Introduction
Laryngeal carcinoma is a common head and neck malignancy with high incidence, accounting for approximately 2.4% of new malignancies worldwide each year (1,2). Despite extensive application of different treatment modalities, invasion and metastasis remain the main causes of mortality for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) patients. Current treatments, including surgical intervention, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, are moderately effective in the early-stage cases, but are less effective in more advanced cases (3). The mechanisms behind the occurrence and development of LSCC remain unclear. Therefore, a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of LSCC is urgently required.
Research over the past years clearly implicates multiple genetic alterations in the development and progression of laryngeal carcinoma (4). In laryngeal carcinoma, alterations in the expression profiles of several genes have been reported, including those that have important functions in cell adhesion, signal transduction, cell differentiation, metastasis, DNA repair and glycosylation (5).
B-cell-specific MLV integration site-1 (Bmi-1) has been detected in a variety of human carcinoma specimens, from the pre-cancerous to the advanced stages. In particular, Bmi-1 is overexpressed in a number of malignancies, including mantle cell lymphoma (6), B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (7), myeloid leukemia (8), non-small cell lung cancer (9), colorectal cancer (10), as well as breast and prostate cancers (11,12). Recently, our group reported that Bmi-1 is also overexpressed in head and neck cancers (13), particularly in nasopharyngeal and oral cancers (14,15). Gene chip analysis also showed that Bmi-l can be used to predict the rapid recurrence of a variety of cancers following treatment, as well as to predict metastasis (16), by cooperating with H-RAS in promoting breast cancer cell proliferation and invasion, resisting apoptosis, and enhancing transfer capabilities, including brain metastasis (17). Bmi-1 is a key protein responsible for cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage and plays a role in genetic stability and cancer susceptibility. It mediates cell cycle arrest at the G1/S, S and G2/M phase to prevent the processing of damaged DNA (18).
RNA interference (RNAi) is a new technique for the effective suppression of gene expression (19). RNAi mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) has become an excellent tool for exploring gene function in basic research and may become a promising strategy for cancer gene therapy due to its high efficiency and specificity in blocking target gene expression (20–22). However, to our knowledge, siRNA targeting Bmi-1 for the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma has not been reported thus far. In this study, we designed and constructed siRNA against Bmi-1 and investigated its efficacy in suppressing Bmi-1 expression in the laryngeal carcinoma cell line, HEp-2, which expresses high levels of Bmi-1, to develop an antitumor reagent. We show that the specific downregulation of Bmi-1 by siRNA is sufficient to inhibit the growth of HEp-2 cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we explored the mechanisms through which Bmi-1 induces oncogenesis and tumor progression.
Materials and methods
Construction of lentiviral vector
We selected four different target sequences specific to Bmi-1 (Table I) with the online siRNA tool provided by Invitrogen (http://www.invitrogen.com/rnai), using the Bmi-1 reference sequence (GenBank accession no. NM 005180.5). Double-stranded DNA containing the interference sequences was synthesized according to the structure of a pGCSIL-GFP viral vector (Gikai Gene Company, Shanghai, China) (Fig. 1), and then inserted into a linearized vector. All the constructs were cloned and sequenced to confirm their structure. The positive clones were identified as lentiviral vectors that expressed human Bmi-1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA), hereinafter designated as pGCSIL/Bmi-1-A, pGCSIL/Bmi-1-B, pGCSIL/Bmi-1-C and pGCSIL/Bmi-1-D. The four lentiviral vectors were transfected into HEp-2 cells separately to evaluate their RNAi effects. We then co-transfected the pGCSIL/Bmi-1-D vector and the viral packaging system (containing an optimized mixture of two packaging plasmids, pHelper 1.0 and pHelper 2.0 vector; Gikai Gene Company) into HEp-2 cells to replicate competent lentivirus. Viral supernatant was harvested at 48 h after transfection, filtered through a 0.45-mm cellulose acetate filter, and then frozen at −70°C. The lentivirus containing the human Bmi-1 shRNA expressing cassette (pGCSIL/Bmi-1-D) was used as the positive control for lentivirus production, denoted as Bmi-1-RNAi-LV. The pGCSIL/U6 mock vector was also packaged and used as the negative control, denoted as NC-GFP-LV. Viral concentrations were determined by serial dilution of the concentrated vector stocks in HEp-2 cells in 96-well plates. The number of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive cells was measured at four days post-transduction under a microscope. The titers averaged 1×108 TU/ml.
Cell culture and lentiviral transduction of HEp-2
For lentiviral transduction, the HEp-2 cells were plated into six-well plates at a density of 1×106 cells/well. When the cells reached 30% confluence (typically on day three after subculturing), the medium was replaced with 1 ml of fresh medium containing lentivirus at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5 and 6 μg/ml polybrene (Gikai Gene Company). The medium was replaced with fresh medium on the following day.
Real-time reverse-transcription PCR (real-time RT-PCR)
The expression of Bmi-1 mRNA in first passage untransfected or transfected HEp-2 cells was detected, with actin as the normalizing control. The specific PCR primer sequences of these genes designed by Beacon Designer 2 software were as follows: Bmi-1 forward, 5′-TGGCTCGCATTCATTTTCTG-3′ and reverse, 5′-AGTAGTGGTCTGGTCTT GTG-3′; actin forward, 5′-GTG GACATCCGCAAAGAC-3′ and reverse, 5′-AAAGGGTGT AACGCAACTA-3′. Transduced HEp-2 cells were trypsinized and harvested at five days after transduction. Total RNA was isolated using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen-Gibco, Grand Island, NY) and cDNA was acquired according to the M-MLV reverse transcription procedures (Promega, Madison, WI) with 2 μg of total RNA. Two-step real-time RT-PCR reactions were carried out using the TP800 Real-Time PCR System (Takara), which included cycle 1 (1X) at 95°C for 15 sec and cycle 2 (45X) at 95°C for 5 sec, and 60°C for 30 sec. Absorbance data were collected at the end of every extension (60°C) and graphed using GraphPad Prism 4.0 software. The real-time PCR data were analyzed using the 2−ΔΔCt method (Table II).
Western blot analysis
For western blot analysis, cells were washed three times with PBS, homogenized in cell lysis buffer (50 mmol/l Tris, pH 7.8, 150 mmol/l NaCl, 1% nonidet P-40) containing 10 μl/ml protease inhibitor (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), incubated on ice for 30 min, and then centrifuged for 30 min at 10,000 rpm. The aqueous supernatant was collected and quantified using Bradford Reagent (Sigma). Individual samples, each containing 30 μg of protein, were separated on a precast 12.5% SDS polyacrylamide gel in a Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) and blotted onto a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). The membrane was incubated at room temperature for 1 h in PBST buffer (PBS, pH 7.4, 0.05% Triton X-100) containing 1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin to block non-specific protein binding sites. After blocking, the blots were probed with a goat anti-Bmi-1 antibody (ab25791, 1:200; Abcam) overnight at 4°C, followed by five washes with PBST. The blots were then incubated with an anti-goat IgG (1:5,000, sc-2020; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA) for 1 h at room temperature. After washing, the immunoreactive bands were detected using a chemiluminescent substrate (NEN Life Science, Inc.). Subsequently, the blots were reprobed with a mouse anti-GAPDH control antibody (1:6,000, sc32233; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.).
MTT assay
Transfected and control HEp-2 cells (5×105/well) were plated into a 96-well plate in octuple. For six consecutive days, 20 μl of MTT (5 mg/ml) were added daily to each well, and the cells were incubated at 37°C for an additional 4 h. The reaction was stopped by lysing the cells with 200 μl of DMSO for 5 min. Quantification was carried out at 570 nm and expressed as a percentage of the control.
Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry
Parental HEp-2 cells and control siRNA-transfected cells were harvested with 0.125% trypsin, washed twice in PBS, counted, and fixed overnight with 70% (v/v) ethanol. Cells were then centrifuged at 1,000 × g for 10 min, resuspended at a concentration of 1×106 well/ml in PBS, followed by RNase incubation at 37°C for 30 min. The nuclei of cells were then stained with propidium iodide (PI) for another 30 min. A total of 10,000 nuclei were examined in a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA); DNA histograms were analyzed by ModFit software.
Apoptosis detected by flow cytometry
Each of the cell lines were seeded in 24-well culture plates and divided into the following groups: Bmi-1-RNAi-LV group, negative control group and control group. Each group contained five culture flasks. When the cells reached 70–80% confluence after 48 h, the cells were harvested and washed in cold PBS. Annexin V and PI staining were carried out using the Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (BD Biosciences) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After 20 min of incubation in the dark at room temperature, the cells were immediately analyzed by an Epics Elite ESP flow cytometer (Beckman-Coulter, Inc.).
Migration assay
The migration of the cells was assessed by a modified Boyden chamber method using microchemotaxis chambers (Transwell; Corning-Costar, Acton, MA) with a polycarbonate membrane filter (8.0 μm pore size, 0.33 cm2 growth area). In all the experiments, both sides of the membrane were pre-coated with laminin (5 μg/ml) at 37°C for 1 h, and then air-dried. Medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) was added to the lower chambers as a chemoattractant. The subconfluent HEp-2 cells at passage 1, with or without Bmi-1-RNAi-LV treatment, were trypsinized and resuspended in 2% FBS to a concentration of 7×105 cells/ml. After 24 h of incubation at 37°C, the upper surface of the membrane filters was scraped with a cotton swab to remove non-migrated cells, and then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature. Migrating cells that passed through the Transwell filter pores and attached on the lower surface of the filters were counted in five non-overlapping fields following nuclear staining with hematoxylin. The experiments were carried out in triplicate.
Wound healing assay
Cells were cultured and grown to 100% confluence. A clear area was then scraped in the monolayer with a 200-μl pipette tip. After washing with serum-free RPMI-1640 medium, the cells were incubated in RPMI-1640 medium containing 5% FBS at 37°C. The migration of cells into the wounded areas was evaluated at the indicated times using an inverted microscope, and then photographed. The healing rate was quantified with measurements of the gap size during culturing. Three different areas in each assay were selected to measure the distance of the migrating cells to the origin of the wound.
Colony formation analysis
Minimal concentrations of FBS (2%) were added to the medium to measure the cell colony formation ability. Briefly, HEp-2 cells, transfected with anti-Bmi-1 siRNA and negative control RNA, were plated in six-well plates in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% FBS at a density of 1,000 cells/well. After 4 h, the medium was changed to FBS (2%)-supplemented medium. After ten days of incubation at 37°C in an incubator under a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere, cells were fixed for 2 min with methanol, dyed for 20 min with 1% crystal violet, and the numbers of colonies (at least 50 cells) formed in the whole well were counted.
Determination of active caspase-3, -8 and -9
The activities of caspase-3, -8 and -9 were measured using caspase-3, -8 and -9 Colorimetric Assay kits (Keygen BioTech, Nanjing, China), respectively, to determine the potential role of the caspase-3, -8 and -9 proteases in the Bmi-1-knockdown-induced apoptosis. Briefly, 1×106 cells 72 h after transfection were lysed at 4°C for 30 min. The supernatant were then transferred to a clean microfuge tube, and protein concentration was assayed. Subsequently, 50 μl of 2× reaction buffer and 5 μl of caspase-3, -8 and -9 substrates were added, and the cells were incubated at 37°C for 4 h in the dark. The absorbance was measured at 405 nm on a multidetection microplate reader (Synergy™ HT; Bio-Tek, Winooski, VT). The activities of caspase-3, -8 and -9 were determined by calculating the ratio of OD 405 nm of the transfected cells to OD 405 nm of the parental cells following the instructions of the manufacturer.
In vivo tumor model
Six-week-old female athymic nude mice were subcutaneously injected with 5×106 cells in 0.2 ml of PBS into the right scapular region. Three groups (five mice each) of mice were examined. Group 1 was injected with HEp-2 cells alone; group 2 was injected with HEp-2 cells transfected with scrambled nucleotide control siRNA (NC-GFP-LV); and group 3 was injected with HEp-2 cells transfected with Bmi-1 siRNA (Bmi-1-RNAi-LV). Tumor size was measured every two days using calipers. Tumor volume was calculated with the formula (L × W2)/2, where L is the length and W is the width. The mice were sacrificed after three weeks and the weight of the tumors was measured. The investigation conforms with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH Publication No. 85-23, revised 1996).
Statistical analysis
SPSS 10.0 was used for statistical analysis. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the significance between groups. The LSD method of multiple comparisons with parental and control vector groups was used when the probability for ANOVA was statistically significant. A P-value of 0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Bmi-1 mRNA and protein expression
Among the four candidate target sequences screened, the lentiviral vector containing the human Bmi-1 shRNA-expressing cassette (sequence, 5′-GGAGGAGGTGAATGATAAA-3′) achieved the greatest efficacy in silencing Bmi-1 expression. This construct was therefore denoted as Bmi-1-RNAi-LV; the negative control containing pGCSIL/U6 mock vector only was denoted as NC-GFP-LV. After the Bmi-1-RNAi-LV construct was transfected into HEp-2 cells, Bmi-1 mRNA expression levels in the transfected cells were compared with those in the untransfected and control-transfected (NC-GFP-LV) HEp-2 cells by quantitative RT-PCR. As a result, cells transfected with Bmi-1-RNAi-LV showed an 80% reduction in the level of Bmi-1 mRNA expression (Fig. 2A). Bmi-1 protein expression was determined by western blot analysis to further confirm the specificity of Bmi-1-RNAi-LV-mediated Bmi-1 silencing. Bmi-1 protein expression in the cells transfected with Bmi-1-RNA-LV decreased significantly compared with that of the control cells (Fig. 2B). These results indicated that lentivirus-mediated RNAi is an effective method for modulating Bmi-1 expression in cultured HEp-2 cells.
No significant change (P>0.05) was observed in the levels of retinoblastoma (Rb) and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in the cells following transfection with Bmi-1 siRNA. However, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) levels increased significantly (P<0.05) and Bcl-2, p14, cyclin D1 and homeobox A9 (HOXA9) levels decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the cells treated with Bmi-1 siRNA (Fig. 3).
Proliferation of transfected HEp-2 cells
The siRNA-transfected cells proliferated at a significantly lower rate compared to the control and parental cells, as measured by MTT assay (Fig. 4). Cell growth assay was performed, demonstrating a significant decrease in cell viability in the Bmi-1-RNAi cells compared with the control cells in a time-dependent manner, and the highest inhibitory rate was 51.25±2.86% for the HEp-2 cells on day six (P<0.05). However, no significant difference in cell proliferation was observed between the negative control and the control group in each cell line (P>0.05).
Inhibition of Bmi-1 expression increases cell apoptosis
Cell cycle distribution analysis (Fig. 5) indicated that significant changes were observed in the Bmi-1-RNAi cells, compared with the control group cells; several cells were blocked in the G0/G1 phase by 87.5±2.5% (P<0.05) and reduced in the G2/M phase by 3.5±1.3% (P<0.05), whereas no significant difference was observed in the cell cycle distribution between the negative control and control group (P>0.05).
The cells were stained with Annexin V and PI to further evaluate the induction of apoptosis. The proportion of Annexin V stained cells to the total Bmi-1 siRNA-transfected cells was increased (Fig. 6). A small amount of necrotic cells stained with PI, but not Annexin V, was also observed. The apoptotic rates in the experimental group after the cells were treated with RNAi were 21.83, 8.59 and 6.38% in the Bmi-1-RNAi-LV, NC-GFP-LV group and control group, respectively. The apoptotic rate of HEp-2 cells increased to 21.83% (P<0.05) following treatment with Bmi-1-RNAi-LV, whereas no obvious cell apoptosis was observed in the negatuve conrol and control group (P>0.05). These results indicated that anti-Bmi-1 siRNA induced HEp-2 cells apoptosis.
Boyden chamber assay and wound healing assay
After the cultivation of the cells for 48 h, invasions of 18.5±3.8, 55.6±11.3, and 49±13.5 cells/field of view through the porous Transwell membranes were observed for the Bmi-1-RNAi-LV, control and NC-GFP-LV group, respectively (t=12.62, P<0.01) (Fig. 7).
HEp-2 cells transfected with Bmi-1 siRNA had a slower wound-healing rate compared with the cells transfected with scrambled nucleotide control siRNA (NC-GFP-LV) (0.38±0.046:1, P<0.05) (Fig. 8).
Activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9 via inhibition of Bmi-1 expression
The activities of caspase-3, -8 and -9 in the HEp-2 cells transfected with Bmi-1 siRNA or with negative RNA were examined (Fig. 9) by colorimetric assay. In addition to executioner caspase-3, initiator caspase-8 and -9 are also important for apoptosis. The ratio of OD 405 nm of the transfected cells to OD 405 nm of the scrambled nucleotide control siRNA cells was calculated. The OD value of caspase-3 and -9 was approximately 4 and that of caspase-8 was approximately 2.
Downregulation of Bmi-1 inhibits the tumorigenicity of HEp-2 cells in vivo
Tumor volume was measured every two days until the mice were sacrificed on day 21. The mice in group 3 had substantially smaller tumors compared to the mice in the other two groups (Fig. 10). At the time of sacrifice, the tumor volume for the mice injected with Bmi-1-RNAi-LV was 274.68±154.79 mm3 compared with 664.31±246.30 mm3 for the mice injected with HEp-2 cells (P=0.003) or 643.67±270.12 mm3 for the mice in the negative control group (P=0.008). In addition, the mean tumor weight at the end of the experiment was significantly lower in the Bmi-1-RNAi-LV group (0.58±0.12 g) compared to that in the negative control (1.15±0.19 g, P=0.005) or the control group (0.98±0.20 g, P=0.007).
TUNEL assay
TUNEL assay showed that groups 1 and 2 had scattered apoptotic cells, whereas group 3 showed a large number of apoptotic cells (x400) compared with the HEp-2 and negative control group (P<0.05) (Fig. 11).
Western blot analysis
The western blot analysis results showed the significant inhibitory effect of Bmi-1 lentiviral-mediated RNAi on Bmi-1, cyclin D1 and p14 protein expression. Bmi-1, cyclin D1 and p14 protein expression in the HEp-2 cells transfected with Bmi-1 lentiviral-mediated RNAi was significantly decreased (Fig. 12).
Discussion
Laryngeal carcinoma accounts for 1 to 5% of all tumors, and is the second most common cancer of the respiratory system (next to lung cancer). It is also the second most common epithelial malignancy in the head and neck region (next to nasopharyngeal cancer), and accounts for 7.9 to 35% of all ear, nose and throat (ENT) malignancies (23). If treated early, the prognosis of laryngeal carcinoma is good, with a five-year survival rate of 90% and the possibility of retaining laryngeal functions (24). However, the prognosis of late-stage laryngeal carcinoma is poor due to tumor invasion and metastasis. The five-year survival rate is below 60%, and patients usually succumb to the diseased due to local recurrence, neck lymph node recurrence, or distant metastasis (25,26). The molecular mechanisms behind the development and progression of laryngeal carcinoma are poorly understood.
Bmi-1 plays a critical role in the immortalization of normal epithelial cells and early malignant transformation, as well as in the maintenance of the self-renewal of stem cells.
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins play an important role as epigenetic gene silencers during development (27). In addition to their role in development, these proteins have been reported to be overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, such as malignant lymphomas and various solid tumors (28). In particular, Bmi-1 is overexpressed in a number of malignancies, such as mantle cell lymphoma (6), B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (9), myeloid leukemia (8), non-small cell lung cancer (29), colorectal cancer (10), as well as breast and prostate cancers (16,12). In addition, we recently reported that Bmi-1 is also overexpressed in laryngeal carcinoma (30). Our present study demonstrates that a significant difference in Bmi-1 expression at both the protein and mRNA level exists between laryngeal carcinoma cells and the adjacent normal laryngeal tissue.
In the present study, we designed and constructed a siRNA recombinant expression vector targeting Bmi-1 to investigate its effect on laryngeal carcinoma cell proliferation. Cell proliferation was significantly inhibited after the cells were treated with RNAi. We demonstrate that lentiviruses can efficiently deliver Bmi-1 siRNAs into HEp-2 cells and that the transfection of Bmi-1 shRNA virtually eliminates Bmi-1 protein expression, indicating that siRNA sequences targeting Bmi-1 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the gene therapy of LSCC. Previous studies have reported that the downregulation of Bmi-1 by the adenovirus-mediated delivery of Bmi-1 siRNA reduces the invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis of lung cancer cells (31). Moreover, the adenovirus-mediated expression of Bmi-1 siRNA in human lung xenografts in vivo has been shown to result in increased immunostaining of Fas, Fas-L, cleaved Bid and TIMP-3, which in turn promotes apoptosis in lung cancer (32).
The initiation and progression of laryngeal carcinoma involve a series of genetic events, including the activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressors (33).
The regulatory mechanism of the PcG proteins relies upon epigenetic modifications of specific histone tails that are inherited through cell division (34,35). Bmi-1 is a member of the PcG family, thus, Bmi-1 overexpression can repress the p16Ink4a (CDKN2A) and p19Arf targets (10,15). In the absence of p16Ink4a, the cyclin D/Cdk4/6 complex can phosphorylate pRb, allowing the E2F-dependent transcription, which leads to cell cycle progression and DNA synthesis. Bmi-1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts overexpress the INK4a/ARF locus-encoded genes, CDKN2A and p19ARF (mouse homologue of human p14ARF), and undergo premature senescence in culture (36).
Previous studies using in vivo mouse and in vitro cell culture models have shown that Bmi-1 regulates the expression of the INK4A/ARF locus, which encodes two important tumor suppressors, namely, p16INK4A and p19ARF (p14ARF in humans) (36,37). Bmi-1 can potentially regulate the p16-pRb and p53-p21 pathways of senescence by downregulating p16INK4A and p19ARF (38).
PTEN regulates multiple signal transduction pathways, involved in the inhibition of proliferation and migration. PTEN exerts a variety of tumor suppressive effects, on various downstream signaling pathways, such as the pI3K/AKT pathway, and regulates gene transcription and protein translation, inducing apoptosis and promoting cell cycle arrest.
Bmi-1 expression is regulated by the cell cycle and the highest expression is observed in the G2/M phase (39). Our data showed that suppressing the expression of Bmi-1 in HEp-2 cells significantly inhibits cell proliferation and induces spontaneous cell apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. These results are in accordance with thos form previous studies on esophageal carcinoma cells (40) and cervical carcinoma cells. These data suggest that Bmi-1 plays an important role in the development of laryngeal carcinoma.
The suppression of Bmi-1 expression by lentiviral-mediated RNAi, induces cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase of the cell cycle and promotes apoptosis. Thus, this method of suppressing Bmi-1 expression which leads to cell growth inhibition and the induction of apoptosis, in turn reduces the number of proliferating cells, abnormal proliferation and suppresses the growth of laryngeal carcinoma cells; thus it has a significant therapeutic effect.
In the present study, BALB/c nude mice were injected with HEp-2 laryngeal carcinoma cells transfected with Bmi-1 siRNA (Bmi-1-RNAi-LV). The results showed that both the average tumor weight and volume were significantly lower in the Bmi-1-RNAi-LV-treated group than those in the control group. The study by Abdouh showed that downregulating the expression of Bmi-1 by lentiviral shRNA led to the decline of colony formation and glioma growth both in vitro and in vivo (41), which is consistent with our findings.
Our results demonstrated that Bmi-1 gene silencing cannot eliminate the tumor completely, suggesting that Bmi-1 is not the only protease involved in the invasion and growth of LSCC. The functions of Bmi-1 associated with stem cells in head and neck cancer have not yet been fully elucidated. It is also important to investigate the associated genes and signal transduction pathways in order to effectively contribute to the gene targeted therapy of head and neck tumors, thus increasing the possibility of developing a more potent therapy for head and neck tumors.
We directly approached the important role of Bmi-1 in the invasion and growth of LSCC by analyzing the effects of stable Bmi-1 silencing by recombinant lentivirus-mediated shRNA. To our knowledge, we demonstrate for the first time the inhibition of Bmi-1 expression by lentivirus-mediated shRNA, suggesting that Bmi-1 may be a candidate gene for the gene targeted therapy of human LSCC.