Heat map of gene expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissues and healthy controls. The expression levels of various genes in 51 samples (38 early-stage tumor samples and 13 controls) are presented. Green indicates downregulated expression; red indicates upregulated expression; black indicates no significant difference in expression.
Volcano plot of the expression of genes in patients with early-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The expression of all identified genes in tumor tissues compared with in healthy control samples is presented. Blue indicates downregulated genes; red indicates upregulated genes; grey indicates genes that were not significantly differentially expressed. FC, fold change.
Functions of genes upregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues. Heat plot of the cell components, molecular functions and biological processes of upregulated genes in pancreatic cancer tissues, as identified by Gene Ontology analysis.
Functions of genes downregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues. Heat plot of the molecular functions and biological processes of downregulated genes in pancreatic cancer tissues, as identified by Gene Ontology analysis.
Pathways enriched with genes upregulated in pancreatic cancer. Net plot of the pathways enriched with genes identified as upregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues, as identified by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. ECM, extracellular matrix; IL-17, interleukin-17.
Pathways enriched with genes downregulated in pancreatic cancer. Net plot of the pathways enriched with genes identified as downregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues, as identified by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis.
Protein-protein interaction network of the 18 identified core genes.
Survival analysis of
Survival analysis of
Expression levels of
Top 20 differentially expressed genes in early-stage pancreatic cancer tissues based on Log2FC.
| A, Upregulated genes | ||
|---|---|---|
| Gene symbol | Log2FC | Adjusted P-value |
| COL1A1 | 5.9240335 | 3.17×10−16 |
| KRT17 | 5.5334643 | 4.10×10−12 |
| CEACAM5 | 5.3990511 | 1.66×10−09 |
| S100P | 5.2665291 | 1.66×10−13 |
| COL10A1 | 5.2258147 | 1.17×10−17 |
| SERPINB5 | 5.1642588 | 5.50×10−15 |
| GJB2 | 5.0747799 | 7.98×10−18 |
| COL17A1 | 5.0501325 | 1.80×10−11 |
| CXCL5 | 5.0384043 | 1.28×10−11 |
| TMPRSS4 | 5.0203823 | 2.37×10−16 |
| SDR16C5 | 4.9961337 | 3.16×10−16 |
| CTHRC1 | 4.9626426 | 7.77×10−20 |
| COL11A1 | 4.9350078 | 6.41×10−17 |
| SLC6A14 | 4.8841916 | 2.47×10−15 |
| MMP11 | 4.8824426 | 3.14×10−16 |
| SULF1 | 4.721966 | 2.96×10−17 |
| FN1 | 4.6424864 | 2.99×10−16 |
| POSTN | 4.6415794 | 1.33×10−16 |
| CCL18 | 4.5489901 | 1.41×10−11 |
| MUC4 | 4.5022059 | 1.25×10−09 |
| SYCN | −6.6535946 | 2.74×10−07 |
| SERPINI2 | −6.2894352 | 8.73×10−09 |
| AQP8 | −6.2356139 | 2.11×10−10 |
| AMY1A | −6.1790263 | 4.38×10−10 |
| ALB | −6.1165814 | 2.16×10−08 |
| CELA2A | −6.0845313 | 2.83×10−06 |
| PNLIPRP1 | −6.0676353 | 6.52×10−10 |
| CTRL | −5.9224624 | 1.73×10−06 |
| PDIA2 | −5.9185276 | 4.65×10−09 |
| CPA1 | −5.804844 | 5.21×10−06 |
| TMED6 | −5.7967792 | 2.37×10−10 |
| CELP | −5.7183603 | 1.15×10−10 |
| AQP12A | −5.6598636 | 3.88×10−14 |
| CUZD1 | −5.5766969 | 1.68×10−06 |
| CELA2B | −5.5649112 | 2.23×10−05 |
| CPA2 | −5.55513 | 3.43×10−06 |
| CELA3A | −5.5508171 | 1.84×10−05 |
| GP2 | −5.5087922 | 1.20×10−06 |
| ERP27 | −5.4765153 | 7.39×10−09 |
| CPA1 | −5.4417426 | 1.81×10−05 |
Log2FC, log2 fold change.
GO analysis of differentially expressed genes in pancreatic cancer.
| A, Upregulated genes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | ID | Description | Count | P-value |
| GOBP | GO:0030198 | Extracellular matrix organization | 22 | 9.83×10−21 |
| GOBP | GO:0043062 | Extracellular structure organization | 22 | 1.05×10−20 |
| GOBP | GO:0030574 | Collagen catabolic process | 10 | 2.16×10−13 |
| GOBP | GO:0044243 | Multicellular organismal catabolic process | 10 | 6.89×10−13 |
| GOBP | GO:0032963 | Collagen metabolic process | 11 | 4.16×10−12 |
| GOMF | GO:0005201 | Extracellular matrix structural constituent | 8 | 1.09×10−09 |
| GOMF | GO:0005539 | Glycosaminoglycan binding | 7 | 2.85×10−05 |
| GOMF | GO:0005125 | Cytokine activity | 7 | 3.50×10−05 |
| GOMF | GO:0008009 | Chemokine activity | 4 | 4.62×10−05 |
| GOMF | GO:1901681 | Sulfur compound binding | 7 | 4.91×10−05 |
| GOCC | GO:0005578 | Proteinaceous extracellular matrix | 20 | 1.05×10−17 |
| GOCC | GO:0044420 | Extracellular matrix component | 10 | 4.54×10−11 |
| GOCC | GO:0005788 | Endoplasmic reticulum lumen | 13 | 1.70×10−10 |
| GOCC | GO:0005581 | Collagen trimer | 8 | 2.20×10−09 |
| GOCC | GO:0098644 | Complex of collagen trimers | 5 | 1.32×10−08 |
| GOBP | GO:0007586 | Digestion | 10 | 7.20×10−10 |
| GOBP | GO:0044241 | Lipid digestion | 5 | 1.00×10−08 |
| GOBP | GO:0000096 | Sulfur amino acid metabolic process | 4 | 1.27×10−05 |
| GOBP | GO:0009235 | Cobalamin metabolic process | 3 | 6.62×10−05 |
| GOBP | GO:1901605 | α-Amino acid metabolic process | 6 | 1.76×10−4 |
| GOMF | GO:0008238 | Exopeptidase activity | 8 | 7.37×10−09 |
| GOMF | GO:0004252 | Serine-type endopeptidase activity | 10 | 2.66×10−08 |
| GOMF | GO:0008236 | Serine-type peptidase activity | 10 | 7.39×10−08 |
| GOMF | GO:0008235 | Metalloexopeptidase activity | 6 | 8.31×10−08 |
| GOMF | GO:0017171 | Serine hydrolase activity | 10 | 8.76×10−08 |
GO, Gene Ontology; MF, molecular function; CC, cell component; BP, biological process.
KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes in pancreatic cancer.
| A, Upregulated genes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ID | Description | Count | P-value |
| hsa04512 | Extracellular matrix-receptor interaction | 7 | 2.23×10−07 |
| hsa04974 | Protein digestion and absorption | 7 | 4.25×10−07 |
| hsa04510 | Focal adhesion | 7 | 8.15×10−05 |
| hsa04657 | Interleukin-17 signaling pathway | 5 | 1.32×10−4 |
| hsa05146 | Amebiasis | 5 | 1.53×10−4 |
| hsa04972 | Pancreatic secretion | 13 | 3.63×10−16 |
| hsa04974 | Protein digestion and absorption | 8 | 1.03×10−08 |
| hsa04975 | Fat digestion and absorption | 6 | 4.10×10−08 |
| hsa00561 | Glycerolipid metabolism | 4 | 2.27×10−4 |
| hsa00260 | Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism | 3 | 1.01×10−3 |
KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.
Differential expression of COL17A1 in pancreatic cancer tissues in two databases.
| Database | Gene | Log2FC | Adjusted P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| GSE62165 | COL17A1 | 5.0501325 | 1.8×10−11 |
| GSE28735 | COL17A1 | 1.893626 | 6.56×10−13 |
Log2FC, Log2 fold change; COL17A1, collagen type XVII α1 chain.