Introduction
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecological malignancy, affecting over 280,000 women worldwide each year (1). In terms of incidence, the mortality of EC has increased substantially (by 21%) since 2008, and the death rate has doubled over the past two decades (2). Endometrioid adenocarcinoma or endometrioid EC is the most common histological subtype and accounts for 75-80% of all EC cases (3). EC primarily affects post-menopausal women (91% of cases in women aged <50 years) (4). Obesity is a key risk factor for EC, which is largely due to the high estrogen levels in obese women (5). Lymph-vascular space invasion presents a major adverse prognostic factor in patients with EC (6), and the lymph-vascular space invasion is one of the risk factors for recurrence. Diabetes and hypertension have also been reported to be closely associated with EC (7). A previous study found that the risk of EC in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was 3-fold was as high as that in those without PCOS (8). Surgical treatment is the first-line therapy; however, the effectiveness of surgical means is sub-satisfactory, and the scope of lymphadenectomy is limited (9). Thus, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the aggressive behavior of EC is necessary to identify potential targets for effective therapy.
CP-31398 (N′-[2-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl) ethenyl]-4-quinazolinyl]-N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine dihydrochloride) is a styryl quinazoline that allows the DNA binding domain of p53 to maintain the activity of p53 as a transcription factor and tumor inhibitor (10). A previous study found that CP-31398 plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of skin, liver and colon cancers (11) and that CP-31398 can inhibit the development and invasion of urothelial bladder transitional cell carcinoma in vivo (12). In vitro and in vivo, CP-31398 has also been found to prevent the migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (13), colorectal cancer cells (14) and pancreatic cancer cells (15) induced by p53 deletion. In rhabdomyosarcoma, CP-31398 has been shown to increase the expression of p53 and its downstream transcriptional targets, p21 and murine double minute 2 (MDM2) (16). MDM2, which is located on chromosome 12q14.3-15 and contains 11 exons, is an oncoprotein and a key negative regulator of p53 (17). MDM2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various types of cancer, such as cancer of the breast, cervix and ovary (18-20). The overexpression of MDM2 has been found in intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer, indicating that MDM2 overexpression may be a cause of tumor formation (21). As regards the association between CP-31398 and MDM2, a previous study found that CP-31398 can stabilize wild-type p53 in cells by suppressing the ubiquitination and degradation mediated by MDM2 (22). From all the above, we hypothesized that CP-31398 may play a role in the migration, invasion and apoptosis of EC cells through the MDM2 gene and in this study, we thus aimed to elucidate this role by means of experimentation on EC tissues.
Materials and methods
Ethics statement
This study was approved by the Clinical Ethics Committee of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. Informed consents were obtained from all subjects participating in this study.
Study subjects
A total of 83 EC specimens were obtained from patients with EC (age ranged from 29 to 66 years; mean age, 50.88±8.17 years) at The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from 2014 to 2017. According to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) classification of the International Union against Cancer (23), the study included a total of 32 stage I cases, 21 stage II cases, 24 stage III cases and 6 stage IV cases. In addition, there were 25 cases with lymph node metastasis (LNM) and 58 cases without LNM. In terms of histological grade, there were 22 cases of high differentiation (G1), 36 cases of moderate differentiation (G2), and 25 cases of low differentiation (G3). None of the patients included in the study underwent chemotherapy, hormone therapy or radiotherapy prior to surgery.
Immunohistochemistry
The specimens were fixed by 10% formaldehyde, paraffin-embedded and cut into 4-µm-thick sections. The sections were dried at 60°C for 1 h in a temperature-controlled incubator, conventionally dewaxed with xylene, dehydrated using gradient alcohol, and subsequently incubated in 3% H2O2 (Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company, St. Louis MO, USA) at 37°C for 30 min. The sections were rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and placed in a 0.01 M citric acid buffer solution for repairing, boiled at 95°C for 20 min, rinsed with PBS once more, and allowed to reach room temperature. The sections were then blocked with normal goat serum at 37°C for 10 min. Subsequently, the sections were supplemented with primary antibody mouse anti-hsa-MDM2 (ab38618, dilution ratio of 1:50; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) at 4°C for 12 h. After the sections were rinsed in PBS, they were incubated with the corresponding biotin-labeled goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (dilution ratio of 1:500; ab7067; Abcam) and were allowed to undergo a 10-min reaction at room temperature. The sections were once again rinsed with PBS, and streptavidin labeled with horseradish peroxidase (S-A/HRP) was added to the sections and allowed to react at room temperature for 10 min. The sections were colored using diaminobenzidine (DAB) coloration and were stored at room temperature for 8 min. The sections were then rinsed under running water, stained using hematoxylin, dehydrated, cleared for transparency, mounted and observed under a light microscope (e100; Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Three homolographic visual fields (×200) were randomly selected for each section, and Nikon image analysis software (Nikon Vision Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was applied to calculate the number of positive cells. Each field included 100 cells, and the percentage of positive cells to total cells was calculated as previously described (24). The percentage >10% was considered as positive (+), otherwise as negative (−). As observed, MDM2 primarily stained the nuclei of the cancer cells, and the positive cells exhibited brownish yellow coloration. The immunohistochemical scoring criteria were the staining intensity of positive cell nuclei and the proportion of positive cells to total cells.
Cell culture and screening of CP-31398 concentration
The human EC cell lines, HEC-1-A, RL95-2, Ishikawa and KLE, were purchased from the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). The cell lines were cultured in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C with 10% Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The cells were treated with 0.25% trypsin at a 1:3 ratio and were then passaged. Third generation cells were collected using a cryopreservation tube, placed in a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution and stored in liquid nitrogen. Some cells were inoculated in a 6-well plate for further culture. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was conducted in order to detect the expression of MDM2 in each cell line, and two lines presenting with a higher expression were selected for use in follow-up experiments. CP-31398 was purchased from Shenzhen Neobioscience Co., Ltd. (Shenzhen, China) and was dissolved in DMSO (25-950-CQC; Beijing Tideradar Biomart Co., Ltd., Beijing, China); 4 different concentrations of CP-31398 (1, 2, 4 and 6 µg/ml) were obtained. The screened cells were harvested in the logarithmic phase of growth and were digested, centrifuged at 4°C, 201 × g, diluted to a solution of 1×105 cells/ml with DMEM medium containing 10% FBS and were inoculated into a 96-well culture plate with 200 µl/well. After being cultured in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C for 24 h, the liquid in the culture wells was replaced with 200 µl/well of the 4 different prepared concentrations of CP-31398. CP-31398 (1%) dissolved in DMSO was used as the control group and blank group, with 3 replicate wells set in each group. After being cultured in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C for 24 h, the liquid in the culture wells was removed, and the cells were rinsed with PBS. The original medium was replaced by 180 µl/well serum-free medium, and 20 µl of 5 mg/ml 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) solution was added. After the culture plates were incubated at 37°C for 4 h in the dark, the liquid in the culture wells was replaced with 150 µl DMSO. The optical density (OD) was measured at a wavelength of 490 nm, and the cell survival rate was calculated. The Karber method (25) was used to determine the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of CP-31398. The survival rate of the EC cells was calculated according to the following formula: Drug OD/OD in the control group ×100%. The Käber method formula was as follows: IgIC50 = Xm-I [P-(3-Pm-Pn)/4], where 'Xm' represents the Ig maximum dose, 'I' indicates the Ig or maximum dose/near dose, 'P' represents the sum of the positive reaction rate, 'Pm' indicates the maximum positive reaction rate and 'Pn' refers to the minimum positive reaction rate.
Cell grouping and transfection
The two cell lines were divided into the following 6 groups: The blank group (no treatment), negative control (NC) group (transfected with NC empty plasmid), CP-31398 group (transfected with 2 µg/ml CP-31398), si-MDM2 group (transfected with siRNA-MDM2), CP-31398 + si-MDM2 group (treated with 2 µg/ml CP-31398 + transfected with siRNA-MDM2) and CP-31398 + oe-MDM2 group (treated with 2 µg/ml CP-31398 + transfected with overexpression MDM2 plasmid). The cells were cultured for 3 days, the original medium was replaced with 2 µg/ml CP-31398 [Shenzhen Neobioscience Co., Ltd. (Shenzhen, China)], and the cells were collected following culture for 24 h. EC cells in the logarithmic phase of growth were seeded in a 6-well plate, allowed to reach 30-50% cell confluence and transfected according to the instructions of the Lipofectamine 2000 transfection kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The 100 pmol siRNA-MDM2 or oe-MDM2 and MDM2 NC sequences (sc-29394, purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) were diluted using 250 µl serum-free medium Opti-MEM (31985-070; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Only forward strand shown: siMDM2, 5′-CCAGGAGAGUGACGACUAU-3′; siNC, 5′-CUGACGCGGAAUACUUCGAUU-3′. After they were mixed, the cells were incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Subsequently, 5 µl Lipofectamine 2000 was diluted using 250 µl serum-free medium Opti-MEM, and after they were mixed, the cells were incubated at room temperature for 5 min. The above-mentioned two complexes were mixed evenly, incubated at room temperature for 20 min, and subsequently added to the cell culture wells. The cells were placed in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C for 6-8 h and were then cultured in complete medium for 24-48 h, as previously described (26).
RT-qPCR
Total RNA was extracted from the tissues manually using TRIzol reagent (15596026; Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The concentration of the extracted RNA was detected using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer. According to the instructions provided with the PrimeScript RT kit (RR014A; Takara Biotechnology Ltd., Beijing, China), RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA, and the total system was 10 µl. The reaction conditions were as follows: Reverse transcription at 37°C for 15 min 3 times, and reverse transcriptase inactivation reaction at 85°C for 5 sec. The PCR reaction was carried out with an appropriate amount of cDNA as the template. All primers were designed using Primer 5.0 software and were synthesized by the Nanjing Genscript Technology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China); the primer sequences are presented in Table I. RT-qPCR was carried out according to the instructions provided with the PCR kit (KR011A1; Beijing Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). The reaction conditions included pre-denaturation at 95°C for 4 min, 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 40 ec, annealing at 57°C for 40 sec, extension at 72°C for 40 sec, extension at 72°C for 10 min, and finally, annealing at 4°C for 5 min. The reaction system was as follows: SYBR Premix Ex Taq™ II 10 µl, PCR forward primer (10 µM) 0.4 µl, PCR reverse primer (10 µM) 0.4 µl, DNA template (2 µl) and sterilized distilled water (7.2 µl). With glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) acting as the reference gene, the expression of MDM2, p53, p21, Bad, Bax, Bcl-2, Cyt-c, caspase-3, Cox-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 was measured using the 2−ΔΔCq method (27). ΔCt = Cttarget gene - CtGAPDH, ΔΔCT = ΔCtexperiment group - ΔCtcontrol group, and the relative transcriptional level of target gene mRNA was 2−ΔΔCq (28). The gene expression in each group was compared. The method is also suitable for cell experiments (29,30).
Western blot analysis
Following 48 h of cellular transfection, the cells were collected, rinsed 3 times with cold PBS (AR0030; Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China), supplemented with radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) protein lysate (PS0013; Reagan Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), and lysed on ice for 10 min, and the cellular protein was then obtained. According to the instructions provided with the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) kit (23250; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Shanghai, China), the total protein content was determined, packaged and stored at −80°C in a refrigerator. Subsequently, 50 µg of protein were extracted from each group, supplemented with a protein denaturation agent (38249090; Shanghai Shisheng Sibas Advanced Technology Co., Ltd., China), boiled for 10 min for denaturalization, and then separated using 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Following electrophoresis, the protein was transferred from the SDS-PAGE gel to a nitrocellulose membrane by electrophoretic transfer. The nitrocellulose membrane was kept for one night at 4°C in 10% poly (butylene succinate-co-terephthalate) (PBST) containing skim milk powder and was rinsed with PBST 3 times (5 min each). Primary antibodies, including rabbit anti-human MDM2 (ab38618; dilution ratio, 1:1,000), rabbit anti-human wild-type p53 (ab26; dilution ratio, 1:1,000) and p21 (ab109520; dilution ratio, 1:1,000), rabbit anti-human Bad (ab32445; dilution ratio, 1:2,000), BCL2-Associated X (Bax; ab32503; dilution ratio, 1:1,000), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2; ab32124; dilution ratio, 1:1,000), cytochrome c (Cyt-c; ab133504; dilution ratio, 1:5,000), caspase-3 (ab13847; dilution ratio, 1:500), cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2; ab52237; dilution ratio, 1:500), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 (ab92536; dilution ratio, 1:1,000) and MMP-9 (ab73734; dilution ratio, 1:1,000) were added followed by incubation overnight at 4℃. The aforementioned antibodies were purchased from Abcam Inc. The secondary antibody goat anti-rabbit labeled by horseradish peroxidase immunoglobulin G (IgG) (ab6721; dilution ratio, 1:1,000) was incubated at room temperature for 120 min. The membrane was rinsed with tris-buffered saline-tween (TBST) buffer 3 times. Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) reagent (36208ES60; Amersham Life Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA) was used to carry out the luminescence reaction, press, develop, fix and develop the images in the imaging analyzer (ImageReader; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). Quantity One software was used to analyze the band gray value, the relative expression of the target gene, presenting as the ratio of the gray value of the internal reference band with the band of the target gene. Experiments for each sample were repeated 3 times.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay
Cells in the logarithmic phase of growth were inoculated in a 96-well plate at 1×104 cells/well, and 50 µl TUNEL reaction solution was added for 60 min after the cells were cultured overnight. After rinsing, the cells were supplemented with conversion solution and incubated, stained with DAB for 30 min, and observed under a light microscope (e100; Nikon). Cells with brown granules in their nuclei were regarded as positive cells, namely, apoptotic cells. Apoptotic Index (AI) = apoptotic cells/total cells. The positive rate of apoptotic cells (%) = (the number of apoptotic cells per 1,000 tumor cells/1,000) ×100%.
Flow cytometry
The Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) double staining method was used for cell apoptosis. Following 48 h of transfection, the cells were treated with 0.25% trypsin [without ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)], and the cells were collected in the flow tube, centrifuged at 4°C at 201 × g with the supernatant discarded. The cells were rinsed with cold PBS 3 times, and the supernatant was discarded. According to the instructions provided with the Annexin V-FITC kit (purchased from Roche, Basel, Switzerland), Annexin V-FITC/PI dying buffer was prepared by mixing Annexin V-FITC, PI, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piper-azineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer solution at the proportion of 1:2:50. The cells were incubated at room temperature for 15 min, and 1 ml HEPES buffer solution (PB180325; Procell, Wuhan, China) was added, followed by shaking and evenly mixing the solution. The fluorescence of FITC and PI was detected by 525 and 620 nm bandpass filters at a wavelength of 488 nm by using a flow cytometer (LSR-II; BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), and apoptosis was detected. The experiment was repeated 3 times.
Scratch test
Following 48 h of transfection, cells in the logarithmic phase of growth were inoculated in a 6-well plate at a density of 1×106 cells/well and were cultured in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C. The cells were allowed to reach a confluence of approximately 95%, and vertical linear scratches were made in the 6-well plate using a 20 µl micro pipette head. The exfoliated cells were removed using D-Hanks solution, and then the cells were cultured in a serum-free medium. At 0 and 24 h post-scratching, 3 fields were selected and photographed by using a phase contrast microscope (×100 magnification, TE2000; Nikon) to compare the scratch-healing differences among groups, which represent cell migration and healing abilities. Scratch healing rate (%) = (scratch width at 0 h - scratch width at 24 h)/scratch width at 0 h ×100%.
Transwell assay
Cell invasion experiments were performed using a Transwell chamber (BD Biosciences), containing 12 mol/l polycarbonate membrane per well. Extracellular matrix (ECM) was diluted in serum-free DMEM at a proportion of 1:7 and placed in an incubator at 37°C for 15 min to solidify. The cells were then rinsed with PBS 2 times, treated with 0.25% trypsin, and centrifuged at room temperature at 201 × g, and the cell concentration was adjusted to 2.5×104 cells/ml with serum-free phenolred free DMEM (high glucose). The lower chamber of the Transwell was filled with 200 µl serum-free medium, while the upper chamber was filled with cell suspensions from each group at 1×104 and 200 µl serum-free medium (DMEM, adding 5 U/l insulin). Five duplicate wells were set in each group. The Transwell chamber was cultured in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C with 95% humidity in the air for 48 h. The polycarbonate membrane was then cut off, and the bottom of the membrane was fixed with acetone at 4°C for 5 min and dyed with 0.1% crystal violet (G1063; Solarbio, Beijing, China) at room temperature for 1 h. The number of cells in the top, bottom, middle, left and right visual fields of the polycarbonate membrane was counted using a microscope (TE2000; Nikon) with a 20X objective view field, and the average number was calculated and recorded.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 21.0 statistical software (IBM Corp. Armonk, New York, USA). Measurement data are presented as the means ± standard deviation. Initially, the normality and homogeneity of variance were tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test and Levene's test. Comparisons between 2 groups of data with normal distribution and even variance were analyzed using a paired t-test or an independent samples t-test. Comparisons among multiple groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a Tukey's post hoc test. A value of P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Positive expression rate of MDM2 is higher in EC tissues
Immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the positive expression rate of MDM2, and the results revealed that (Fig. 1) the positive protein expression of MDM2 was observed as brownish yellow granules in the nuclei of the cells. Compared with the adjacent normal tissues, the EC tissues exhibited a significantly increased positive protein expression of MDM2 (P<0.05).
Expression of MDM2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 is increased in EC tissues
The expression levels of MDM2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were detected in EC tissues and adjacent normal tissues by RT-qPCR. The results revealed that the expression of MDM2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the EC tissues was significantly higher than that in the adjacent normal tissues (Fig. 2). By means of the analysis of clinical and pathological data, we found that the expression of MDM2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 was closely related to the pathological grade and lymph node metastasis in patients with EC (P<0.05); however, no association was observed with the patient's age or tumor size and histological type (P>0.05; Table II). The expression of MDM2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 was significantly increased in the patients with stage III + IV disease compared to those with stage I + II disease. The expression of MDM2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in patients with LNM was also increased significantly compared to the expression in patients without LNM (P<0.05).
RL95-2 and KLE cell lines are selected for further experiments
To select the most suitable cell lines for our study, MDM2 expression was examined in 4 different EC cell lines by RT-qPCR (Fig. 3). The results revealed that the expression levels of MDM2 in the RL95-2 and KLE EC cell lines were significantly higher than those in the HEC-1-A and Ishikawa cell lines (all P<0.05). Therefore, the RL95-2 and KLE cell lines were screened for use in subsequent experiments.
CP-31398 concentration is set at 2 μg/ml
Subsequently, the most suitable concentration of CP-31398 was also determined. Following treatment of the RL95-2 and KLE cell lines with 4 concentrations (1, 2, 4 and 6 g/ml) of CP-31398 for 24 h, the results of MTT assay revealed that the cell activity decreased gradually with the increasing concentrations of CP-31398 (Fig. 4A); the inhibitory effect of CP-31398 on RL95-2 and KLE cell viability amplified with increasing concentrations (Fig. 4B). The IC50 value of CP-31398 was calculated to be 2.74 µg/ml according to the Käber method; thus, the concentration of CP-31398 used in the following experiments was 2 µg/ml.
CP-31398 decreased the mRNA expression of MDM2, Bcl-2, Cox-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9, but increases that of p53, p21, Bad, Bax, Cyt-c and caspase-3 in EC cells
To examine the effect of CP-31398 and MDM2 in EC, some related factors were assessed. The results of RT-qPCR revealed (Fig. 5) that the CP-3139, si-MDM2 and CP-31398 + si-MDM2 groups exhibited decreased mRNA expression levels of MDM2, Bcl-2, Cox-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9, and increased mRNA expression levels of p53, p21, Bad, Bax, Cyt-c and caspase-3 in the RL95-2 and KLE cells, however, the CP-31398 + oe-MDM2 group had no significant difference (P>0.05) compared to the blank and NC groups (all P<0.05). Compared with the CP-31398 group, the CP-31398 + si-MDM2 group exhibited decreased mRNA expression levels of MDM2, Bcl-2, Cox-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 and increased mRNA expression levels of p53, p21, Bad, Bax, Cyt-c and caspase-3 (all P<0.05). From the above-mentioned results, it was suggested that CP-31398 can elevate the mRNA expression of p53, p21, Bad, Bax, Cyt-c and caspase-3, while it can decrease that of Bcl-2, Cox-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 by downregulating MDM2 expression.
CP-31398 decreases the protein levels of MDM2, Bcl-2, Cox-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9
but increases those of p53, p21, Bad, Bax, Cyt-c and caspase-3 in EC cells. The results of western blot analysis (Fig. 6) revealed that the CP-3139, si-MDM2 and CP-31398 + si-MDM2 groups exhibited decreased protein levels of MDM2, Bcl-2, Cox-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9, and increased levels of p53, p21, Bad, Bax, Cyt-c and caspase-3 in the RL95-2 and KLE cells. By contrast, the CP-31398 + oe-MDM2 group exhibited no significant difference (P>0.05) compared to the blank and NC groups (all P<0.05). Compared with the CP-31398 group, the CP-31398 + si-MDM2 group exhibited decreased protein levels of MDM2, Bcl-2, Cox-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9, and increased levels of P53, P21, Bad, Bax, Cyt-c and caspase-3 (all P<0.05). The above-mentioned findings demonstrate that CP-31398 can elevate the protein levels of p53, p21, Bad, Bax, Cyt-c and caspase-3, while it can decrease those of Bcl-2, Cox-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 by downregulating MDM2.
CP-31398 promotes EC cell apoptosis by inhibiting MDM2 expression
The results of TUNEL staining (Fig. 7) indicated that the CP-31398, si-MDM2 and CP-31398 + si-MDM2 groups exhibited increased cell apoptosis, pyknosis of nuclei, and different shades of brown in RL95-2 and KLE cells (P<0.05), whereas the CP-31398 + oe-MDM2 group exhibited no significant difference (P>0.05) compared to the blank and NC groups. Compared with the CP-31398 group, the CP-31398 + si-MDM2 group exhibited increased apoptosis (P<0.05). These results indicated that CP-31398 promoted the apoptosis of EC cells by downregulating the expression of MDM2.
CP-31398 increases the EC cell apoptotic rate
To elucidate the effects of CP-31398 on EC cell apoptosis, we performed flow cytometry. Annexin V-FITC/PI results revealed that, in RL95-2 and KLE cells, compared with the blank and NC groups, the CP-31398, si-MDM2 and CP-31398 + si-MDM2 groups presented increased cell apoptosis rates (P<0.05), while the difference was not significant in the CP-31398 + oe-MDM2 group (P>0.05) compared with the blank and NC groups. Compared with the CP-31398 group, the CP-31398 + si-MDM2 group exhibited a significantly increased cell apoptosis (P<0.05). The above-mentioned results demonstrated that CP-31398 promoted the apoptosis of EC cells by downregulating the expression of MDM2 (Fig. 8).
CP-31398 impedes EC cell migratory ability
Subsequently, the scratch test was conducted to detect cell migration. The results indicated that cell migration in the CP-31398, si-MDM2 and CP-31398 + si-MDM2 groups decreased in RL95-2 and KLE cells compared to that in the blank and NC groups (P<0.05), while the difference was not significant in the CP-31398 + oe-MDM2 group (P<0.05) compared with the blank and NC groups. Compared with the CP-31398 group, the CP-31398 + si-MDM2 group exhibited a significantly decreased cell migration (P<0.05). These results indicated that CP-31398 inhibited the migration of EC cells by downregulating the expression of MDM2 (Fig. 9).
CP-31398 decreases EC cell invasive ability
Subsequently, the involvement of MDM2 in the effects of CP-31398 on cell invasion was examined. In the RL95-2 and KLE cells, the number of cells transferred from the upper chamber to the lower chamber decreased in the CP-31398, si-MDM2 and CP-31398 + si-MDM2 groups compared to the blank and NC groups (P<0.05), while the difference was not obvious in the CP-31398 + oe-MDM2 group (P<0.05) compared with the blank and NC groups. Compared with the CP-31398 group, the CP-31398 + si-MDM2 group exhibited a decreased number of cells transferred from the upper chamber to the lower chamber (P<0.05). These results revealed that CP-31398 inhibited the invasion of EC cells by downregulating the expression of MDM2 (Fig. 10).
Discussion
EC plagues women worldwide, and a study conducted in 2014 suggested that approximately 74,000 women succumb to the disease each year (31). Therefore, understanding and identifying the molecular biology of EC are essential for the development of novel methods and therapies for the treatment of EC and to increase the quality of life of patients (32). In this study, we explored the involvement of CP-31398 and MDM2 in the migration, invasion and apoptosis of EC cells. Conclusively, we found that CP-31398 inhibited the migration and invasion and promoted the apoptosis of EC cells by downregulating the expression of MDM2.
In specific terms, we evaluated the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 due to their association with EC cell metastasis (33). Other factors, including p21, p53, Bad, Bax, Bcl-2, Cox-2 and caspase-3 have also been demonstrated to be associated with EC cell metastasis (34-38). Thus, in this study, we detected these indexes that can reflect the development of EC to highlight that MDM2 can affect EC progression by regulating the levels of a number of proteins. Initially, one of our findings indicated that the expression of MDM2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in EC tissues and cells was significantly higher. MDM2 is overexpressed in several types of human cancer, including hepatocellular carcinomas and breast cancer (39,40). The overexpression of MDM2 in human cancers implies that the protein is beneficial for the progression of cancer cells (41). A previous meta-analysis found that the MDM2 SNP309 polymorphisms may be associated with an increased risk of EC (42). MMPs are a group of structural and functional related zinc-dependent endopeptidases, which play important roles in tumor invasion and tissue remodeling due to their ability to degrade extracellular matrix proteins (43). Among these, alterations in the expression levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 are associated with the metastasis of breast and ovarian cancers (44,45). Previously, it has been demonstrated that MMP-9 and MMP-2 are highly expressed in EC (46), which is consistent with our findings and further solidifies our results. In addition, we found that CP-31398 decreased the expression of MDM2, Bcl-2 and Cox-2, but increased the expression of p53, p21, Bad, Bax, Cyt-c and caspase-3. Cox-2 and Bcl-2 are known regulators of apoptosis that are overexpressed in numerous types of cancer (47). A previous study found that Cox-2 was overexpressed in EC and further promoted tumor growth (48). The elevated expression of Cox-2 has been previously shown to be associated with tumor migration, invasion and a poor prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer (49). Bcl-2 family proteins (Bcl-2, Bad and Bax) are essential regulators for cellular death, and they primarily function by controlling the release of Cyt-c from the mitochondria in the endogenous apoptotic pathway (50). The overexpression of Bcl-2 has been found in EC and breast cancer (36). Moreover, the overexpression of Bcl-2 has been demonstrated to be capable of inducing cellular metastasis in breast cancer through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (51). p53 is the most commonly mutated tumor suppressor gene in human cancers and serves as an independent prognostic factor in EC (52,53). Mammalian Cyt-c plays an active role in cellular growth and death and functions as a trigger of apoptosis (54). Studies have indicated that p53, p21, Bax, Bad, Cyt-c and caspase-3 are pro-apoptotic, and Bcl-2 is anti-apoptotic (55,56). MDM2 is reported to be a key negative regulator of tumor protein p53 (57). CP-31398 is a known regulator of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and MDM2 expression, and prevents the growth of xenograft tumors in p53-mutated colorectal cancer (14). These findings and evidence demonstrate that CP-31398 promotes the expression of pro-apoptotic factors in EC cells via the downregulation of MDM2.
Furthermore, the findings of this study revealed that CP-31398 inhibited cell migratory and invasive abilities, but promoted cell apoptosis in EC. MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism has previously been reported to increase the risk of EC (42). The combination of p53 codon 72 and MDM2 SNP309 polymorphisms has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of EC (58). The overexpression of p53 is notably associated with a high pathological grade and LNM in EC specimens (59). The dominant negative mutation R273H of tumor suppressor p53 has been shown to promote the invasive and migratory abilities of EC (60). CP-31398 is a prototype small molecule stabilizing the conformation of p53 and facilitates p53 activity in cancer cells with mutant or wild-type p53 (61). MDM2 is a p53-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase and the principal cellular antagonist of p53, which acts to attenuate the p53 growth-suppressive function in unstressed cells (62). p53 stabilization induced by CP-31398 is implicated in tumor suppression in cancers with a high MDM2 expression (63). These findings indicate that CP-31398 prevents the migration and invasion, and induces the apoptosis of EC cells via the downregulation of MDM2.
In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that CP-31398 inhibited the migration and invasion, and induced the apoptosis of EC cells through the downregulation of MDM2. This study elucidates the mechanism of action of MDM2 and its role in EC and therapeutic implications in the treatment of EC. Further research and studies are required in order to reduce the plight of patients with EC and to increase the quality of life.