Introduction
Bladder cancer (BC) is among the most prevalent cancers worldwide and recently appears to be increasing in incidence. It is reported that there are ~261,000 new cases and 115,000 deaths from BC each year (1,2). BC is classified into two major groups with different biological properties: non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancers (3). Most cases of BC (75–80%) are diagnosed as non-muscle invasive tumors, which have high recurrence rates of 50–70% (4). The remainder (~15%) are high-grade muscle-invasive tumors that can rapidly progress to metastasis and death (5). Despite existing multiapproach treatment regimens, including radical cystectomy, bladder-sparing therapy with transurethral resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the median overall survival for metastatic BC is merely 13–15 months (6). Thus, there is an urgent need to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis and metastasis of BC and find novel therapeutic strategies to improve the outcome of patients with BC.
DAB2IP acts as a tumor suppressor and is often downregulated by epigenetic modification in many aggressive types of cancer including prostate, breast, advanced lung and pancreatic cancer (7–12). For example, DAB2IP-deficient prostate cancer cells show great proliferative potential and become resistant to stress-induced apoptosis and loss of DAB2IP expression in prostate epithelial cells results in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a central step in tumor metastasis (13,14). In pancreatic cancer, decreased DAB2IP expression is associated with clinical stage, development and infiltration of pancreatic cancer (12). Compared with widespread reports in other cancers, only few studies have described dysregulated DAB2IP expression and its correlation with disease outcome in BC (15,16) and the tumor suppressive role of DAB2IP in BC has not been fully elucidated.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous 19 to 22-nucleotide non-coding RNAs, negatively regulate gene expression through complementary binding to the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of target mRNAs, which can lead to blockage of translation and degradation of the mRNA (16–18). miRNAs can affect various biological behaviors of tumors, such as proliferation, invasion, apoptosis and metastasis. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that miRNAs act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in many human cancers, including BC (19). Recently, some dysregulated miRNAs have been identified to regulate tumorigenesis and metastasis of BC (20–24). For instance, upregulated miRNA-19a expression in BC tissues can significantly promote growth of BC cells by targeting PTEN (25) and miRNA-137, which is identified as a regulator of the tumor suppressor gene PAQR3, functions as an oncogene by promoting proliferation, migration and invasion of BC cells (26). Moreover, some miRNAs (miRNA-143, miRNA-490-5p, miRNA-576-3p, miRNA-204 and miRNA-145) have been proved to function as tumor suppressors by inhibiting proliferation of BC (27–31). However, few studies have investigated which miRNAs directly regulate DAB2IP expression in BC. Furthermore, the pattern and regulatory mechanism of interactions between miRNAs and DAB2IP in BC cells remain unknown.
In the present study, we provide the first demonstration that DAB2IP is a direct target of a new microRNA (miRNA-556-3p), and show that endogenous miRNA-556-3p expression negatively correlates with simultaneous DAB2IP expression in BC tissues and cells. Functional analysis showed that ectopic expression of miRNA-556-3p could promote proliferation, invasion, migration and colony formation by targeting DAB2IP. Further investigation verified that the tumor promotion effect driven by miRNA-556-3p in BC cells is partially dependent on activation of the Ras-ERK pathway.
Materials and methods
Human BC tissue and plasma samples
Human BC tissue samples were obtained from 30 patients with BC who underwent surgery at Hongqi Hospital (Mudanjiang, China) from 2011 to 2013. Patients who underwent preoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy were excluded. In addition, 30 peritumoral tissues adjacent to the tumor margin were used as controls. All samples were immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until RNA and protein extraction. Blood samples were collected from bladder cancer patients and from volunteers as controls. All blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes and processed within 1 h of collection. Blood samples were centrifuged to obtain plasma, which was stored at −80°C until RNA extraction. All clinical samples were collected after obtaining informed consent from participants and with approval from the ethics committee of Hongqi Hospital.
Cell culture
Five BC cell lines (BIU-87, T24, 5637, J82 and EJ), a non-tumorigenic bladder cell line (SV-HUC-1) and the viral packaging cell line (293T) were purchased from the Institutes of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Shanghai, China) and originated from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA). 293T and SV-HUC-1 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and other BC cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium. The media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Invitrogen) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. Cells were adherent and passaged by trypsin digestion, and all cells were maintained at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator.
Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)
Total RNA was extracted from plasma and tissues of BC patients using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). Complementary DNA was synthesized from total RNA using a M-MLV reverse transcription kit (Takara Bio, Dalian, China) with the specific primers U6 snRNA (NM_001101. 3; 5′-TACCTTGCGAAGTGCTTAAAC-3′) and miRNA-556-3p (5′-GTCGTATCCAGTGCGTGTCGTGGAGTCGGCAATTGCACTGGATACGACAAAGA-3′). cDNA samples were used as templates for amplification reactions carried out in a PCR Thermal Cycler Dice Real-Time system with the SYBR® PrimeScript PCR kit (Takara Bio) following our previously described procedure (32). The expression of miR-556-3p was analyzed with the 2−∆∆CT method. For each sample, triplicate determinations were performed and mean values were adopted for further calculations. All values were normalized to an endogenous U6 control. The PCR primers for mature miRNA-556-3p or U6 were designed as follows: miRNA-556-3p forward, 5′-ATATTACCATTAGCTCATCTTT-3′ and reverse, 5′-GTCGTATCCAGTGCGTGTCGTG-3′; U6 forward, 5′-GTGCTCGCTTCGGCAGCACAT-3′ and reverse, 5′-TACCTTGCGAAGTGCTTAAAC-3′.
RNase protection assay (Rpa)
Mature miRNA-556-3p from bladder cancer cells was detected by Rpa as previously described (33). Briefly, total mRNA was extracted from BC cells by the TRIzol method (Invitrogen). 32P-labeled antisense RNA probe (5′-AAAGAUGAGCUAAUGGUAAUAU-3′) complementary to miR-556-3p was used in RNase protection assays. The RNA probe was prepared using a mirVana miRNA Probe Construction kit (AM1550; Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's protocol. Total RNA (5 µg) was hybridized with the probe at 52°C for 16 h. RNases A/T1 were added and the mixture was incubated at 37°C for 30 min. The remaining RNA was precipitated by ethanol after heat inactivation and separated by 15% denaturing PAGE. The probes were visualized by autoradiography. Endogenous U6 was used as the internal normalization control.
Western blot analysis
Protein extractions were prepared using a previously described procedure (32) and western blot analysis was performed in triplicate experiments. Protein lysates were subjected to 11% SDS-PAGE and proteins were electrotransferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Membranes were incubated with 5% non-fat dry milk in TBS and probed with anti-DAB2IP (1:500), anti-Ras (1:200), anti-phosphorylated-ERK1/2 (1:400), anti-ERK1/2(1:600) and anti-GAPDH (1:1,200; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) antibodies in TBST (0.1% Tween-20 in TBS). Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit (or mouse) IgG (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) was used for detection of immunoreactive proteins by chemiluminescence (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA) and imaging with X-ray film. GAPDH was used as an endogenous reference for normalization.
Cell proliferation assay
Cell proliferation assays were performed using the Cell Counting kit-8 assay (CCK-8; Dojindo Laboratories, Kumamoto, Japan) following the manufacturer's protocol. At 72 h after viral infection, BIU-87, 5637 and T24 cells that were uninfected or infected with Lv-control, Lv-miRNA-556-3p, or Lv-miRNA-556-3p-inhibition were seeded into 96-well plates at 1×103 cells/well and grown for 24, 48 and 72 h. At the end of the incubation, 10 µl of CCK-8 solution was added to each well and samples were incubated for 4 h at 37°C. Absorbance at 490 nm was read on a microplate reader (Multiskan Spectrum; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). All experiments were performed in triplicate experiments and the average of the results was calculated.
Colony formation assay
A total of 0.5×103 T24 cells (72 h after viral infection) were seeded into 6-well plates and cultured for 10 days. Media were replaced with fresh media on days 3 and 6. Following incubation, colonies were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), fixed for 5 min with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 30 sec. The colony formation assay was repeated three times with duplicate wells.
Wound healing assay
A total of 1×105 5637 cells (72 h after viral infection) were seeded in 6-well plates and cultured until they reached confluence. Confluent monolayer cells were scratched with a 200-µl pipette tip (Axygen Scientific, Inc., Union City, CA, USA) and washed three times with PBS to remove cell debris and cells in suspension. Fresh serum-free medium was added and the cells were allowed to close the wound for 48 h under normal conditions. Images were taken at the same position of the wound with a computer-assisted microscope (Nikon Corp., Tokyo, Japan) at 24 and 48 h.
Cell invasion assay
Invasion of BIU-87 cells (72 h after viral infection) was determined using the QCM™ 24-well Fluorimetric Cell Invasion Assay kit (ECM554; Chemicon, Temecula, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The kit uses an insert polycarbonate membrane with 8-µm pore size. The insert was coated with a thin layer of ECMatrix™ that occluded the membrane pores and blocked migration of non-invasive cells. Culture medium (500 µl) supplemented with 10% FBS was used as a chemoattractant. Cells that migrated and invaded the underside of the membrane were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. The invaded cells were stained with DAPI.
Construction of recombinant expression vectors
Human genomic DNA was extracted from BIU-87 cells and used for amplification of the template for the precursor sequence of miRNA-556-3p. The primers used were 5′-GGAATTCTTAGAGCTGTAAAACAATTACT-3′ and 5′-CGGGATCCCCTATACTCAAGTCTAACATTC-3′. The PCR product was digested using EcoRI and BamHI, ligated into a linear pCDH-EF1-GFP vector (System Biosciences, Palo Alto, CA, USA) and transformed into Top10 competent cells (Takara Bio). The resultant vector was called pcDH-miRNA-556-3p.
An inhibition sequence that complementarily binds to miRNA-556-3p was chosen. The oligonucleotide templates of three tandem inhibition sequences were chemically synthesized and cloned into linear pcDH vector (System Biosciences) obtained by digestion by BamHI and EcoRI and purification by agarose gel electrophoresis. The recombinant vector was named pcDH-inhibition-miRNA-556-3p.
The CDS sequence of human DAB2IP (NM_032552.3) was amplified using the primers 5′-CCCAAGCTTGCCACCATGGAGCCCGACTCCCTT-3′ and 5′-CGGAATTCCTAATGCATACTCTCTTTC-3′, which contain a HindIII restriction site and Kozak sequence and a BamHI cutting site, respectively. cDNA was prepared by reverse transcription of RNA isolated from 293T cells. The PCR product was digested and cloned into a pcDH-CMV lentiviral expression vector. The final recombinant vector was named pcDH-DAB2IP.
The products of the vectors were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Endotoxin-free DNA was prepared in all cases.
Lentivirus packaging and lentiviral infection of cells
All recombinant lentivirus vectors (pcDH-miRNA-556-3p, pcDH-DAB2IP and pcDH-miRNA-556-3p-inhibition) and lentiviral packaging plasmids (System Biosciences) were cotransfected into 293T packaging cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instruction. At 48 h after transfection, the supernatant was harvested, cleared by centrifugation at 5,000 × g at 4°C for 5 min and passed through a 0.45-µm PVDF membrane (Millipore). The titer of virus was determined by gradient dilution. The packaged lentiviruses were named Lv-miRNA-556-3p, Lv-DAB2IP and Lv-miRNA-556-3p-inhibition.
Suspensions of BC cell lines BIU-87, 5637 and T24 in logarithmic phase were prepared by trypsin digestion and the number of viable cells was counted with a hemocytometer after trypan blue staining. Cells were collected by centrifugation at 1,000 × g and resuspended in complete RPMI-1640 medium to a concentration of 1×106 cells/ml. Cells were seeded on 6-well plates at 2 ml/well and cultured overnight under normal conditions. The medium was replaced with 2-ml complete medium containing 10 µl of viral solution. The infection efficiency was observed using the fluorescent marker 72 h after infection, and the levels of miRNA-556-3p and DAB2IP in cells were detected by qRT-PCR or western blotting, respectively. The infected cells were reseeded and cultured under normal conditions for a further 72 h before use in assays for proliferation, colony formation, wound healing and invasion. At 72 h after infection, the cells were collected and total protein was extracted for detection of Ras levels and ERK1/2 phosphorylation level by western blotting.
3′-TUR luciferase reporter assay
The 3′-untranslated region (253 bp) of human DAB2IP was amplified from cDNA obtained by reverse transcription of total RNA of 293T cells using the primers 5′-GCTCTAGAGAGCATCTGCCCCAGGTACACCT-3′ and 5′-GCTCTAGAGAGCATCTGCCCCAGGTACACCT-3′. The amplification parameters were 32 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 10 sec, annealing at 58°C for 30 sec and extension at 72°C for 30 sec. The product was then digested with XbaI and inserted into the pGL3-promotor vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The seed region was mutated by point mutagenesis from 5′-GTAATA-3′ to 5′-ATAAGT-3′. The resulting vectors were named pGL-WT (wild-type)-DAB2IP and pGL-MT (mutated type)-DAB2IP. The pRL-TK vector (Promega) was used as an internal control. Luciferase reporter plasmid was cotransfected into 293T cells with miRNA-556-3p mimics (5′-AUAUUACCAUUAGCUCATCUUUtt-3′), miRNA-556-3p inhibitor (5′-AAAGAUGAGCUAAUGGUAAUAUtt-3′), or negative control (NC, 5′-AGUCAUUACAUACUUCUCUAUUtt-3′). After 48 h of transfection, cells were harvested and assayed with the Dual-Luciferase assay kit (Promega) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
Ras GTPase activity assay
To investigate the effect of miRNA-556-3p on Ras GTPase activity through DAB2IP, we examined Ras GPTase activity in three cell lines (BIU-87, 5637 and T24) at 72 h after lentiviral infection strictly following the instructions of Ras GTPase ELISA kit (chemiluminescent) (ab134640; Abcam).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical software (16.0 for Windows). Experimental data were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). Differences between groups were analyzed using the Student's t-test and the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). All statistical tests performed were two-sided. Differences were considered statistically significant at P<0.05. All experiments were performed at least three times to insure reproducibility of the results.
Results
DAB2IP expression inversely correlates with levels of candidate miRNAs targeting DAB2IP in BC tissues and BC cells
To search for candidate miRNAs that were differentially expressed in BC, we used TargetScan 6.1 to assess miRNAs complementary to the DAB2IP 3′-UTR. Two transcript variants of human DAB2IP mRNA (NM_032552.3 and NM_138709.2) contained 38 miRNAs with a 7-nucleotide seed match at different positions of the DAB2IP 3′-UTR. Of these, 10 miRNAs exhibited highly conserved target sites and 28 miRNAs had poorly conserved target sites in the 3′-UTR of DAB2IP (data not shown). The expression of 10 candidate miRNAs (exhibited highly conserved target sites) targeting DAB2IP was examined in plasma samples from 30 BC patients and 30 healthy volunteers by qRT-PCR (Table I). Of 10 candidate miRNAs, four candidate miRNAs (miRNA-4725-5p, miRNA-556-3p, miRNA-4691-3p and miRNA-576-5p) were significantly increased in BC patients compared with healthy volunteers. To further search for candidate miRNAs, the expression of 4 candidate miRNAs (miRNA-4725-5p, miRNA-556-3p, miRNA-4691-3p and miRNA-576-5p) targeting DAB2IP was examined in 30 BC tissues and adjacent peritumoral tissues. Compared to the expression of miRNA-4725-5p and miRNA-576-5p, the expression of miRNA-556-3p and miRNA-4691-3p was remarkable increased in BC tissues than those in peritumoral tissues, thus, we selected miRNA-556-3p and miRNA-4691-3p to perform luciferase reporter assays. The luciferase reporter assays showed that miRNA-556-3p overexpression could significantly reduce the activity of a luciferase reporter containing the DAB2IP 3′-UTR (results see below), but the miRNA-4691-3p could not serve as DAB2IP gene regulator (data not shown). As a result, we selected miRNA-556-3p for further experiments.
The results (Fig. 1A, left panel) showed that miRNA-556-3p in plasma samples from 30 BC patients was differentially expressed compared with the control group (30 healthy volunteers; P<0.05). Subsequent analysis of the miRNA-556-3p level in 30 paired BC tissues and adjacent peritumoral tissues by qRT-PCR showed that the miRNA-556-3p level was significantly increased in BC tissues compared with controls (Fig. 1A, right panel). To confirm the association between miRNAs targeting DAB2IP and DAB2IP expression, we detected DAB2IP protein expression in BC tissues by western blotting. To show all results in the same membrane, we included paired samples from BC tissues and adjacent peritumoral tissues (Fig. 1B), respectively.
Correlation analysis of DAB2IP protein/mRNA and miRNA-556-3p in tumor was performed, and spearman analysis showed that in 30 tumor samples, miRNA-556-3p level was inversely correlated with DAB2IP protein (correction coefficient, −0.475; P=0.008) but not DAB2IP mRNA (correction coefficient, −0.040, P=0.835; Fig. 1C). As confirmed in other cancers, DAB2IP expression in BC tissues was significantly decreased compared with controls, indicating that DAB2IP expression inversely correlated with levels of miRNA-556-3p in BC tissues.
To verify whether endogenous DAB2IP expression in BC cells also correlated with miRNA-556-3p, the expression of miRNA-556-3p and DAB2IP in BC cells was detected by Rpa and western blot analysis, respectively. The results (Fig. 1D) confirmed that BC cell lines (BIU-87, T24, 5637, J82 and EJ) with high levels of miRNA-556-3p showed much lower DAB2IP expression than control cells (SV-HUC-1) with low levels of miRNA-556-3p but higher DAB2IP expression. Taken together, our results indicated that DAB2IP would be a direct target of miRNA-556-3p, and that endogenous miRNA-556-3p expression showed a negative correlation with simultaneous DAB2IP expression in BC cells.
Prediction of candidate miRNAs targeting DAB2IP by TargetScan and verification of the relationship between miRNA-556-3p and DAB2IP
Bioinformatic analysis (Fig. 2A) showed a seeding area of hsa-miRNA-556-3p in the 3′-UTR of the DAB2IP gene: 5′-GUAAUAA-3′. To determine whether miRNA-556-3p is a regulator of DAB2IP expression, we performed luciferase reporter assays in 293T cells. Luciferase reporter plasmids with wild-type or mutant sequence in the 3′-UTR of DAB2IP mRNA were cotransfected with miRNA-556-3p mimics, inhibitor, or negative control (NC) into 293T cells for 48 h, followed by measurement of luciferase activity (Fig. 2B). Our results showed that cotransfection of miRNA-556-3p mimics significantly inhibited the activity of firefly luciferase reporter with wild-type 3′-UTR of DAB2IP, but not of those with the mutant 3′-UTR, whereas inhibition of miRNA-556-3p by miRNA-556-3p inhibitor exhibited opposite results (Fig. 2B).
Enhanced miRNA-556-3p expression promoted proliferation of BC cells
To investigate the effects of miRNA-556-3p in BC cells, BIU-87, 5637 and T24 cells were genetically engineered with Lv-miRNA-556-3p, Lv-miRNA-556-3p-inhibition, or Lv-Control. The pcDH-copGFP lentiviral vector carries a green fluorescent protein that allows measurement of transfection efficiency. More than 90% transfection efficiency was confirmed in these cells by fluorescent microscopy (Fig. 3A). After 72 h of transfection, multiple cellular RNA preparations were assayed for miR-556-3p expression by qRT-PCR (Fig. 3B). miRNA-556-3p expression level in Lv-miRNA-556-3p cells was significantly higher than that in untreated cells (P<0.05), whereas miRNA-556-3p expression was markedly inhibited in Lv-miRNA-556-3p-inhibition cells (P<0.05). There was no difference in miRNA-556-3p expression between Lv-NC cells and untreated cells (P>0.05). Next, we examined the effect of miRNA-556-3p on proliferation of BC cells in vitro by CCK-8 assay. As shown in Fig. 3C, miRNA-556-3p overexpression significantly increased the growth rate of BIU-87, 5637 and T24 cells in the presence of Lv-miRNA-556-3p compared with untreated cells, whereas miRNA-556-3p inhibition markedly decreased the growth rate of BIU-87, 5637 and T24 cells in the presence of Lv-miRNA-556-3p-inhibition (P<0.05). No significant difference was found in cell proliferation between Lv-control cells and untreated cells (P>0.05). Collectively, these results indicated that enhanced miRNA-556-3p expression promoted BC cell proliferation in vitro.
Restored DAB2IP expression attenuates invasion, migration and colony formation of BC cells
Published data showed that DAB2IP functions as a suppressor of tumorigenesis and metastasis of BC cells (34). We hypothesized that miRNA-556-3p affects the biological behavior of BC cells by negatively regulating DAB2IP. To test this hypothesis, a 'rescue' experiment with Lv-miRNA-556-3p and Lv-DAB2IP was performed in vitro in BIU-87, 5637 and T24 cells. After 72 h of transfection, BIU-87, T24 and 5637 cells were harvested for invasion, colony formation and migration assays, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4A, miRNA-556-3p overexpression significantly promoted invasion of BIU-87 cells invasion compared with untreated cells, whereas the number of invaded cells was obviously lower following transfection with Lv-DAB2IP.
Furthermore, cell invasion was significantly inhibited when Lv-miRNA-556-3p-inhibition was transfected into BIU-87 cells. A similar result was obtained in the colony formation assay with T24 cells. Transfection of Lv-miRNA-556-3p alone enhanced colony formation by 70%. In contrast, cotransfection of Lv-miRNA-556-3p and Lv-DAB2IP markedly reduced colony formation by 50%, and knockdown of miRNA-556-3p by Lv-miRNA-556-3p-inhibition also resulted in a 50% decrease of colonies. No difference in invasion, migration and colony formation assays was observed between in Lv-NC cells and untreated cells (Fig. 4B).
To measure the influence of restored DAB2IP expression on cell migration we performed a wound healing assay in 5637 cells. Cells that overexpressed miRNA-556-3p migrated to the wound more rapidly than untreated cells. Conversely, the motility of 5637 cells was markedly suppressed after treatment with Lv-DAB2IP, and introduction of Lv-miRNA-556-3p-inhibition also exhibited an inhibitory effect on 5637 cell migration (Fig. 4C). Therefore, miRNA-556-3p, functioned as a tumor promoter during tumorigenesis and metastasis of BC by directly targeting DAB2IP.
miRNA-556-3p-mediated DAB2IP suppression plays an oncogenic role by partially activating the Ras-ERK pathway
We next searched for molecular regulatory mechanisms that contributed to the above effects. Previous studies revealed that DAB2IP functions as a tumor suppressor in cancers through inhibition of the Ras-ERK pathway, a critical pathway for tumorigenesis (35,36). In the present study, DAB2IP was identified as a target of miRNA-556-3p. Therefore, we wondered whether the miRNA-556-3p-mediated changes in biological behavior of BC cells are dependent on the Ras-ERK pathway. To address this issue, we examined expression of DAB2IP, Ras and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2), a central regulator of cell proliferation, in BIU-87, 5637 and T24 cells. As shown in Fig. 5, western blot analysis showed a decrease in DAB2IP protein and an increase in Ras and pERK1/2 compared with untreated cells when miRNA-556-3p expression was enhanced in BIU-87, 5637 and T24 cells by Lv-miRNA-556-3p. Conversely, inhibition of miRNA-556-3p expression in BIU-87, 5637 and T24 cells by Lv-miRNA-556-3p-inhibition, resulted in significant upregulation of DAB2IP and downregulation of Ras and pERK1/2 proteins. Notably, in a rescue assay, cotransfection of Lv-miRNA-556-3p and Lv-DAB2IP not only markedly restored DAB2IP expression but also efficiently silenced Ras and pERK1/2 protein to a barely detectable level in BIU-87, 5637 and T24 cells. Transfection of Lv-control had no effect on DAB2IP, Ras and pERK1/2 protein expression compared with untreated cells. Ras GTPase ELISA assay showed that overexpression of miRNA-556-3p in BC cells could markedly increase Ras GTPase activity. Together, these results suggested that miRNA-556-3p-mediated DAB2IP suppression at least in part played an oncogenic role in BC cells by activating the Ras-ERK pathway.
Discussion
miRNAs are key factors in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis and other important cellular processes (37). In past decades, miRNAs have been the focus of much research in oncology, and there are great expectations for their utility as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets (38,39). Although many miRNAs are predicted to regulate target mRNAs and are dysregulated in their respective cancer types, to date, few studies have reported the expression and function of miRNAs targeting DAB2IP in bladder cancer. In the present study, we primarily focus on the identification of miRNAs targeting DAB2IP and validation of their expression and function in BC.
It is estimated that ~30% of genes in the human genome are regulated by miRNAs (39). Therefore, identification of aberrantly expressed miRNAs is critical in the analysis of human oncogenesis. To complete the study's main aim of discovering and validating differentially expressed miRNAs targeting DAB2IP in BC, we applied TargetScan 6.1 for an initial overview to identify candidate miRNAs. qRT-PCR and luciferase reporter assays confirmed that DAB2IP was a direct target of miRNA-556-3p. To the best of our knowledge, miRNA-556-3p is a newly identified miRNA specific to DAB2IP in BC and no functional study results on miRNA-556-3p have previously been published. Identification of miRNA-556-3p offered a sound basis for further studies to determine its expression and biological function in BC. Our data revealed that, compared with controls, endogenous miRNA-556-3p expression was significantly upregulated in clinical samples of BC patients and BC cell lines, whereas DAB2IP expression was simultaneously downregulated.
Based on these findings, we speculated that miRNA-556-3p might function in as a tumor promoter in BC. As expected, gain or loss of function assays through transfection of Lv-miRNA-556-3p or Lv-miRNA-556-3p-inhibition indicated that enhancement of miRNA-556-3p expression could promote proliferation, invasion and migration, and colony formation of BC cells, whereas repression of miRNA-556-3p expression yielded opposite results. More importantly, a 'rescue' experiment with Lv-miRNA-556-3p and Lv-DAB2IP not only attenuated invasion, migration and colony formation of BC cells, but also reversed the tumor promotion effect induced by miRNA-556-3p. In fact, these results underline the great potential of miRNA-556-3p as an oncogene in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of BC though inhibition of DAB2IP. In fact, one previous study also demonstrated that the tumor overexpressive miR-92b promoted migration and invasion of BC cells, but had no effect on cell proliferation (15). Herein, we reported the function of a new important miRNA, miRNA-556-3p not only promoted BC cells migration and invasion, but also promoted BC cells proliferation by negatively regulating DAB2IP expression. Many present studies have clearly indicated that one miRNA could control multiple oncogenes and antioncogenes, this may be the reason that miR-92b and miRNA-556-3p have the same targeted gene but play partly different roles in BC cells, thus further studies are needed to explore this.
The interaction between miRNA-556-3p and DAB2IP suggested important changes in molecular pathways in BC cells. In the present study, we observed a correlation of miRNA-556-3p with DAB2IP and the Ras-ERK pathway in BC cells. Western blot analysis showed a decrease in DAB2IP protein and an increase in Ras and pERK1/2 proteins in BC cells that overexpressed miRNA-556-3p, whereas introduction of Lv-miRNA-556-3p-inhibition in cells that underexpressed miRNA-556-3p cells produced opposite results. Intriguingly, restoration of DAB2IP in a 'rescue' assay efficiently silenced Ras and pERK1/2 protein to a barely detectable level in BC cells. Recent investigations have revealed that DAB2IP can modulate the activities of various pathways including Ras-Raf-ERK, ASK1-JNK and PI3K-Akt, providing potential mechanisms through which loss of DAB2IP can deregulate survival and apoptosis pathways, leading to tumor development (35). Specifically, DAB2IP inhibits the Ras pathway by directly binding to and inactivating H-Ras and R-Ras through its Ras GTPase activity (36). In this study, we detected the Ras GTPase activity in bladder cancer cell lines, and found that the overexpression of miRNA-556-3p in BC cells not only decreased DAB2IP expression, but also markedly increased Ras GTPase activity and ERK1/2 phosphorylation level. From all the above results, we propose that miRNA-556-3p-mediated DAB2IP suppression promoted growth and metastasis of BC cells at least in part by activation of the Ras-ERK pathway.
There are some important limitations to the present study that need to be discussed. First, although miRNA-556-3p expression was significantly upregulated in plasma and tissues from BC patients compared with controls, the number of clinical samples examined in this study was limited. Examination of additional clinical BC samples may provide more persuasive evidence supporting the relationship between miRNA-556-3p and DAB2IP. Second, a single target gene is not regulated by a single miRNA (40,41). Our qRT-PCR analysis of clinical samples of BC patients showed that four upregulated miRNAs (miRNA-4725-5p, miRNA-556-3p, miRNA-4691-3p and miRNA-576-5p) might be involved in regulating DAB2IP expression (data not shown). Expression and function of these other miRNAs in BC should be investigated in future studies. Third, previous studies showed that miRNAs can be readily detected in bodily fluids including serum, plasma, saliva, urine and tears (42–45). The innate properties of miRNAs make them attractive as potential biomarkers. In this study, we determined the miRNA-556-3p expression level in plasma of BC patients and found that miRNA-556-3p plasma expression was enhanced in accordance with its high level in BC tissues. However, the relationship of miRNA-556-3p expression level with clinical features of BC patients, including diagnosis, therapy response, and prognosis, must be analyzed further to support the use of plasma miRNA-556-3p as a non-invasive marker for detection of bladder cancer.
Despite these limitations, we obtained sustainable evidence that miRNA-556-3p performs an oncogenic function in human BC cells via targeting DAB2IP. In conclusion, the present study provides novel insight into the role of miRNA-556-3p in human BC pathogenesis and suggests its potential application as a promising molecular target for BC therapy.