Introduction
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most frequent malignancies in human, accounting for ~90% of esophageal cancer worldwide (1). China is a country with high incidence of esophageal cancer, and is one of the countries with the highest mortality rate of esophageal cancer. In recent years, the incidence of ESCC is increasing and the number of male patients is 3–4 times more than female patients due to the use of tobacco and alcohol (2). Actual major treatments for ESCC are surgery combined with neoadjuvant radiation and/or chemotherapy, but the 5-year survival rates is still <15% (3,4). Lacking of reliable markers and high aggressiveness are the primary reasons for the poor prognosis and high recurrence rate in ESCC therapy (5,6). So it is urgent to achieve a thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of ESCC.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNAs >200 nucleotides but without protein-coding functions (7,8). Substantial studies have revealed the regulating role of lncRNA in cancer development and progression (9,10). HNF1A-AS1 (HAS1) is a bidirectional lncRNA located at chromosome 12q24.31 and is one of three isoenzymes responsible for cellular hyaluronan synthesis (the other two are HAS2 and HAS3) (11,12). Data from different groups have reported that HAS1 is involved in metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and cancers. Previous studies have demonstrated the role of HAS1 as a predictor in breast cancer, and the high expression of HAS1 is correlated with high relapse rate and short overall survival (13). Other studies also proved that HAS1 was a poor prognostic biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer and the expression of HAS1 was significantly associated with tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage (14). However, functional involvement of HAS1 in ESCC has not been extensively reported.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of non-coding RNAs with 19–24 nucleotides and have been implicated as important regulators in the pathogenesis of human cancers (15). miRNAs regulate biological processes by base pairing with the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of target mRNA sequences (16). Aberrant expression of miRNAs in cancer cell lines and tissues is closely related to tumor growth, invasion and metastasis (17,18). Previous research revealed that miR-214 is a molecular hub involved in the control of cancer networks and could be a potential diagnostic/prognostic biomarker and target for therapeutic intervention (19). Here we set to explore the regulating role of miR-214 in the pathogenesis of ESCC.
Sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility-group box transcription factor genes (SOX) are involved in the transcription processes during embryonic development and organogenesis (20,21). Previous studies suggested that SOX4 was upregulated in various cancers and SOX4 might function as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor in different types of cancers. For example, increased expression of SOX4 was found in colorectal cancer tissues and the inhibition of SOX4 suppressed CRC cell proliferation, and invasion (22). SOX4 also acted as a suppressor in the growth of glioblastoma, partly by activating p53-p21 signaling to induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest (23). Moreover, SOX4 was found upregulated in ESCC and the SOX-Wnt interaction was identified to be involved in the development of ESCC (24). The specific regulatory mechanism remains to be further explored.
In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of HAS1 in the growth and metastasis of ESCC. Upregulated HAS1 was found in ESCC tissues and cell lines. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of HAS1 restrained cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in ESCC cells. HAS1-siRNA also suppressed the mobility of ESCC in vitro and in vivo and may be sponging miR-214 to upregulate the expression of SOX-4. The HAS1-miR-214-SOX-4 pathway may be useful in the development of ESCC treatment.
Materials and methods
Sample collection
Thirty-five pairs of human ESCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were obtained from The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. The tissues were stored at −80°C until needed. The study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Human Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University.
Cell lines
The human ESCC cell lines KYSE70, KYSE450, EC109, EC970 and esophageal epithelial cell line HET-1A were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). All the cell lines were maintained routinely in RPMI-1640 media (Gibco, cat. no. 11875-093) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island, NY, USA) and grown at 37°C in humidified air containing 5% CO2.
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)
qRT-PCR was performed to assess the expression level of miRNA. Total RNA from the tissue samples or cultured cells was extracted using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. qRT-PCR was performed by using SYBR-green PCR Master Mix in a Fast Real-time PCR 7500 system (Applied Biosystems). The RT-PCR primers for HAS1 and miR-214 were purchased from GeneCopoeia (San Diego, CA, USA). The specific primers were as follows: HAS1 forward, 5′-TCAAGAAATGGTGGCTAT-3′; reverse, 5′-GCTCTGAGACTG GCTGAA-3′. miR-214 forward, 5′-AGCATAATACAGCAGGCACAGAC-3; reverse, 5′-AAAGGTTGTTCTCCACTCTCTCAC-3′. GAPDH was used as the internal control of the mRNA or miRNA, respectively. Fold change of HAS1 or miR-214 was calculated by the equation 2−ΔΔCt.
Northern blotting
The expression levels of HAS1 and miR-214 in ESCC samples, adjacent normal tissues, ESCC cell lines (KYSE70, KYSE450, EC109 and EC970), and esophageal epithelial cell line HET-1A were further determined by northern blot assay. Northern blot analysis was performed as previously described (25).
Lentiviral vector construction and cell transfection
Mimics/inhibitors specific for miR-214 and siRNA/scramble fragments targeting HAS1 were designed and purchased from Invitrogen. KYSE70 and EC109 cells were seeded in 24-well plates (1×105 cells per well). HAS1 siRNA and scramble fragments were amplified using Primer STAR premix (Takara) and cloned into lentivirus vector according to the manufacturer's protocol, respectively. KYSE70 and EC109 cells were transfected with recombinant lentivirus. Mimics/inhibitors specific for miR-214 were transfected into KYSE70 and EC109 cells using Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Cells were harvested 48 h after transfection for subsequent experiments.
Cell proliferation assay
Cell proliferation was assayed using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8, Dojindo Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer's protocol. A total of ~5×103 cells were seeded onto 96-well plates. KYSE70 and EC109 cells were pretreated with HAS1-siRNA or siRNA-scramble, respectively. Then cells were incubated with CCK-8 solution for another 2 h at 37°C. The absorbance was measured at 450 nm using multifunctional microplate reader spectraMax M5 (Molecular Devises, CA, USA) at indicated time-points. All experiments were repeated at least three times.
Flow cytometric analysis of cell apoptosis
Cells in each group were harvested at 48 h post-transfection. For the apoptosis analysis, cells were collected, washed twice with cold PBS, resuspended and fixed, then were stained using the Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and PI apoptosis detection kits (Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection kit, eBioscience). The cells were examined by the FACSCaliber II sorter and Cell Quest FACS system (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocols. The flow cytometry analysis was repeated at least three times.
Western blot analysis
The proteins extracted from tissues and cultured cells were separated through SDS-PAGE and then transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The membranes were blocked in PBST (PBS with 0.1% Tween-20) containing 5% non-fat milk for 2 h at room temperature, and then were incubated with the primary antibodies: anti-Ki67, anti-proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), anti-caspase-3, anti-caspase-9, anti-metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, anti- vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF), anti-SOX-4, anti-GAPDH and corresponding HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies. Membranes were extensively washed several times with PBST. Proteins were detected using a ChemiDoc XRS imaging system and Quantity One analysis software (Bio-Rad, San Francisco, CA, USA). GAPDH (Abcam) was used as an endogenous reference.
Wound healing assay
Wound-healing assay was performed to evaluate the migration rate of KYSE70 and EC109 cells transfected with HAS1-siRNA or siRNA-scramble or control. Approximately 1.5×106 cells/well were seeded in 6-well plate and cultured overnight until the cells reached 90% confluence. Then a straight scratch was created by a sterile pipette tip. After rinsing off the destroyed cells with PBS, the plate was cultured in medium for another 24 h. Cell migration was observed and imaged at 0 and 24 h with a digital camera (Leica DFC300FX).
Transwell invasion assay
For the invasion assays, KYSE70 and EC109 cells pre-treated with HAS1-siRNA or siRNA scramble (2×104 cells/well) were placed in Transwell cell culture chambers (8-mm pore size; Merck Millipore Corp.) and were coated with Matrigel (Becton-Dickinson, NJ, USA). Cell suspension was placed in the upper chamber of the insert and the lower chamber was filled with medium containing 10% FBS. After incubation for another 24 h, the invasive cells that had transferred to the lower chamber were fixed in 95% ethanol, stained with hematoxylin and were quantified under a light microscope at 100× in five random fields per membrane. Each sample was assayed in triplicate.
Luciferase activity assay
The Luc-HAS1-WT and Luc-HAS1-MUT were constructed as follows. The wild-type 3′-UTR and mutant 3′-UTR (modified miR-214 binding site) HAS1 RNA were amplified by chemical synthesis and were inserted into a luciferase reporter vector (pGL4.74) to generate Lnc-HAS1 WT and Lnc-HAS1-MUT constructs, respectively. EC109 cells were co-transfected with 0.1 µg Lnc-HAS1 WT/Lnc-HAS1-MUT and/or 40 nM miR-214 mimic for 24 h. Similarly, the wild-type 3′-UTR and mutant 3′-UTR (modified miR-214 binding site) SOX-4 RNA were amplified by chemical synthesis and were inserted into a luciferase reporter vector (pGL4.74) to generate SOX-4 WT and SOX-4 MUT constructs, respectively. EC109 cells were co-transfected with 0.1 µg SOX-4 WT/SOX-4 MUT and/or 40 nM miR-214 mimic for 24 h. Luciferase activities were detected by a dual-luciferase reporter system according to the manufacturer (Promega, E2920). The experiments were performed in triplicate.
Subcutaneous xenograft mouse model
All animal experiments were carried out in accordance with a protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). The xenografted mouse model was conducted as previously described (26,27). EC109 cells were transfected with HAS1-siRNA and/or miR-214 inhibitor or siRNA-scramble for 24 h. Then, 4×106 cells were subcutaneously inoculated into 6–8 weeks old male athymic nude mice. After tumors (100–150 mm3) had established, the tumor volume was measured every 5 days using the same protocol, and calculated in length × (width2)/2.
Immunohistochemistry
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections (5 µM) from tissue microarrays were prepared. They were deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated then were incubated in 30% H2O2 to quench the activity of endogenous peroxidase. Then the sections were incubated with primary antibodies directed against VEGF overnight at 4°C. Proteins were visualized under a light microscope.
Statistical analysis
All results are presented as mean ± SD and evaluated with a Student's t-test. All experiments were performed at least three times and performed in triplicate. Statistical significance was considered at P-value <0.05.
Results
The level of HAS1 is elevated in ESCC
In order to investigate the role of HAS1 in ESCC, relative expression of HAS1 in ESCC tissues and cell lines was detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting. As shown in Fig. 1A, relative expression of HAS1 in ESCC tissues was ~3 times more than the normal tissue (**P<0.01). Western blot analysis was in line with the q-PCR result and further confirmed that the level of HAS1 was upregulated in ESCC tissues compared with normal tissues (Fig. 1B). Then, the expression of HAS1 in esophageal epithelial cell line (HET-1A) and a panel of ESCC cell lines including KYSE70, KYSE450, EC109 and EC970 was further measured. Compared with HET-1A group, the expression of HAS1 was strongly increased in ESCC cell lines (**P<0.01, Fig. 1C and D). The elevated expression of HAS1 in ESCC tissues and cell lines suggested that HAS1 was involved in the pathogenesis of ESCC.
Inhibition of HAS1 reduces cell viability
We then tested the functional significance of HAS1 in ESCC cells lines. KYSE70 and EC109 cell lines were transfected with HAS1-siRNA or siRNA scramble, respectively. The expression of HAS1 was successfully reduced by HAS1-siRNA as shown in Fig. 2A and 2B (**P<0.01). Then, the result of CCK8 assay showed that the inhibition of HAS1 largely suppressed cell proliferation in KYSE70 and EC109 cells (**P<0.01, Fig. 2C). Additionally, the effect of HAS1 on cell apoptosis was valued through flow cytometry. The result showed that the rate of apoptotic cells was markedly increased in HAS1-siRNA group compared with the scramble group (***P<0.001, Fig. 2D and E). The expression of cell proliferation and apoptosis related proteins was then detected through western blotting. Decreased expression of proliferation markers Ki67 and PCNA and increased level of apoptosis markers (caspase-3 and caspase-9) further revealed that HAS1-siRNA suppressed cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in ESCC cells (Fig. 2F and G). Taken together, the results above strongly suggested that inhibition of HAS1 reduced cell viability in ESCC cells.
Inhibition of HAS1 suppresses cell motility
Given that the inhibition of HAS1 reduced cell viability in ESCC cells, further experiments were conducted to examine the effect of HAS1 on cell motility. The result of Transwell invasion assay showed that the number of invaded cells was noticeably declined in KYSE70 and EC109 cells transfected with HAS1-siRNA (***P<0.001, Fig. 3A and B). By comparing the closure of the gap at 0 and 24 h later after transfection, a significantly decreased closing rate of scratch wounds was detected in HAS1-siRNA group compared with the siRNA scramble group (*P<0.05, Fig. 3C and D). The expression of migration marker proteins MMP-9 and VEGF was obviously decreased in KYSE70 and EC109 cells transfected with HAS1-siRNA compared with the scramble group (**P<0.01, Fig. 3E). The results above indicated that inhibition of HAS1 suppressed cell motility in ESCC.
miR-214 is a direct target of HAS1
Predicted by bioinformatics analysis, three complementary sites of miR-214 was found in the sequence of HAS1 RNA (Fig. 4A). Besides, in previous research, miR-214 was found downregulated in ESCC and acted as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in ESCC (28). A series of experiments were then conducted to explore the relationship between miR-214 and HAS1 in ESCC. The expression of miRNA-214 was significantly decreased in ESCC tissues and cell lines (KYSE70, KYSE450, EC109 and EC9706) compared with normal tissues and esophageal epithelial cell line (HET-1A) (**P<0.01, Fig. 4B and C). Similar conclusion was further verified through northern blot analysis (Fig. 4D). Interestingly, the expression of miR-214 was strongly increased in KYSE70 and EC109 cells transfected with HAS1-siRNA (*P<0.05, Fig. 4E and F). Then, elevated expression of miR-214 was suppressed by miR-214 inhibitor in EC109 cells transfected with LncRNA HAS1 (Fig. 4G). Similarly, decreased expression of miR-214 was upregulated by adding miR-214 mimic in EC109 cells transfected with HAS1-siRNA (Fig. 4H). Luciferase reporter assays showed that relative luciferase activity in LncRNA HAS1 wild-type group was significantly decreased by co-transfecting miR-214 mimic compared with control group (**P<0.01, Fig. 4I). All the results above illustrated the fact that miR-214 was a target of HAS1.
The expression of SOX-4 is upregulated by HAS1
According to previous reports, HAS1 and SOX-4 were both involved in the pathogenesis of ESCC, so it is worth exploring the relationship between the two. KYSE70 and EC109 cells were transfected with HAS1-siRNA and/or miR-214 inhibitor or inhibitor control, respectively. The targeting relationship between miR-214 and SOX4 was first predicted through bioinformatics analysis. Luciferase reporter assays further showed that relative luciferase activity in SOX-4 WT group was significantly decreased by co-transfecting miR-214 mimic compared with control group (Fig. 5A). Relative expression of SOX-4 in KYSE70 and EC109 cells were evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Compared with the control group, the expression of SOX-4 was suppressed by HAS1-siRNA and was elevated by miR-214 inhibitor. Simultaneously, the elevated level of SOX-4 -was decreased by co-transfecting HAS1-siRNA into miR-214 inhibitor-treated cells (**P<0.01, Fig. 5B and C). Then, cell viability and motility were valued in EC109 cells treated as described above. miR-214 effectively weakened the effect of HAS1-siRNA inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell apoptosis (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, Fig. 5D and E). Similarly, declining number of invasion cells, and cell migration rate was elevated by miR-214 inhibitor in EC109 cells pretreated with HAS1-siRNA (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, Fig. 5F and G). Moreover, relative expression HAS1, miR-214 and SOX4 in 35 paired cases of ESCC tissues were detected by qRT-PCR. The correlational analyses among the three showed a positive relationship between the expression level of HAS1 and SOX4, and a negative relationship between HAS1 and miR-214, miR-214 and SOX4 (Fig. 5H).
HAS1-siRNA inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in vivo
To investigate the effects of HAS1 on migration and invasion of ESCC in vivo, EC109 cells were pre-treated with HAS1-siRNA and/or miR-214 inhibitor or scramble. ESCC xenograft mouse model was created by subcutaneous injection of recombinant cell lines to SPF nude mice. Compared with the scramble group, average tumor volume was obviously smaller in the HAS1-siRNA group (*P<0.05, Fig. 6A and B). Besides, the expression level of migration marker protein VEGF was also strongly suppressed by HAS1-siRNA compared with the scramble group (Fig. 6C). Moreover, the expression of miR-214 was increased and the expression of SOX4 was suppressed by HAS1-siRNA in EC109 cells (Fig. 6D and E). The results above indicated that HAS1-siRNA inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in vivo.
Discussion
ESCC is an aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis and the incidence of ESCC is increasing. The invasion and metastasis characteristics of ESCC cells resulted the high morbidity and mortality of ESCC (29,30). ESCC patients lose the chance of getting a diagnosis in the early stages of the disease due to lack of sufficiently sensitive and specific biomarkers (31). Thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the growth and metastasis of ESCC is necessary for cancer therapy. In this study, we focused on the role of HAS1 in regulating the growth and invasion of ESCC and the related relevant mechanism.
Accumulated studies have shown the regulating role of lncRNAs in cell proliferation, metastasis, invasion and apoptosis (32,33). HAS1 has been regarded as a promising diagnostic biomarker or therapeutic target for various human cancers. For example, elevated expression of HAS1 in bladder tumor tissues contributed to a positive HA urine test and may have some prognostic potential (34). Upregulated expression of HAS1 was also found in colon cancer (35), ovarian cancer (36) and endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (37), indicating a poor prognosis. However, some other studies demonstrated that decreased expression of HAS1 and HAS2 were associated with poor prognosis in cutaneous melanoma (38). The studies above prove that the aberrant expression of HAS1 is associated with cancer development. In this study, a significant upregulated expression of HAS1 was detected in ESCC tissues compared with adjacent histologically normal tissues, and in the corresponding cell lines. These results suggest that HAS1 is upregulated in ESCC and indicates the possible correlation between HAS1 and ESCC.
The regulating role of HAS1 in cancer progression has been documented in many reports. Evidence indicated that HAS1 promoted tumor proliferation and metastasis by regulating the expression of cyclin D1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin and β-catenin in lung adenocarcinoma (39). Others demonstrated that HAS1 regulated cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by modulating hyaluronic acid (HA) synthesis and HA receptor levels in bladder cancer (40). In our study, siRNA-mediated knockdown of HAS1 inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in KYSE70 and EC109 cells. Simultaneously, decreased expression of cell proliferation markers (Ki67 and PCNA) and increased level of cell apoptosis markers (caspase-3 and caspase-9) in EC109 cells transfected with HAS1-siRNA further identified that the inhibition of HAS1 reduced cell viabiity in ESCC cells.
Accumulated studies have suggested that HAS1 is involved in the metastasis of cancers. For example, HAS1 was found overexpressed in human primary oesophageal adenocarcinoma and upregulated HAS1 inhibited cell migration and invasion in vitro (41). HAS1 has also been demonstrated to promote cell proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma via regulating the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway (42). In our study, increased number of invasive cells and declined wound closure rate were induced by HAS1-siRNA. Besides, the expression of migration marker proteins MMP-9 and VEGF was largely suppressed in HAS1-siRNA group. The results above suggest that the inhibition of HAS1 reduces cell mobility in ESCC cells.
The role of miR-214 has been verified in numerous physiological and pathological processes, and recently, miR-214 is regarded as a regulator in various cancers. For example, miR-214 acted as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting proliferation, migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells via targeting ADP ribosylation factor like 2 (ARL2) (43). Others reported that miR-214 mediated the inhibiting effect of FOXD3 on proliferation, invasion and metastasis by targeting MED19 in colon cancer (44). Moreover, miR-214 acted as a target of LncR-LINC0086 and overexpressed miR-214 reversing the suppressive effects of LINC0086 on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) growth in vitro and in vivo (45). Generally, miRNA is regulated by the upstream transcription factors. However, the interaction between LncRNA and miR-214 in ESCC has not been revealed yet. In our study, three binding sites between between HAS1 and miR-214 were predicted through bioinformatics analysis. Contrary to the expression of HAS1 in ESCC, the level of miR-214 was downregulated in ESCC tissues and cell lines. Moreover, the expression of miR-214 was suppressed by LncRNA-HAS1 and was elevated by HAS1-siRNA. The result of luciferase reporter assay further showed that luciferase activity was strongly reduced by the combination of miR-214 mimic and LncR-HAS1 WT. Results above verified that miR-214 is a target of HAS1 in ESCC cells.
Increasing evidence has revealed that SOX4 is a functional target involved in tumor progression. Li, et al found that the of miR-338-3p suppressed metastasis of lung cancer cells by binding with the 3′-UTR of Sox4 (46). In another study, propofol was verified to inhibit cell migration and invasion by downregulation of SOX4 in ESCC cell line EC9706 (47). Therefore, we explored potential SOX4-related mechanism in the progression of ESCC. In our study, complementary site of miR-214 in 3′-UTR of SOX4 was first predicted through bioinformatics analysis. Luciferase reporter assays further exhibited the targeting relationship between SOX-4 and miR-214. Relative expression of SOX4 was found downregulated by HAS1-siRNA and elevated by miR-214 inhibitor. Then, elevated expression level of SOX4 was suppressed by adding HAS1-siRNA into KYSE70 and EC107 cells pre-treated with miR-214 inhibitor. Besides, miR-214 inhibitor reversed the role of HAS1-siRNA on inhibiting cell viability and motility. Moreover, the correlations of HAS1, miR-214 and SOX4 in 35 paired cases of ESCC tissues were detected. The results showed a positive relationship between the expression level of HAS1 and SOX4, and a negative relationship between HAS1 and miR-214, miR-214 and SOX4. The results above validate that HAS1 suppresses miR-214 expression and consequently upregulates its target gene SOX4 in ESCC.
Having established that HAS1 inhibited cell viability and mobility in vitro, we further explored the effect of HAS1 in vivo. In a previous investigation, HAS1 was overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and cell lines and the expression of HAS1 was closely related to tumor growth and tumor differentiation (48). In contrast, low expression of HAS1 was associated with tumor size in human gastric cancer (49). Additionally, HAS1 was upregulated in bladder cancer and high level HAS1 predicted bladder cancer metastasis (50). In support of previous concepts, HAS1-siRNA was identified to suppress ESCC tissue growth and the expression of migration marker VEGF in vivo. Furthermore, the expression of miR-214 was upregulated and the expression of SOX-4 was downregulated by HAS1 in vivo. These results indicated a HAS1/miR-214/SOX-4 axis in regulating ESCC growth and metastasis in vivo.
In conclusion, HAS1/miR-214/SOX4 axis has an important role in the regulation of ESCC progression. HAS1 was overexpressed in ESCC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of HAS1 inhibited cell viability and motility by targeting miR-214 to upregulate the expression of SOX4. The in vivo experiment verified that HAS1-siRNA suppressed tumor growth and metastasis. The HAS1/miR-214/SOX4 pathway might offer a promising therapeutic target for ESCC treatment.