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Case Report Open Access

Primary thyroid lymphoma with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A case report and literature review

  • Authors:
    • Fangshu Liu
    • Xueya Xin
    • Kai Tan
    • Xinv Chen
    • Chanjuan Shen
    • Qiuhong Yang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Hematology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412000, P.R. China, Department of Cardiology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412000, P.R. China, Department of Radiology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412000, P.R. China, Department of Hematology, 331 Hospital of Zhuzhou, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412002, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 270
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    Published online on: April 28, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15625
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Abstract

Primary thyroid diffuse large B‑cell lymphoma (DLBCL) represents a rare and diagnostically challenging malignancy, particularly when arising in the setting of pre‑existing Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). The present case report describes the case of an 86‑year‑old female patient with primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) who presented with life‑threatening tracheal compression. The aim of this report is to emphasize the diagnostic challenges due to overlapping clinical features with thyroid carcinoma and the absence of consensus management guidelines. Following ultrasound‑guided biopsy and immunohistochemical analysis, germinal center‑originated DLBCL was confirmed. The patient received four cycles of zuberitamab (a novel anti‑CD20 monoclonal antibody) plus mini‑CHOP therapy, with CT imaging demonstrating notable tracheal re‑expansion after the first cycle. Successful disease control and quality of life were maintained throughout the follow‑up. Furthermore, a comprehensive literature review was performed to elucidate the clinical manifestations and therapeutic approaches of PTL. In conclusion, the present case exemplifies that elderly patients with rapidly enlarging neck masses require urgent evaluation to distinguish between thyroid lymphoma and carcinoma. While individual case results cannot be generalized to all clinical scenarios, prompt diagnosis followed by appropriate treatment remains critical for favorable outcomes
View Figures

Figure 1

Preoperative imaging. (A) Axial CT
image demonstrates diffuse enlargement of the residual thyroid
tissue (blue circle) with marked compression and rightward
displacement of the trachea (red arrow). An intraluminal tumor
thrombus is visible in the right internal jugular vein (orange
circle). Enlarged metastatic lymph nodes are present in the
cervical regions (green circles). (B) Color Doppler ultrasonography
of the thyroid isthmus revealing a 12-mm thick irregular
hyperechoic area (rectangle); normal thyroid parenchyma is not
observed. (C) Ultrasonography of the right lobe showing an
irregular hypoechoic lesion (white plus sign) exhibiting
ill-defined borders with the trachea. (D) Ultrasonography of the
right neck demonstrating multiple hypoechoic masses (white plus
signs) representing lymphadenopathy, the largest measuring 13×8
mm.

Figure 2

Histopathology of DLBCL. (A)
Histopathological examination of the thyroid biopsy showing diffuse
infiltration of large lymphoid cells (H&E staining;
magnification, ×400). (B) C-MYC expression in a tissue core of
DLBCL. (C) CD20 expression in a tissue core of DLBCL. (D) BCL6
expression in a tissue core of DLBCL (magnification, ×400; scale
bar, 2.5 µm). (E) Ki-67 expression in a tissue core of DLBCL
(magnification, ×400). (F) CD10 expression in a tissue core of
DLBCL (magnification, ×400). DLBCL, diffuse large B cell
lymphoma.

Figure 3

Imaging after chemotherapy. (A) CT
scan in December 2024. (B) CT scan in February 2025. The red arrow
indicates the restored trachea.
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Spandidos Publications style
Liu F, Xin X, Tan K, Chen X, Shen C and Yang Q: Primary thyroid lymphoma with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A case report and literature review. Oncol Lett 32: 270, 2026.
APA
Liu, F., Xin, X., Tan, K., Chen, X., Shen, C., & Yang, Q. (2026). Primary thyroid lymphoma with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A case report and literature review. Oncology Letters, 32, 270. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15625
MLA
Liu, F., Xin, X., Tan, K., Chen, X., Shen, C., Yang, Q."Primary thyroid lymphoma with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A case report and literature review". Oncology Letters 32.1 (2026): 270.
Chicago
Liu, F., Xin, X., Tan, K., Chen, X., Shen, C., Yang, Q."Primary thyroid lymphoma with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A case report and literature review". Oncology Letters 32, no. 1 (2026): 270. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15625
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Liu F, Xin X, Tan K, Chen X, Shen C and Yang Q: Primary thyroid lymphoma with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A case report and literature review. Oncol Lett 32: 270, 2026.
APA
Liu, F., Xin, X., Tan, K., Chen, X., Shen, C., & Yang, Q. (2026). Primary thyroid lymphoma with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A case report and literature review. Oncology Letters, 32, 270. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15625
MLA
Liu, F., Xin, X., Tan, K., Chen, X., Shen, C., Yang, Q."Primary thyroid lymphoma with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A case report and literature review". Oncology Letters 32.1 (2026): 270.
Chicago
Liu, F., Xin, X., Tan, K., Chen, X., Shen, C., Yang, Q."Primary thyroid lymphoma with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A case report and literature review". Oncology Letters 32, no. 1 (2026): 270. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15625
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