In patients with stage IV gastric cancer, systemic chemotherapy is the key treatment. Combination chemotherapy (cis-diamminedichloride platinum plus S-1 and docetaxel plus S-1) results in long-term survival in clinical practice. In selected cases, additional (adjuvant) surgery may result in further long-term survival. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant surgery following the response to chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Based on response to chemotherapy, the indications for adjuvant surgery (surgery after the response to chemotherapy) are that resection is expected to be curative rather than palliative, provided that no other distant metastases occur. The study included 20 advanced gastric cancer patients who had undergone gastrectomies after the response to the combination chemotherapy of docetaxel and S-1, between September 2003 and December 2008 at Hiroshima University Hospital. At a median follow-up of 980 days, the median overall survival was 855 days. A 2- and 3-year survival was observed in 80 and 54.9% of patients, respectively, following macroscopic curative surgery. In the palliative group, the median overall survival was 510 days, but a 3-year survival was not observed. In the partial response group, the median overall survival was 865 days and a 3-year survival was observed in 37% of patients. One-year survival was not observed in the stable disease group. The patient survival in the partial response group was statistically more prolonged than in the stable disease group. The median overall survival in patients with liver metastasis was 865 days, while that in patients with peritoneal dissemination was 510 days. In conclusion, adjuvant surgery may be effective in gastric cancer patients diagnosed as stage IV by means of liver or distant lymph node metastasis, except in cases of peritoneal dissemination.
Gastric cancer is more prevalent in East Asia, Eastern Europe and Central and South America than in other countries. Worldwide, gastric cancer ranks second among all causes of death from cancer, with about 7,000,000 confirmed deaths annually (1). In Japan, it is one of the most frequent causes of cancer mortality, despite notable advances in diagnosis and treatment (2). Outcomes are extremely poor in patients with unresectable gastric cancer, with the median survival ranging from 3–5 months even with the best supportive care (3,4).
Numerous randomized controlled trials of various treatment regimens have previously been reported, including 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin and mitomycin (5), epirubicin and cisplatin (CDDP) in combination with continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil (6) and 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin (7). However, the trials produced median survival rates of less than 1 year. Recently, two randomized controlled trials were reported from Japan (8,9). One was the JCOG9912 trial, which showed S-1 to be non-inferior to continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil with respect to overall survival (OS). The other was the SPIRITS trial, which noted that S-1 plus CDDP has been identified as the standard chemotherapy regimen for advanced or recurrent gastric cancer in Japan (8).
Docetaxel has shown promising activity in gastric cancer, both as a monotherapy (10) and in combination with other agents (11–13). Phase I and II studies of combination therapy were performed with docetaxel and S-1 for patients with advanced or recurrent gastric cancer (14,15). In the phase II study, the overall response rate was 56.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38–66%) and the median survival time period was 14.3 months (95% CI, 10.27–20.3 months).
On the basis of these results, a phase III study (JACCRO GC-03 study) comparing S-1 alone with the combination therapy (docetaxel and S-1) was launched. This is a prospective, multicenter (Korea and Japan), multinational, randomized study of patients with advanced gastric cancer. In total, 638 patients were recruited, and the final results are anticipated in 2010. Previous studies reported that the docetaxel and S-1 combination has good clinical efficacy with acceptable toxicity when administered as the first-line treatment for patients with advanced gastric cancer (16,17).
Systemic chemotherapy is the key treatment for patients with stage IV gastric cancer. In some cases, combination chemotherapy (CDDP plus S-1 and docetaxel plus S-1) results in long-term survival in clinical practice. In selected cases, additional (adjuvant) surgery may result in further long-term survival. Surgical resection was classified as curative (no evidence of remaining disease after surgery) or palliative (remaining disease after surgery). In this context, adjuvant surgery aimed to be curative, as opposed to palliative, after the response to chemotherapy. Following adjuvant surgery, chemotherapy is required.
This study therefore aimed to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant surgery after response to the chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer.
Materials and methodsPatients
The study included 20 advanced gastric cancer patients treated between September 2003 and December 2008 at Hiroshima University Hospital. Patients were diagnosed with unresectable advanced gastric cancer and had undergone gastrectomies following the response to chemotherapy with docetaxel and S-1.
Treatment regimen
S-1 (80 mg/m2) was administered orally after morning and evening meals for 2 weeks, followed by a drug-free interval of 1 week (one cycle). Docetaxel (40 mg/m2) was diluted in 100 ml of 0.9% saline and administered as a 1-h infusion on the morning of day 1 of each cycle (i.e., every 3 weeks). The docetaxel infusion was started simultaneously with the S-1 administration. Dexamethasone (8 mg) was infused 1 h before the docetaxel administration. Responses were classified according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) guidelines (18) and the guidelines of the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association (19). To assess responses every 4–6 weeks, the tumor area was measured using a 5-mm slice computed tomography scan for all measurable lesions. Toxicity was graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 3.0 (20).
Indications for adjuvant surgery
The indications for adjuvant surgery (after the response to chemotherapy) are that curative resection (not palliative) is anticipated based on the response to chemotherapy. Thus, indications such as the absence of other distant metastases, including peritoneal dissemination, extensive lymph node metastases or lung metastasis and feasible macroscopically complete removal of liver deposits are considered. Other indications include curative resection which is anticipated despite a poor response to chemotherapy (stable disease).
Statistical analysis
OS was calculated from the date of chemotherapy initiation to the date patients succumbed to all causes or the latest follow-up. The median OS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors was performed by the Cox proportional method to evaluate the effects of prognostic factors on patient survival. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
ResultsPatient characteristics
A total of 20 advanced gastric cancer patients were treated from September 2003 to December 2008 at Hiroshima University Hospital. Table I shows the patient characteristics. The median age was 58.8 years (range 25–73). All 20 patients showed a performance status of 0 or 1. The median number of cycles administered per patient was 4.4 (range 2–11). Patients were assessable for response. No complete response was noted, while 17 patients (85%) had partial responses (PR) and 3 (15%) had stable disease (SD). The patients had been diagnosed as resectable following chemotherapy. However, in 9 patients, peritoneal dissemination or tumor cells in peritoneal fluid on cytological analysis were found during surgery, resulting in palliative surgery. At a median follow-up of 980 days, OS was 855 days (Fig. 1).
Comparison of OS in patients between the curative resection and palliative groups
A 2- and 3-year survival was observed in 80 and 54.9% of patients, respectively, following macroscopic curative surgery. In the palliative group, the median OS was 510 days, but a 3-year survival was not observed (Fig. 2).
Comparison of OS in patients between the partial response and stable disease group
In the partial response group, the median OS was 865 days and a 3-year survival was observed in 37% of patients. One-year survival was not observed in the stable disease group. OS in the partial response group was statistically more prolonged than the stable disease group (Fig. 3).
Comparison of OS in patients amonng the various unresectable factors (liver metastasis, H factor; peritoneal dissemination, P factor; lymph node metastasis, N factor)
A comparison was made of OS among the various unresectable factors. The median OS in patients with the H factor was 865 days, while that in patients with the P factor was 510 days (Fig. 4).
Discussion
Various treatment regimens have been developed (5,6,9) and have improved the survival of patients with advanced or recurrent gastric cancer (21). The rationale for the design of the combination therapy of docetaxel and S-1 was the significant laboratory and clinical anti-tumor activity of both docetaxel and 5-fluorouracil in gastric cancer, their synergistic activity in vivo and the relative lack of overlapping toxicities (22). Takahashi et al reported increased anti-tumor activity in combination therapy with docetaxel and S-1 using gastric cancer xenografts (23). Wada et al reported that docetaxel and S-1 combination therapy showed synergistic effects by modulating the expression of the metabolic enzymes of 5-fluorouracil, including thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and orotate phosphoribosyl transferase in human gastric cell lines (24). In a phase II study of docetaxel and S-1 combination therapy, the median time to tumor progression was 7.3 months (95% CI, 4.3–10.0 months) (15).
Although progress in chemotherapy has resulted in long-term survival, a number of patients require treatment changes or a reduction in dose levels due to drug resistance or adverse events. Such patients are required to change to another regimen (second- or third-line).
When chemotherapy has produced transient tumor regression and curative surgery may be accomplished, curative resection in selected patients is occasionally associated with prolonged survival. This type of surgery is referred to as adjuvant surgery. The difference between adjuvant surgery and neoadjuvant chemotherapy is their respective indications.
Neoadjuvant (preoperative) chemotherapy is an investigational option. Its rationale is based on the difficulty of performing an R0 resection in patients with locally advanced tumors and the high risk of micrometastatic disease in these patients. Neoadjuvant treatments aim to: i) downstage the primary tumor, resulting in a higher R0 resection rate, and ii) simultaneously treat micrometastases at an early stage (25–28).
Although the basic treatment in cases of advanced gastric cancer is chemotherapy, it is insufficient. Additionally, adjuvant surgery is preferred for patients with a favorable response to chemotherapy.
The timing of such surgery may occur at the point when the tumor is reduced, but prior to the appearance of drug resistance. Empirically speaking, in gastric cancer, metastasis occurs immediately after surgery, at the time of drug resistance.
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant surgery after response to the chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. The OS of patients in the partial response and curative resection groups was prolonged. The survival of patients with H or N factor was also prolonged, if they received curative surgery. However, the survival of patients with P factor was not prolonged. Adjuvant surgery is effective in gastric cancer patients diagnosed as stage IV in the case of liver or distant lymph node metastasis, but not peritoneal dissemination.
To prove the efficacy of adjuvant surgery, a randomized controlled study is necessary. Numerous obstacles remain to be addressed regarding the selection of combination drugs (S-1 plus CDDP, S-1 plus docetaxel and docetaxel plus CDDP plus 5-fluorouracil), the timing of adjuvant surgery and the selection of chemotherapy after surgery.
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Overall survival. At a median follow-up of 980 days, OS was 855 days.
Comparison of OS in patients between the curative resection and palliative groups. A 2- and 3-year survival was observed in 80 and 54.9% of patients, respectively, following macroscopic curative surgery. In the palliative group, the median OS was 510 days, but a 3-year survival was not observed.
Comparison of OS in patients between the partial response and stable disease groups. In the partial response group, the median OS was 865 days and a 3-year survival was observed in 37% of patients. One-year survival was not observed in the stable disease group.
Comparison of OS among the various unresectable factors (liver metastasis, H factor; peritoneal dissemination, P factor; lymph node metastasis, N factor). The median OS in patients with the H factor was 865 days, while that in patients with the P factor was 510 days.
Patient characteristics of the adjuvant surgery for advanced gastric cancer.