Introduction
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the third member of the gaso-transmitter family, is gaining acceptance as a signaling molecule. Increasing evidence has indicated that H2S has a variety of biological effects that may participate in the protection of cardiovascular pathophysilology (1–11). Exogenous H2S has been shown to protect rat hearts against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury (4–6) and contributes to the cardioprotective effects of ischemia pre-conditioning in the isolated, perfused rat heart (6). In addition, exogenous H2S ameliorates left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction in the setting of heart failure (12). Recently, we demonstrated that exogenous H2S protects H9c2 cardiac cells against chemical hypoxia (3) or doxorubicin-induced injury (10,13). In recent years, the roles of H2S in diabetes-related cardiovascular complications have attracted considerable attention, since lower circulating H2S levels have been detected in animal models of diabetes (14–16) and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (14,17), and low blood H2S concentrations may be associated with vascular inflammation observed in diabetes (14). Importantly, exogenous H2S protects against hyperglycemia-induced vascular endothelial injury (15) and provides protection against myocardial IR-induced damage in db/db mice (18) or diabetic rats (19). Furthermore, we recently revealed that exogenous H2S exerts protective effects against high glucose (HG)-induced injury and inflammation in H9c2 cardiac cells (9,19,20). The mechanisms underlying these cardioprotective effects of exogenous H2S are associated with the inhibition of several intracellular signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (21), leptin (9) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (20). However, the cardioprotective mechanisms of exogenous H2S are complex, and other intracellular signaling pathways may also be involved. Based on the findings introduced in the relative literatures, we speculated that the heat shock protein (HSP)90-serine/threonine protein kinase (Akt) pathway may attribute to the protective effects of exogenous H2S against HG-induced injury to H9c2 cardiac cells.
HSPs are a family of protective proteins, which constitute an endogenous cellular defense mechanism against hostile environmental stress. HSP90, one of the most abundant cytosolic HSPs, comprises 1–20% of total proteins in cells (22). Accumulating evidence indicates that HSP90 contributes to cell survival and protection by regulating the folding and stability of various cellular client proteins, including survival and apoptotic factor (23). Hypoxia can increase the expression of HSP90, which efficiently ameliorates myocardial IR-induce myocardial dysfunction (24). The inhibition of HSP90 function with HSP90 inhibitor or HSP90 siRNA markedly diminishes the protective effects of hypoxic pre-conditioning against prolonged hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury in H9C2 cardiac cells (25). Of note, HSP90-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) interactions are reduced in endothelial cells cultured in medium containing excess glucose (26). In addition, hyperglycemia impairs ischemic preconditioning (IPC)-elicited cardioprotection by disrupting the association of HSP90 with eNOS in rabbits or mice (27). Of ntoe, in SH-SY5Y cells (28) and the liver (29), H2S has been shown to increase HSP90 expression. In our recent studies, we also revealed that exogenous H2S upregulated the expression levels of HSP90 in PC12 cells (30) and H9c2 cells (3). Importantly, we have demonstrated that HSP90 plays important roles in the protection of exogenous H2S against chemical hypoxia-induced neural (30) or cardiac injury (3). However, whether HSP90 mediates the cardioprotective effects of exogenous H2S against HG-induced injury to H9c2 cardiac cells remains unknown.
Akt, a serine/threonine kinase, is downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to mediate the metabolic action of insulin (31). Impaired insulin-stimulated PI3K/Akt has been reported to be involved in a number of pathological conditions associated with insulin resistance, such as the cardiovascular complication of diabetes (32,33). In addition, in streptozotocin-treated rats, diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with the impaired activation of Akt (34,35). Of note, Akt is one of the HSP90 substrates; thus, HSP90 contributes to the functional stabilization of Akt, the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and cell survival. Additionally, HSP90 modulates Akt activity by suppressing its dephosphorylation and proteosomal degradation (36). The HSP90/Akt pathway has been shown to be an important survival and anti-apoptotic pathway in a variety of cells and settings; this pathway has been shown to play a role in myocardial calpain-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis during sepsis (37). Of note, the activation of the Akt pathway also contributes to the cytoprotective effects of H2S. In 3T3I1 adipocytes, has been shown to H2S increase glucose utilization by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway (38). Yao et al reported that H2S protected cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis via the stimulation of Akt phosphorylation (39). However, whether the HSP90/Akt pathway contributes to the protective effects of exogenous H2S against HG-induced injury to H9c2 cardiac cells remains unclear.
The present study was therefore designed to determine the effects of HG on the activation of the HSP90/Akt pathway in H9c2 cardiac cells and to investigate whether exogenous H2S protects cardiac cells against HG-induced injury by modulating the activity of the HSP90/Akt pathway.
Materials and methods
Chemicals
NaHS, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine iodide (JC-1), Hoechst 33258, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay kit, geldanamycin (GA) (an inhibitor of HSP90) and LY294002 [an inhibitor of Akt] were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was supplied by Dojindo Laboratories (Kumamoto, Japan). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) were obtained from Gibco BRL (Grand Island, NY, USA). Anti-phosphorylated (p-)Akt antibody (Cat. no. 12178), anti-Akt antibody (Cat. no. 14702) and anti-HSP90 antibody (Cat. no. 4877) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Boston, MA, USA); horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody (Cat. no. KC5G5) and the BCA protein assay kit were obtained from KangChen Biotech, Inc. (Shanghai, China). Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) solution was purchased from KeyGen Biotech (Nanjing, China). β-actin (Cat. no. KC-5A08), which was used as a control, was supplied by KangChen Biotech, Inc.
Cell culture and treatment
H9c2 cardiac cells, a rat cardiac myoblast cell line, were obtained from the Sun Yat-sen University Experimental Animal Center (Guangdong, China). The cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37°C and 95% air.
To establish the model of the HG-induced cardiomyocyte injury, the cells were cultured in DMEM (5.5 mM glucose) for 12 h prior to the administration of 35 mM glucose (final concentration) for 24 h. The glucose concentration of the control group was 5.5 mM. To investigate the protective effects of exogenous H2S against HG (35 mM glucose)-induced injury, the cells were treated with 400 µM NaHS (a H2S donor) for 30 min prior to exposure to HG for 24 h. To determine whether the HSP90/Akt pathway contributes to the protective effects of H2S, the H9c2 cardiac cells were treated with 1 µM GA (an inhibitor of HSP90) or 30 µM LY294002 (an inhibitor of Akt) for 30 min prior to exposure to NaHS and HG for 24 h.
Western blot analysis
As previously described (40), after being subjected to the indicated treatments, the H9c2 cardiac cells were harvested and lysed with cell lysis solution at 4°C for 30 min. The total proteins were quantified using the BCA protein assay kit. Loading buffer was added to cytosolic extracts, and after boiling for approximately 5 min, the same amounts of supernatant from each sample were fractionated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the total proteins were then transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Miniport; Olympus, Hamburg Germany). The membranes were blocked with 5% fat-free milk for 60 min in fresh blocking buffer [0.1% Tween-20 in Tris-buffered saline (TBS-T)], and incubated with either anti-p-Akt antibody (1:1,000 dilution), anti-Akt antibody (1:1,000 dilution) or anti-HSP90 antibody (1:1,000 dilution) in freshly prepared TBS-T with 3% fat-free milk overnight with gentle agitation at 4°C. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a control for histone incorporation. GAPDH antibody (Cat. no. KC-5G4) was provided by KeyGen Biotech. The membranes were washed 3 times with TBS-T, successively incubated with HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:2,500 dilution) in TBS-T with 3% fat-free milk for 90 min at room temperature. The membranes were then washed 3 times with TBS-T for 15 min. The immunoreactive signals were subsequently visualized by ECL detection. In order to quantify protein expression, the X-ray films were scanned and analyzed using ImageJ 1.47i software. The experiment was carried out 3 times.
Examination of cell viability
As previously described (40), the H9c2 cardiac cells were cultured in 96-well plates at a concentration of 1×104 cells/ml, and the CCK-8 assay was employed to measure the viability of the H9c2 cells. After being subjected to the indicated treatments, 10 µl of CCK-8 solution at a 1/10 dilution was added to each well and the plate was then incubated for 3 h in an incubator. The absorbance at 450 nm was measured using a microplate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA), The means of the optical density (OD) of 4 wells in the indicated groups were used to calculate the percentage of cell viability according to the following formula: cell viability (%) = (OD treatment group/OD control group ×100%. The above experiment was repeated 5 times.
Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining for the measurement of apoptosis
Apoptotic cell death was measured by Hoechst 33258 staining followed by photofluorography. In brief, the H9c2 cardiac cells were plated in 35 mm dishes at a density of 1×106 cells/well. After being subjected to the indicated treatments, the H9c2 cells were cultured with 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 mol/l phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) for 10 min. The slides were then washed 3 times with PBS, followed by staining with 5 mg/ml Hoechst 33258 for 30 min, The H9c2 cells were washed 3 times with PBS, and the PBS was then discarded and the plates were air dried. Finally, the cells were visualized under a fluorescence microscope (Bx50-FLA; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Viable H9c2 cells displayed a uniform blue fluorescence throughout the nucleus and a normal nuclear size; however apoptotic H9c2 cells exhibited condensed, fractured or distorted nuclei. The experiment was carried out 5 times.
Measurement of mitochondrial membrance potential (MMP)
MMP was examined using the fluorescent dye, JC-1, a cell-permeable carionic dye that preferentially enters the mitochondria based on the highly negative MMP. The depolarization of MMP results in the loss of MMP from the mitochondria and a decrease in the red/green fluorescence ratio. The H9c2 cells were cultured in a slide with DMEM at a density of 1×106 cells/well. As previously described (40), after being subjected to the indicated treatments, the slides were washed 3 times with PBS, and were then incubated with 1 mg/l JC-1 at 37°C for 30 min in an incubator, washed briefly 3 times with PBS and air dried. The fluorescence was measured over the hold field of vision using a fluorescence microscope connected to an imaging system (BX50-FLA; Olympus). The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of JC-1 from 3 random fields was analyzed using ImageJ 1.47i software, and the MFI was taken as an index of the levels of MMP. The experiment was carried out 5 times.
Detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation
As previously described (40), intracellular ROS generation was examined by the oxidative conversion of cell-permeable oxidation of 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) to fluorescent DCF. The H9c2 cells were cultured on a slide with DMEM. After being subjected to the different treatments, the slides were washed 3 times with PBS. DCFH-DA (10 µM) solution in serum-free medium was added to the slides, and the H9c2 cells were then incubated at 37°C for a further 30 min in an incubator. The slides were washed 5 times with PBS, and DCF fluorescence was measured over the entire field of vision using a fluorescence microscope connected to an imaging system (BX50-FLA; Olympus). The MFI of ROS from 5 random fields was measured using ImageJ 1.47i software and the MFI was used as an index of the amount of ROS. The experiment was carried out 5 times.
Measurement of SOD activity
SOD activity was measured by using a SOD assay kit. As previously described (41), after being subjected to the indicated treatments, the cells were washed using PBS and lysed in ice-cold 0.1 M Tris/HCl (pH 7.4) containing 0.5% Triton-X 100, 5 mM β-mercaptoethanol and 0.1 mg/ml phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Lysates were clarified by centrifugation at 14,000 × g at 4°C for 5 min and the cell debris was discarded. SOD activity was detected using a commercial 'SOD assay kit' according to the manufacturer's instructions (Sigma-Aldrich). The absorbance values at 450 nm were measured using a microplate reader. The experiment was carried out 3 times.
Statistical analysis
All data are presented as the means ± SEM. Differences between groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using SPSS 13.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) software, followed by the LSD post hoc comparison test. A value of p<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Exogenous H<sub>2</sub>S ameliorates the HG-induced downregulation of the expression level of HSP90 in H9c2 cardiac cells
To examine the effect of HG (35 mM glucose) on the HSP90 expression level in H9c2 cardiac cells, a time-response experiment on the HSP90 expression level was carried out. After the cells were exposed to 35 mM glucose for 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h, the expression level of HSP90 was decreased in a time-dependent manner (Fig. 1A and B). Importantly, prior to exposure to 35 mM glucose for 9 h, treatment of the cells with 400 µM NaHS (a donor of H2S) for 30 min markedly blocked the HG-induced decrease in the HSP90 expression level (Fig. 1C and D). In addition, treatment of the cells with 1 µM GA (an inhibitor of HSP90) for 30 min prior to exposure to NaHS and HG markedly decreased the expression level of HSP90 which was increased by NaHS (Fig. 1C and D).
Role of HSP90 in the protective effects of exogenous H<sub>2</sub>S against the HG-induced downregulation of (p)-Akt expression in H9c2 cardiac cells
As shown in Fig. 2A–C, exposure of the H9c2 cardiac cells to 35 mM glucose for 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h induced a decrease in the expression of p-Akt, with the maximal decrease observed at 24 h. However, treatment of the cells with 400 µM NaHS for 30 min prior to exposure to HG for 12 h significantly inhibited the decrease in the expression of p-Akt. Furthermore, treatment of the cells with 1 µM GA (an inhibitor of HSP90) for 30 min prior to exposure to HG for 12 h further reduced the decreased p-Akt expression level, suggesting the involvement of endogenous HSP90 in the modulation of Akt activation. Treatment of the cells with 400 µM NaHS alone for 30 min considerably increased the expression level of p-Akt (Fig. 2D–F). In a separate experiment (Fig. 2G–I), we observed that treatment of the H9c2 cardiac cells with 1 µM GA for 30 min prior to exposure to NaHS and HG markedly blocked the increase in p-Akt expression by NaHS. Additionally, treatment of the cells with 30 µM LY294002 (an inhibitor of Akt) for 30 min prior to exposure to NaHS and HG also antagonized the promoting effects of NaHS on p-Akt expression.
Roles of the HSP90/Akt pathway in the protective effect of exogenous H<sub>2</sub>S against HG-induced cytotoxicity in H9c2 cardiac cells
To determine whether the HSP90/Akt pathway is involved in the protective effects of exogenous H2S against HG-induced cytotoxicity, the H9c2 cardiac cells were treated with GA (an inhibitor of HSP90) or LY294002 (an inhibitor of Akt) prior to exposure to NaHS and HG. As shown in Fig. 3, in agreement with our findings from our recent studies (9,20), treatment of the cells with 400 µM NaHS for 30 min prior to exposure to 35 mM glucose (HG) for 24 h markedly attenuated HG-induced cytotoxicity, evidenced by an increase in cell viability. However, treatment of the cells with 1 µM GA or 30 µM LY294002 for 30 min prior to exposure to NaHS and HG significantly blocked the anti-cytotoxic effects of exogenous H2S, leading to a decrease in cell viability. When used alone, GA or LY294002 did not affect the viability of the H9c2 cardiac cells. These results suggest that the HSP90/Akt pathway is involved in the protective effects of exogenous H2S against HG-induced cytotoxicity in H9c2 cardiac cells.
Role of the HSP90/Akt pathway in the protective effects of exogenous H<sub>2</sub>S against the HG-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiac cells
Consistent with the findings of our recent studies (9,20), treatment of the cells with 400 µM NaHS for 30 min prior to exposure to 35 mM glucose (HG) for 24 h significantly attenuated the HG-induced increase in the number of apoptotic cells, which presented nuclear condensation and fragmentation (Fig. 4C and I). However, the inhibitory effects of NaHS on the HG-induced increase in the number of apoptotic cells were markedly attenuated by treatment of the cells with 1 µM GA (Fig. 4D and I) or 30 µM LY294002 (Fig. 4E and I) for 30 min prior to exposure to NaHS and HG. The use of GA or LY294002 alone did not significantly alter the percentage of apoptotic H9c2 cardiac cells (Fig. 4G–I). These results indicated that the HSP90/Akt pathway is involved in the protective effect of exogenous H2S against the HG-induced apoptosis of H9c2 cardiac cells.
Role of the HSP90/Akt pathway in the protective effects of exogenous H<sub>2</sub>S against the HG-induced loss of MMP in H9c2 cardiac cells
As shown in Fig. 5C and I, treatment of the cells with 400 µM NaHS for 30 min prior to exposure to HG for 24 h markedly alleviated the HG-induced mitochondrial insult, as evidenced by a decrease in the dissipation of MMP. Of note, the decreased dissipation of MMP was antagonized by treatment of the cells with 1 µM GA (Fig. 5D and I) or 30 µM LY294002 (Fig. 5E and I) for 30 min prior to exposure to NaHS and HG, suggesting that the HSP90/Akt pathway is involved in the protective effects of exogenous H2S against the HG-induced dissipation of MMP in H9c2 cardiac cells.
Role of the HSP90/Akt pathway in the protective effects of exogenous H<sub>2</sub>S against HG-induced oxidative stress in H9C2 cardiac cells
In agreement with the findings of our recent studies (9,20), treatment of the H9c2 cells with 400 µM NaHS for 30 min prior to exposure to 35 mM glucose (HG) for 24 h markedly decreased the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by HG (Fig. 6C and I). Importantly, treatment of the cells with 1 µM GA (Fig. 6D and I) or 30 µM LY294002 (Fig. 6E and I) for 30 min prior to exposure to NaHS and HG markedly blocked the inhibitory effects of NaHS on ROS generation, leading to an increase in ROS generation. When used alone, NaHS, GA or LY294002 did not alter the basal levels of ROS generation (Fig. 6F, G and H).
Role of the HSP90/Akt pathway in the protective effects of exogenous H<sub>2</sub>S against the HG-induced inhibitory effect on the activity of SOD
SOD is a significant antioxidant system. As shown in Fig. 7, following exposure to 35 µM glucose (HG) for 24 h, SOD activity in the H9c2 cardiac cells was considerably decreased compared with that of the control group. Notably, the HG-induced decrease in SOD activity was significantly attenuated by treatment of the cells with 400 µM NaHS for 30 min prior to exposure to HG for 24 h. However, treatment of the cells with 1 µM GA or 30 µM LY294002 for 30 min prior to exposure to NaHS and HG markedly hindered the protective effects of NaHS against the HG-induced decrease in SOD activity. When used alone, NaHS, GA or LY294002 did not affect SOD activity in the H9c2 cardiac cells.
Discussion
Previous studies have demonstrated that HSP90 (3,24,25,27) or Akt (34,35,37,42,43) are cardioprotective and that hyperglycemia impairs HSP90 in endothelial cells (26) and cardiac Akt in streptozotocin-treated rats (34,35). The present study extends the findings of previous studies and provides new evidence that HG-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury is associated with the impaired HSP90/Akt pathway, as evidenced by the decreased expression levels of HSP90 and Akt. Importantly, we demonstrate exogenous H2S protects H9c2 cardiac cells against HG-induced injury, by preventing cytotoxicity, apoptosis, ROS overproduction, decreased SOD activity and the dissipation of MMP through the activation of the HSP90/Akt pathway.
Several lines of evidence have demonstrated the cardioprotective effects of HSP90. Hypoxia can enhance the expression of HSP90 (44), which efficiently ameliorates the myocardial I/R-induced myocardial dysfunction (24). Recently, we demonstrated that HSP90 exerts protective effects in H9c2 cardiac cells exposed to chemically-induced hypoxia (3). However, few studies have explored the association between HG-induced cardiovascular injury and HSP90. Mohan et al reported that HG inhibited the HSP90-eNOS interaction in endothelial cells (26). Hyperglycemia attenuates the IPC-induced cardio-protective effects by disrupting the association of HSP90 with eNOS (27). In agreement with previous findings (26,27), our results revealed that HG inhibited the expression level of HSP90 in H9c2 cardiac cells in a time-dependent manner. To further explore the role of endogenous HSP90 in HG-induced H9c2 cardiac cell injury, the cells were co-exposed to HG and GA (an inhibitor of HSP90). Our data revealed that co-treatment of the H9c2 cardiac cells with HG and GA markedly aggravated HG-induced injury, including cyotoxicity, apoptosis, ROS overproduction and the loss of MMP (data not shown). These results suggest that HG-induced cardiomyocyte injury is at least in part associated with the impaired HSP90 pathway.
Since Akt is downstream of PI3K and one of the HSP90 substrates, its roles in cardiovascular protection have also attracted considerable attention. Chanoit et al reported that Akt mediated exogenous zinc-induced cardioprotection against reperfusion injury (45). The Akt pathway is also involved in the cardioprotection of substance P against ischemic/hypoxia-induced myocardial cell death (46). Moreover, the impaired activation of Akt has been shown to participate in diabetic cardiomyopathy (34,35). Consistent with previous studies (34,35), the present study demonstrated that HG markedly downregulated the expression level of Akt in H9c2 cardiac cells. Additionally, treatment of the cells with GA (an inhibitor of HSP90) prior to exposure to HG markedly aggravated the inhibitory effect of HG on the expression level of Akt, suggesting the modulatory effect of endogenous HSP90 on Akt activation. To further investigate the role of the impaired Akt pathway in HG-induced cardiomyocyte injury, the cells were co-exposed to HG and LY294002 (an inhibitor of Akt). Our findings indicated that co-treatment of the H9c2 cardiac cells with HG and LY294002 considerably aggravated HG-induced injury, as evidenced by a decrease in cell viability and SOD activity, and an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, ROS generation and the dissipation of MMP (data not shown). Combined with the above-mentioned results that the impaired HSP90 pathway is implicated in HG-induced cardiomyocyte injury, these findings indicate that the impaired HSP90/Akt pathway contributes to HG-induced injury to H9c2 cardiac cells. A recent study demonstrating that the impaired HSP90/Akt signaling pathway plays a role in the induction of myocardial caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in the septic mice (37) supports our results.
Another novel finding of the present study relates to the role of activation of the HSP90/Akt pathway in the cardioprotective effects of exogenous H2S against HG-induced cardiac injury. As a novel gasomolecule with cardiovascular protective effect, H2S executes the physiological functions of vasorelaxation, cardioprotection and the inhibition of vascular remodeling (47). Recently, the protective effects of H2S against DM-related cardiovascular damage have received more attention. It has been reported that exogenous H2S diminishes I/R-induced injury in db/db mice (18) and diabetic rats (19). Recently, we demonstrated that exogenous H2S protected H9c2 cardiac cells against HG-induced injury and inflammation by inhibiting the MAPK (19) and NF-κB (20) pathways. However, the mechanisms underlying these cardio-protective effects of H2S are not yet uncompletively clear. Since H2S has been shown to activate HSP90 (3,28–30) or Akt (38,39) in a variety of cells, including cardiomyocytes, and this study demonstrated the involvement of the HSP90/Akt pathway in HG-induced cardiomyocyte insults, this promotes us to further investigate the roles of the HSP90/Akt pathway in the cardio-protective effects of exogenous H2S against HG-induced injury. In agreement with the findings of our recent studies (19,20) and other studies (9,18,19), our results revealed that exogenous H2S exerts protective effects against HG-induced cardiomyocyte injury, leading to an increase in cell viability and SOD activity, and a decrease in the number of apoptotic cells, ROS generation and to the decreased dissipation of MMP. Importantly, exogenous H2S markedly blocked the inhibitory effects of HG on the expression levels of HSP90 and Akt. In order to explore the roles of the HSP90/Akt pathway in the cardioprotective effects of exogenous H2S against HG-induced injuryy, H9c2 cardiac cells were treated with GA (an inhibitor of HSP90) or LY294002 (an inhibitor of Akt) prior to exposure to NaHS and HG. Our results revealed that both GA and LY294002 markedly attenuated the cardioprotective effects of exogenous H2S against HG-induced injury, resulting in a decrease in cell viability and SOD activity, and in an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, ROS generation and the dissipation of MMP. These results suggest that the activation of the HSP90/Akt pathway plays important roles in the cardioprotective effects of exogenous H2S against HG-induced injury.
Taken together, the findings of this study clearly indicate that the impaired HSP90/Akt pathway may be one of the important mechanisms responsible for HG-induced cardiomyocyte injury. This study also provides evidence that the HSP90/Akt pathway contributes to the cardioprotective effects of exogenous H2S against HG-induced injury, including cytotoxicity, apoptosis, oxidative stress and the dissipation of MMP. Further studies using animal models will likely lead to an improved understanding of this signaling pathway and its newly discovered pathophysiological effects in diabites-related cardiovascular complications.