The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the palliative prognostic (PaP) score in patients with non-resectable advanced gastric cancer. The PaP score was calculated prior to each course of chemotherapy in 44 consecutive patients with non-resectable advanced gastric cancer between 2003 and 2010 at the Tottori University Hospital, Yonago, Japan. The prognosis was evaluated according to the PaP score and the different chemotherapeutic agents. The median survival time (MST) was 10 months. The PaP score classified the heterogeneous patient sample into three isoprognostic groups with regard to the possibility of a 1-month survival period, with 28 patients in group A (>70% chance), 12 in group B (30–70% chance) and 4 in group C (<30% chance). The MST of the three groups was 11, 3 and 1 months for group A, B and C, respectively. In group A, chemotherapeutic regimens did not affect patient survival, although the docetaxel regimen prolonged survival of patients in group B. In conclusion, the PaP score may be useful in selecting the best chemotherapeutic regimen in patients with non-resectable gastric cancer.
Outcomes are extremely poor in patients with non-resectable gastric cancer, with a median survival period ranging from 3 to 5 months, even with the best supportive care (1,2). S-1 is an oral anticancer drug that combines tegafur, a prodrug of fluorouracil, with 5-chloro-2,4-dihydropyrimidine (CDHP) and potassium oxonate at a molar ratio of 1:0.4:1 (Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) (3). In a phase II study of S-1, an ∼40% response rate was noted in patients with advanced gastric cancer (4,5). Thus, S-1 chemotherapy has been widely used as a basic treatment for patients with non-resectable gastric cancer. Findings from the SPIRIT trial identified S-1 plus cisplatin as a standard first-line treatment (6) and recommended its use in patients with an expected survival period of at least 3 months. However, due to the severe side effects, the S-1 plus cisplatin regimen [S-1: 40–60 mg/m2; in a 5-week cycle (3 weeks on and 2 weeks off), in combination with 60 mg/m2 cisplatin on day 8] was difficult to continue in patients with poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS). Additionally, a number of patients suffered from reduced quality of life (QOL) while undergoing this medical treatment (7). However, Casaretto et al (8) reported that chemotherapy increased the 1-year survival rate, provided a longer symptom-free period and improved the QOL of patients with non-resectable advanced gastric cancer. Clinically, it is important to select chemotherapeutic regimens that are most appropriate for the patient’s condition.
The objective indicators determining suitable chemotherapy regimens for patients with non-resectable gastric cancer have been studied. The standard prognostic indicators in oncology, such as tumor size, grade and stage, or molecular biology, are less relevant in patients with advanced cancer. The palliative prognostic (PaP) score was developed in the 1990s, as a result of a series of prospective trials aimed to identify clinical and biologic factors associated with the prognosis of advanced cancer patients referred to hospice and to merge them into a prognostic index (9). The survival of patients with non-resectable or recurrent cancers can be estimated using the PaP score even during chemotherapy (10).
In this study, the usefulness of the PaP score in determining the first-line chemotherapy for patients with non-resectable gastric cancer was examined retrospectively.
Materials and methodsPatients
Between 2003 and 2010, 558 patients with gastric cancer were treated at the Tottori University Hospital, Yonago, Japan. Forty-four patients (7.9%) were diagnosed as non-resectable. Details of these 44 patients are shown in Table I. Patients were followed up at the hospital until March 2012. During this period, gastrectomy was performed on 3 patients (bleeding, 2 patients; perforation, 1 patient). All participants provided informed consent and the study design was approved by the Ethics Review Board of Tottori University.
Chemotherapy
First-line chemotherapy was received by 41 patients (S-1, 7; S-1 plus cisplatin, 17; S-1 plus docetaxel, 13; other chemotherapy, 4). Chemotherapy was terminated in the case of 3 patients with poor performance status (PS) and advanced age, who then received best supportive care (BSC).
PaP score
The PaP score has four criteria: two symptoms (anorexia and dyspnea), performance status measured by the Karnofsky performance score, white blood cells (WBC) abnormalities (high total WBC count and lymphopenia) and a physician’s survival prediction measured in weeks (Table II). Validated cut-off points based on the total PaP score were established to classify the patients into three prognostic groups for survival at 30 days: group A (>70% probability of a 1-month survival period), 0 to 5.5 points; group B (30–70% probability of a 1-month survival period), 5.6 to 11 points; group C (<30% probability of a 1-month survival), 11.1–17.5 points (10,11) (Table II).
Statistical analysis
The terminology used in this study conforms to the Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma, 3rd English edition (12). Statistical analysis was carried out using χ2 tests. Overall survival was calculated from the time of enrolment to death. Median survival time (MST) was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier non-parametric test, while comparison between the different patient cohorts was performed using the log-rank test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
ResultsMedian survival time
The MST of the 44 patients was 10 months. Patients were divided into 3 subgroups, according to their PaP score. The MST of 28 patients in group A (11 months) was much better compared to the 12 patients in group B (3 months) or the 4 patients in group C (1 month, P<0.0001, Fig. 1). In the 40 patients in groups A and B, the correlation between prognosis and factors considered to affect the prognosis was analyzed (Table III). The presence or absence of ascites or bypass surgery did not affect patient survival.
Correlation between the PaP score and the first-line chemotherapy regimens
The correlation between the PaP score and the first-line chemotherapy regimens are shown in Table IV. The S-1 plus cisplatin regimen was commonly used as first-line chemotherapy in PaP group A. However, due to renal dysfunction, cisplatin was not used in a number of patients in group B, thus S-1 plus docetaxel or S-1 alone was selected in this group instead. In the 28 patients in group A, the MST using the cisplatin regimen (10 months, n=16) did not differ from the other regimens (11 months, n=12, P=0.221). Although the difference was not significant (P=0.062), in the 12 patients in group B, the docetaxel regimen prolonged the survival from 3 (other regimens, MST, 3 months, n=7) to 10 months (docetaxel regimen, MST, 10 months, n=5, Fig. 2).
Discussion
Large-scale randomized phase III clinical trials may reveal effective chemotherapeutic regimens for patients with advanced cancers, with the exception of those of advanced age or with poor PS. However, in clinical situations, it is difficult to decide the most suitable chemotherapeutic regimen for patients with short life expectancy or poor PS, such as patients with non-resectable gastric cancer. Identifying the patients that may benefit from palliative chemotherapy is quite difficult and its usefulness when controlling symptoms and maintaining QOL has not yet been proven (13,14).
The PaP score contains five parameters (symptom, PS, inflammation, immunity and physician’s survival prediction) associated with cancer patient survival. Findings of previous studies have indicated that the PaP score may accurately estimate pre-terminal patient survival (15–17). Using the PaP score in 44 patients with non-resectable advanced gastric cancer, the correlation between PaP score groups and chemotherapeutic regimens was investigated. The findings showed that in the PaP score group A, the S-1 plus cisplatin regimen was commonly used and differences in chemotherapeutic regimens did not affect the survival of the patients in this group. In comparison, the survival of patients in PaP group B was extremely poor, although the S-1 plus docetaxel regimen prolonged the survival of these patients from 3 to 10 months. Although this study is retrospective and the number of objective cases is small, the docetaxel regimen may have a survival advantage in patients with a poor prognosis.
Docetaxel is reported to have a low rate of grade 3/4 leucopenia and neutropenia (19.4 and 10.6%) and rare, severe non-hematologic toxicities (18). Docetaxel chemotherapy with or without S-1 has been a suitable treatment for patients with advanced gastric cancer, advanced age or poor PS (19).
In conclusion, in the treatment of advanced non-resectable gastric cancer, the PaP score should be used to select patients and chemotherapeutic regimens. The S-1 plus docetaxel regimen is expected to improve outcomes in patients with a poor PS.
ReferencesMuradAMSantiagoFFPetroianuARochaPRRodriguesMARauschMModified therapy with 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and methotrexate in advanced gastric cancerCancer7237411993GlimeliusBHoffmanKHaglundUNyrenOSjodenPOInitial or delayed chemotherapy with best supportive care in advanced gastric cancerAnn Oncol51891901994ShirasakaTShimamatoYOhshimaHYamaguchiMKatoTYonekuraKFukushimaMDevelopment of a novel form of an oral 5-fluorouracil derivative (S-1) directed to the potentiation of the tumor selective cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil by two biochemical modulatorsAnticancer Drugs75485571996SakataYOhtsuAHorikoshiNSugimachiKMitachiYTaguchiTLate phase II study of novel oral fluoropyrimidine anticancer drug S-1 (1 M tegafur-0.4 M gimestat-1 M otastat potassium) in advanced gastric cancer patientsEur J Cancer34171517201998KoizumiWKuriharaMNakanoSHasegawaKPhase II study of S-1, a novel oral derivative of 5-fluorouracil, in advanced gastric cancer. For the S-1 Cooperative Gastric Cancer Study GroupOncology581911972000KoizumiWNaraharaHHaraTTakaganeAAkiyaTTakagiMMiyashitaKNishizakiTKobayashiOTakiyamaWTohYNagaieTTakagiSYamamuraYYanaokaKOritaHTakeuchiMS-1 plus cisplatin versus S-1 alone for first-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer (SPIRITS trial): a phase III trialLancet Oncol92152212008KooDHRyuMHRyooBYLeeSSMoonJHChangHMLeeJLKimTWKangYKThree-week combination chemotherapy with S-1 and cisplatin as first-line treatment in patients with advanced gastric cancer: a retrospective study with 159 patientsGastric Cancer153053122012CasarettoLSousaPLRMariJJChemotherapy versus support cancer treatment in advanced gastric cancer: a meta-analysisBraz J Med Biol Res394314402006PirovanoMMaltoniMNanniOMarinariMIndelliMZaninettaGPetrellaVBamiSZeccaEScarpiELabiancaRAmadoriDLuporiniGA new palliative prognostic score: A first step for the staging of terminally ill cancer patientsJ Pain Symptom Manage172312391999TassinariDMontanariLMaltoniMBallardiniMPiancastelliAMusiMPorzioGMinottiVCaraceniAPoggiBStellaAAielliFScarpiEThe palliative prognostic score and survival in patients with advanced solid tumors receiving chemotherapySupport Care Cancer163593702008MaltoniMNanniOPirovanoMScarpiEIndelliMMartiniCMontiMAmoldiEPivaLRavaioliACrucianiGLabiancaRAmadoriDSuccessful validation of the palliative prognostic score in terminally ill cancer patientsJ Pain Symptom Manage172402471999Japanese Gastric Cancer AssociationJapanese classification of gastric carcinoma. 3rd English editionGastric Cancer141011122011GeelsPEisenhauerEBezjakAZeeBDayAPalliative effect of chemotherapy: objective tumor response is associated with symptom improvement in patients with metastatic breast cancerJ Clin Oncol18239524052000BrownerICarducciMAPalliative chemotherapy: historical perspective, applications and controversiesSemin Oncol321451552005GlarePAEychmuellerSMcMahonPDiagnostic accuracy of the palliative prognostic score in hospitalized patients with advanced cancerJ Clin Oncol22482348282004StoneCATiernanEDooleyBAProspective validation of the palliative prognostic index in patients with cancerJ Pain Symptom Manage356176222008StielSBertramLNeuhausSNauckFOstgatheCElsnerFRadbruchLEvaluation and comparison of two prognostic scores and the physicians’ estimate of survival in terminally ill patientsSupport Care Cancer1843492010MassacesiCMarcucciFRocchiMBMazzantiPPiloneABonsignoriMFactors predicting docetaxel-related toxicity: experience at a single institutionJ Chemother1686932004FujiiMChemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer: ongoing phase III study of S-1 alone versus S-1 and docetaxel combination (JACCRO GC03 study)Int J Clin Oncol132012052008Figures and Tables
Survival of patients in group A was much better compared to patients in group B or C (P<0.0001).
Survival of the 5 patients treated with docetaxel was better compared to the 7 patients treated with other regimens in the PaP group B, with no statistically significant difference (P=0.062).
Patient data (n=44).
Variables
No.
Age (range, mean; years)
23–92, 66.5
Gender (male/female)
24/20
Ascites (yes/no)
10/34
ECOG PS (0/1/2)
14/18/12
Non-resectable parameters
Locally advanced
6
Lymph node
12
Hematogenic metastasis
19
Peritoneal metastasis
20
Surgical intervention
No
29
Probe-laparotomy
1
Bypass operation
11
Gastrectomy
3
ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status.
PaP score.
Item
Score
Symptoms (presence/absence)
Anorexia
1.0/0.0
Dyspnea
1.5/0.0
Karnofsky performance status
≥50
0.0
30–40
0.0
10–20
2.5
Clinical prediction of survival (weeks)
>12
0.0
11–12
2.0
9–10
2.5
7–8
2.5
5–6
4.5
3–4
6.0
1–2
8.5
Total white blood cells (/mm3)
Normal (4,800–8,500)
0
High (8,501–11,000)
0.5
Very high (>11,000)
1.5
Lymphocyte percentage
Normal (20.0–40.0)
0
Low (12.0–19.9)
1.0
Very low (0–11.9)
2.5
PaP score groups
A
0–5.5
B
5.6–11.0
C
11.1–17.5
PaP, palliative prognostic.
Prognosis of patients in PaP score groups A and B.
N
MST (months)
P-value
PaP score group
A
28
11
0.0045
B
12
3
Ascites
Absent
31
10
0.7548
Present
9
10
Surgical intervention
No
25
10
0.7238
Yes
15
11
PaP, palliative prognostic; MST, median survival time.
Correlation between PaP score and first-line chemotherapy.
First-line chemotherapy
PaP score group
A
B
C
S-1 plus cisplatin
16
1
0
S-1 plus docetaxel
8
5
0
S-1 plus CPT-11
2
2
0
S-1 only
2
4
1
BSC
0
0
3
PaP, palliative prognostic; BSC, best supportive care.