were provided by Chiba University and Chiba Prefectural Sawara Hospital, while the sera from HDs were provided by Chiba University. The average ages (± SDs) of the HDs and the patients with DM were 45.20±10.95 and 63.12±12.04 years, respectively (Table IIA). The s-ASXL2-Ab levels were significantly higher (P<0.01) in the patients with DM than in the HDs (Fig. 2A). At a cut-off value of the average HD value + 2 SD, the positive rates for s-ASXL2-Abs were 3.7% for the HDs and 23.6% for the patients with DM (Table IIC). ROC analysis revealed that the AUC for s-ASXL2-Abs vs. DM was 0.743 (Fig. 2C).
A comparative analysis was performed using the bASXL2-587 peptide with age-matched HD, AMI and DM sera. The sera of the patients with AMI were provided by Kyoto University Hospital (30). The average ages (± SDs) of HDs and patients with DM and AMI were 58.00±5.62, 58.53±9.19 and 58.20±8.50 years, respectively (Table IIB). The s-ASXL2pep-Ab levels were significantly higher in patients with AMI and DM compared with those in HDs (Fig. 2B). At a cut-off value of the average HD value + 2 SD, the positive rates were 3.9% in the HDs, 33.9% in the patients with AMI and 42.2% in the patients with DM (Table IIC). ROC analysis indicated high AUC values of 0.773 for AMI and 0.794 for DM (Fig. 2D and E). Consequently, the s-ASXL2-Ab levels may be highly associated with AMI and DM.
Elevation of levels of s-ASXL2pep-Abs in patients with CKD
The levels of s-ASXL2pep-Abs in 382 sera of the controls and patients with CKD, including 82 specimens from HDs, 145 from patients with diabetic kidney disease (type-1 CKD), 32 from patients with nephrosclerosis (type-2 CKD) and 123 from patients with glomerulonephritis (type-3 CKD) were then further examined (Table IIIA). CKD sera were obtained from the Kumamoto cohort (44,45), and HD sera were provided by Chiba University, Chiba Prefectural Sawara Hospital and National Hospital Organization of Shimoshizu Hospital. The AlphaLISA results demonstrated that the s-ASXL2pep-Ab levels were significantly higher in patients with type-1, type-2, and type-3 CKD than in the HDs (Fig. 3A). Using cut-off values determined as described above, the s-ASXL2pep-Ab positivity rates in HDs and patients with type-1, type-2, and type-3 CKD were 4.9, 20, 25 and 9.8%, respectively (Table IIIB). The AUC values obtained with ROC analysis were 0.724 for type-1 CKD, 0.796 for type-2 CKD and 0.668 for type-3 CKD (Fig. 3B-D).
| Table IIIComparison of the s-ASXL2pep-Ab levels between HDs and patients with type-1, type-2, or type-3 CKD. |
Association of s-ASXL2-Ab and s-ASXL2pep-Ab levels with ESCC and CRC
The antibody levels in sera from patients with ESCC or CRC were then examined. Samples from patients with ESCC and CRC were provided by Chiba University Hospital, and those from HDs from the Shimoshizu Hospital. Patients with ESCC and CRC exhibited significantly higher levels of s-ASXL2-Abs than the HDs (Fig. 4A). When a cut-off value was determined to be the average HD value + 2 SD, the s-ASXL2-Abs positivity rates in HDs and in patients with ESCC and CRC were found to be 7.8, 21.9 and 14.1%, respectively (Table IV). These positive rates were lower than those in patients with DM and AMI (Table IIC). The AUCs of s-ASXL2-Abs for ESCC and CRC were 0.733 and 0.652, respectively (Fig. 4B and C).
| Table IVComparison of the serum anti-ASXL2 antibody levels of HDs versus those of patients with ESCC and CRC. |
The levels of s-ASXL2pep-Ab were also measured in serum samples from the HDs and patients with ESCC or CRC. The AlphaLISA results revealed that s-ASXL2pep-Ab levels were significantly higher in patients with ESCC and CRC than in the HDs (Fig. 4D). The positivity of s-ASXL2pep-Abs in HDs and patients with ESCC and CRC were 1.6, 23.4 and 18.8%, respectively (Table IV). The AUC values were 0.759 for ESCC and 0.673 for CRC (Fig. 4E and F).
Correlation analysis
A comparative analysis of the s-ASXL2-GST-Ab levels and participant data was performed using the samples provided by Chiba Prefectural Sawara Hospital. The baseline characteristics of the patients and HDs from the Sawara Hospital cohort are summarized in Table SI. The antibody levels were then compared between the male and female participants; between those with obsesity and those without; between those with and without complications of DM, HT, cardiovascular disease, and dyslipidemia; and between those patients who were smokers or non-smokers and those who consumed or did not consume alcohol. A comparison using the Mann-Whitney U test revealed that the s-ASXL2-Ab levels were significantly higher in the patients with HT than in those without HT (Table V). By contrast, none of the other categories exhibited a significant difference in s-ASXL2-Ab levels.
| Table VAssociation between s-ASXL2-Ab levels with data from participants in the Sawara Hospital cohort. |
In addition, a logistic regression analysis of the predic-tors for AIS was performed using the results of the Sawara Hospital cohort (Table VI). A univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that an elevated ASXL2-Ab level was associated with an increased risk of AIS (P<0.0001). A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age, HT and DM, but not ASXL2-Ab, were independent predictors of AIS.
| Table VILogistic regression analysis of predictive factors for AIS (total no., 367; no. of events, 228). |
A Spearman's rank-order correlation analysis was then also performed to determine the correlation between the serum anti-ASXL2 antibody levels and participant parameters, including general information such as age, body height, weight, body mass index, and the degree of artery stenosis [the maximum intima-media thickness (max IMT)]. The following previously described blood test data were also included: Albumin/globulin ratio, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase, total bilirubin, cholinesterase, total protein, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, estimated glomerular filtrating ratio, uric acid, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, potassium, chlorine, calcium, inorganic phosphate, iron, C-reactive protein, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, white blood cell, red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width, platelet, mean platelet volume, procalcitonin, platelet distribution width, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure and smoking duration. The serum s-ASXL2-Ab levels were well-correlated with height (P=0.0001), max IMT (P=0.0005), blood pressure (P=0.0002) and smoking duration (P=0.0006) (Table VII). Blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (which are DM markers) were not significantly correlated with the s-ASXL2-Ab levels.
| Table VIICorrelation analysis of the s-ASXL2-Ab levels with data on participants in the Sawara Hospital cohort. |
Discussion
In the present study, SEREX screening revealed that ASXL2 was the antigen recognized by serum IgG in patients with athero-sclerosis. It was subsequently found that the s-ASXL2-Abs and s-ASXL2pep-Ab levels were higher in the patients with AIS, AMI, DM, CKD, ESCC and CRC than in the HDs (Figs. 1-4 and Tables I-IV). The peptide containing one epitope is suitable to measure the antibody levels with high specificity, whereas the whole protein containing multiple epitopes is suitable to examine the antibody levels with high sensitivity. It is possible to know the truth using two different antigens. Among the patients, the highest positive rates were found in those with AMI, DM and ESCC. The AUC values for AMI, DM and ESCC were 0.773, 0.794 and 0.759, respectively. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that s-ASXL2-Ab levels significantly correlated with max IMT (P=0.0005), reflecting atherosclerosis (Table VII). Thus, the s-ASXL2-Ab levels were associated with most, if not all, atherosclerotic diseases. Although the s-ASXL2-Abs and s-ASXL2pep-Ab levels were closely associated with DM (Fig. 2), no significant correlation was found between the s-ASXL2-Ab levels and DM complications (Table V) or DM markers, such as BS and HbA1c (Table VII). Patients with diabetic (type-1) CKD and those with nephrosclerotic (type-2) CKD exhibited equally higher ASXL2 antibody levels than the HDs (Fig. 3). Therefore, the s-ASXL2-Ab levels do not directly reflect DM, but are associated with DM-induced atherosclerotic disorders. Moreover, the antibody levels were significantly associated with HT (P= 0.0027) (Table V) and blood pressure (P=0.0002) (Table VII), which are well-known risk factors for atherosclerosis (36). Therefore, this antibody marker may discriminate a certain type of atherosclerosis caused by HT, leading to the onset of AIS and AMI or the development of digestive organ cancers.
ASXL2 was first identified as a human homologue of the Drosophila asx gene (45). ASXL2 overexpression has been shown to markedly enhance peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activity following treatment with PPARγ activator rosiglitazone, resulting in enhanced adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells (46,47). PPARγ plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and obesity (48) and is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-inducible transcription factors. As a major modulator of adipogenesis (49), PPARγ is predominantly expressed in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and the adipose tissue of kidneys (50), where it modulates lipid metabolism (51), vascular tone (52) and inflammation (53), all of which can be involved in atherogenesis. PPARγ activation by ASXL2 may account for the development of atherosclerotic diseases.
Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) is a tumor suppressor gene (54) whose protein product is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) (55). BRCA1 forms a heterodimer with BRCA1-associated RING domain 1 (BARD1) (56), which exhibits E3 ubiquitin ligase activity that regulates DNA damage repair (57,58). BRCA1-associated protein (BAP1) binds and deubiquitylates BARD1, inhibiting the E3 ligase activity of the BRCA1/BARD1 complex (55,57). ASXL2 stimulates the deubiquitylating activity of BAP1. Cancer-derived mutation/deletion in the ASXL2 gene eliminates ASXL2 binding to BAP1, causing ASXL2 to lose its ability to stimulate BAP1 activity (59). Thus, wild-type ASXL2 can attenuate the E3 ligase activity of BRCA1, resulting in the loss of its tumor suppressor activity. ASXL2 expression is consistently elevated in some cancer cells (60), which may explain the increase in ASXL2 autoantibody levels in patients with cancer. Of note, tissue distribution data have indicated that ASXL2 was predominantly expressed in the testes (https://www.protein-atlas.org/ENSG00000143970-ASXL2/tissue), suggesting that ASXL2 autoantibodies might represent a cancer-testis antigen.
The formation of atherosclerotic plaques is known to be facilitated by DNA DSBs, which are induced by ischemia (61,62). Thus, patients with cancer who have a loss-of-function mutation in the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 and who therefore have defects in DNA DSB repair frequently experience myocardial infarction (63). Consistently, the expression levels of RPA2, which is also involved in DNA DSB repair (64,65), have been found to be elevated in atherosclerotic plaques (22). Furthermore, PRA2 autoantibodies have been shown to be elevated in patients with AIS (22). Therefore, atherosclerotic disease and cancer are related to each other via DNA DSB repair.
In the present study, s-ASXL2 levels were significantly associated with HT (Tables V and VII). HT is a known major risk factor not only for atherosclerosis, AIS and AMI (39-41,66-68) but also for various types of cancers (69-72). In a previous study on isolated perfused mouse kidneys, the administration of angiotensin II, which induces HT, induced a significant increase in DSBs (73). Possibly related to this finding, patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension showed elevated levels of serum autoantibodies against exonuclease 3′-5′ domain-containing protein 2 (also involved in the repair of DNA DSBs) when compared with HDs (74). Thus, the DNA DSB repair pathway may account for the common association of the ASXL2-Ab marker among atherosclerosis-related AIS, AMI, DM, and CKD, cancer, and HT.
Atherosclerosis and cancer gradually develop over several years. The early stages of the diseases are sometimes accompanied by low-level tissue destruction and subsequent leakage of other-wise intracellular proteins. Repeated leakage of such antigenic proteins leads to amplified antibody expression with low antigen levels. Therefore, antibody markers are much more sensitive than antigen markers and may be applicable for the pre-onset detection of AIS and AMI and the early diagnosis of cancer. Consistently, in the present study, patients with TIA or asymptCI, which can be a prodromal stage of AIS (75,76), exhibited significantly higher s-ASXL2-Ab levels than HDs (Fig. 1A and Table I).
In conclusion, AIS and AMI are major diseases with high mortality rates, and such patients require long-term rehabilitation. If the onset of AIS and AMI can be predicted, most patients can avoid the onset by undergoing appropriate therapy. The use of the s-ASXL2-Ab marker to predict the onset of AIS and AMI could contribute toward preventive healthcare. However, a number of limitations remain; for example, not all patients with AIS and AMI caused by HT can be detected by the s-ASXL2-Ab marker alone. ROC analysis revealed that the sensitivity and specificity of s-ASXL2pep-Abs vs. AMI were 54.7 and 88.2%, respectively (Fig. 2D). Thus, more biomarkers need to be developed for the diagnosis of AIS and AMI caused by other risk factors, such as smoking, dyslipidemia and DM, in order to improve the sensitivity and specificity.
Supplementary Data
Funding
The present study was supported, in part, by research grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) in Japan, the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) (Practical Research Project for Life-Style related Diseases including Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Mellitus), and Japan Science and Technology Agency.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
SYL, TH, EK, TMachida, EN, HK and YI conceived and designed the study. XMZ, NS, RN, HS and GT performed the experiments and acquired the data. SM, MO, KKa, YM, HT, KKi and MT contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or patient data. YY, AA, TMatsutani, MT, KY, MI and SH analyzed and interpreted the data. XMZ, HW, KG and MS performed the statistical analyses. TH, TMachida, YY and YI drafted the manuscript. All authors revised the manuscript for important intellectual content and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present study was approved by the Local Ethical Review Board of Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine (Chiba, Japan) as well as the review boards of co-operating hospitals. Serum was collected from patients who had provided written informed consent.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
Th present study was performed in collaboration with Fujikura Kasei Co., Ltd. GT, NS, RN and HK are employees of Fujikura Kasei Co., Ltd.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Professor Masaki Takiguchi (Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University) for providing valuable discussion.
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