SLC25A38 is a recently identified protein that belongs to the mitochondrial solute carrier family, SLC25. Previous studies have shown that it is a pro-apoptotic protein, which regulates intrinsic caspase-dependent apoptosis. In order to clarify the effect of SLC25A38 protein expression on acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells, we detected the expression of SLC25A38 in various cell lines (RPMI 8226, U266, Molt-4 and Jurkat) by western blot analysis. The results indicate that SLC25A38 is highly expressed in the four cell lines. Among 55 leukemia patients (adult, n=32 and infant, n=23), a high expression of SLC25A38 protein was observed in seven infant (7/23, 30.4%) and 15 adult (15/32, 46.9%) ALL patients. Two adult ALL patients that were positive for SLC25A38 were analyzed and the level of SLC25A38 significantly reduced or disappeared following combined chemotherapy, however, reappeared upon ALL recurrence. The expression level was identified to be associated with the proportion of blast cells in the bone marrow. Additionally, SLC25A38 and Notch1 were co-expressed in the four cell lines and the ALL patient samples. The present results show that expression of SLC25A38 is a common feature of ALL cells and may be a novel biomarker for diagnosis, as well as a potential therapeutic target for ALL.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignancy of hematopoietic stem cell origin with distinctive clinical, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and molecular biological characteristics. ALL is the most common malignancy in children and has five-year event-free survival rates ranging between 76 and 86% in patients who receive protocol-based therapy. In adults, ALL is a common disease and is generally associated with a worse prognosis. Although intensified chemotherapy protocols may result in 70–90% remission in adult ALL patients, the long-term survival rate is extremely low and the probability of survival is <30–40% (1–9). Consequently, further improvements in the outcome of ALL therapy require the development of novel, targeted and less toxic therapies.
The solute carrier (SLC) family of membrane transport proteins include >300 members organized into >50 families (10). Among these, SLC25 is notable as it is localized on the inner mitochondrial membrane and is, therefore, referred to as a mitochondrial carrier (11). SLC25 is a family of structurally and functionally related proteins that contain six α-helical membrane-spanning regions (12). SLC25 member proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and are synthesized in the cytosol. Newly synthesized proteins subsequently translocate into the inner membranes of mitochondria, where they transport various substrates, such as metabolites, nucleotides and cofactors between the cytoplasm and the mitochondrial matrix (13). SLC25A38 belongs to the SLC25 family (13) and previous studies have found that variations in the SLC25A38 gene, which is located on chromosome 3p22, are responsible for severe pyridoxine-refractory congenital sideroblastic anemia (14–16). The gene encodes a mitochondrial carrier protein required for erythropoiesis and it may act by importing glycine into mitochondria or may act as a transporter of glycine/5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) across the mitochondrial inner membrane (14–16). Transport of glycine/ALA across the mitochondria is a crucial and rate-limiting step for the synthesis of heme, which is essential in various biological processes, such as respiration, detoxification and signal transduction (17,18). SLC25A38 mutations can lead to glycine/ALA transport disorder, thus affecting the synthesis of heme.
Notch signaling pathway activation is known to contribute to the pathogenesis of a spectrum of human malignancies, including T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia and multiple myeloma (MM) (19–20). The Notch family of proteins is a group of four highly conserved receptors (Notch 1–4) that are expressed on the cell surface and directly regulate gene transcription. It has been reported that Notch1 and its ligand Jagged1 are proteins with important roles in the growth of leukemia cells. High levels of Notch1 and Jagged1 are common in acute myeloid leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia samples from patients, and leukemia cell lines (21). Notch activation is associated with an improved early therapeutic response and increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids (22). Therefore, it is important to investigate the correlation between SLC25 and Notch protein expression in ALL patients.
Recently, our laboratory found that SLC25A38 is a general pro-apoptotic protein that regulates intrinsic caspase-dependent apoptosis by modulating heme biosynthesis. It was demonstrated that SLC25A38 is abundantly expressed in the liver during early embryonic development, thus, indicating the involvement of SLC25A38 in hematopoiesis. In addition, it was found that SLC25A38 was able to form homodimers (23) and an earlier report demonstrated that SLC25A38 is highly expressed in erythroid cells (10). Therefore, we hypothesized that the SLC25A38 protein may be significant in the pathological changes associated with leukemia. To further clarify the significance of SLC25A38 protein expression in ALL, samples were collected from patients with different types of lymphoblastic leukemia, and the abnormal expression of SLC25A38 protein and its impact on the prognosis of ALL was observed.
Materials and methodsCells and antibodies
RPMI 8226 and U266 (the MM cell lines), and Molt-4 and Jurkat (leukemia cell lines) cells were obtained from the Shanghai Cell Bank, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). All the cell lines were seeded at 0.3×106/ml RPMI-1640 medium, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin/streptomycin, and maintained at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2.
Rabbit anti-SLC25A38 and anti-Notch1 antibodies were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Beverly, MA, USA) and fluorescence-conjugated secondary antibodies were obtained from Pierce Biotechnology, Inc. (Rockford, IL, USA).
Patient samples
Fifty-five bone marrow samples were collected at diagnosis from 32 adult patients with ALL (median age, 29 years; range 18–74 years), 23 infant ALL patients (median age, 4 years; range between 10 months and 12 years). Twelve peripheral blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers (median age, 28 years; range, 22–35 years). The patients provided written informed consent for the bone marrow collection for diagnostic and research purposes according to the Declaration of Helsinki and the study was approved by the ethics committee of the Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University (Xiamen, China). The leukemia diagnosis was established according to French-American-British (24) and World Health Organization (25) classifications and immunophenotyping was conducted by flow cytometry (equipped with 488 nm and other wavelength excitation lasers; 1×106 cells per tube; BD FACSCalibur Flow Cytometer, BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis for BCR-ABL and MLL-AF4 was performed at the time of diagnosis.
Sample preparation
Bone marrow mononuclear cells were isolated by FICOLL gradient centrifugation with lymphocyte cell separation medium (Tianjin Hao Yang Biological Manufacture Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China) at 350 × g for 30 min at room temperature and cultured in RPMI-1640 containing 10% FBS, l-glutamine and penicillin/streptomycin. The lymphocytes and cell lines were lysed for 30 min on ice in lysis buffer containing freshly prepared protease inhibitors. The cell debris was removed by centrifugation (14,000 × g for 15 min at 4°C). The protein contents of the lysates were determined using the Bio-Rad Protein assay kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and a BSA standard.
Western blot analysis
Equal amounts of protein lysates (40 μg) were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and were electrotransferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. The membranes were washed with 1X Tris-buffered saline 1% Tween-20 (TBST), blocked for 1 h at room temperature (RT) in 5% milk/TBST, and immunoblotted with specific antibodies, which included the rabbit anti-SLC25A38, anti-Notch1 (Abcam) and anti-GAPDH (Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) monoclonal antibodies. GAPDH served as a loading control. On the subsequent day, the membranes were washed with 1X TBST and incubated with goat anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies diluted to 1:4,000 in 5% milk/TBST for 1 h at RT. The antibodies were detected using an enhanced chemiluminescence detection kit (Vazyme Biotech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China). The relative densities of the presenting quantity of target proteins were assessed using Quantity One software (Bio-Rad) followed by normalization against the housekeeping protein, GAPDH.
Statistical analysis
Data are summarized as means ± standard deviation and comparisons of the means between groups were performed using Student’s t-test. SPSS software for Windows 13.0 was used to determine the P-values and P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
ResultsOverexpression of SLC25A38 protein in leukemia cell lines
Western blot analysis was used to analyze the expression of SLC25A38 protein in various MM and leukemia cell lines. As shown in Fig. 1, an overexpression of SLC25A38 protein was observed in four cell lines. There was no SLC25A38 protein expression detected in the normal lymphocyte cells from the healthy volunteers.
SLC25A38 protein expression in ALL patients
The expression of SLC25A38 protein was detected in the 55 leukemia patients and the results showed that a high expression of SLC25A38 was common in adult (15/32, 46.9%) and infant (7/23, 30.4%) ALL patients (Fig. 2A and B).
Expression level of SLC25A38 protein reflects the tumor burden
To obtain a more reliable conclusion, two adult ALL patients with positive SLC25A38 were observed. It was found that the SLC25A38 expression level significantly reduced or disappeared after receiving combined chemotherapy, however, the expression returned on ALL recurrence (Fig. 3A and B). The results also indicated that the SLC25A38 expression level was associated with the proportion of blast cells within the bone marrow.
Notch1 protein expression on SLC25A38-positive cells
In the present study, Notch1 protein expression was analyzed in the cell lines and the patient samples. As shown in Fig. 4A, U266 cells marginally expressed the Notch1 protein; RPMI 8226, Molt-4 and Jurkat cells expressed Notch1, with the highest levels observed in the Jurkat cells. In addition, Notch1 and SLC25A38 proteins were co-expressed in the cell lines. Notch1 overexpression was detected in more than half of the adult ALL patients who were SLC25A38-positive (8/15 ALL patients, 53.3%); however, Notch1 protein expression was not detected in the patients with negative SLC25A38 protein expression (Fig. 4B).
Discussion
ALL is a genetically heterogeneous disease in which different genetic alterations cooperate to promote the uncontrolled clonal proliferation and survival of leukemic lymphoblasts (26–29). The outcome of ALL patients has improved significantly over the last two decades as a result of combination chemotherapy. However, patients with several ALL subtypes continue to show a poor prognosis, and treatments are responsible for the short and long-term toxicities experienced by certain long-term surviving patients. Unfortunately, the majority of patients eventually experience relapse or succumb to their disease after developing drug resistance (30). However, monoclonal antibodies, gene inhibitors and upregulation of microRNAs (31–33) may provide promising tools in the search for ALL-targeted therapy.
As it was discovered recently, the normal physiological function of SLC25A38 protein remains obscure. Similar to the observations of the present study, a study by Guernsey et al (14) indicates that the SLC25A38 protein is related to heme synthesis and oxygen transportation in cells. Downregulation of SLC25A38 resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of cellular heme, which affects mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report SLC25A38 protein expression in ALL and preliminarily identify that a high expression of SLC25A38 is a common phenomenon in ALL, with certain clinical significance. In cellular experiments, it was found that four cell lines expressed high levels of SLC25A38. Additionally, SLC25A38 expression was observed to be common in adult ALL patients (15/32, 46.9%) and in infant ALL patients (7/23, 30.4%).
Notch signaling affects multiple processes that govern normal morphogenesis, programmed cell death and cellular proliferation. Altered Notch signaling has been associated with various malignancies, including pancreatic, breast, leukemia and lymphoma (34). Activating mutations in the Notch1 gene are present in >50% of human T cell-ALL (T-ALL) cases making Notch1 the most prominent oncogene, which is specifically involved in the pathogenesis of this disease, and defining T-ALL as a disease that is primarily characterized by aberrant Notch1 activation (35–38). In the present study, the expression of the SLC25A38 and Notch1 proteins was identified to be common in cell lines as well as in the majority of ALL patients exhibiting positive SLC25A38 expression. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the overexpression of SLC25A38 may be connected to the activation of the Notch signaling pathway.
In conclusion, in the present study the overexpression of SLC25A38 protein in the cell lines and in ALL patients was observed. The data indicates that future studies are required to determine the role of SLC25A38 in the pathogenesis of leukemia, and establish whether overexpression of this protein regulates the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of leukemia cells. The present findings are considered to be important for determining novel leukemia markers and molecular targets for the treatment of leukemia.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr Jiangning Zhao, Dr Jiasheng Hu and Dr Yanhong Zhuang, who provided the bone marrow samples for the study and medical care for the patients at Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University (Xiamen, China). The present study was partially supported by the National Natural Science Fund (grant no. 81172246) and the ‘985’ Program of the Medical College of Xiamen University.
ReferencesBarrettAJHorowitzMMPollockBHBone marrow transplants from HLA-identical siblings as compared with chemotherapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a second remissionN Engl J Med331125312581994SchroederHGustafssonGSaarinen-PihkalaUMAllogeneic bone marrow transplantation in second remission of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a population-based case control study from the Nordic countriesBone Marrow Transpl235555601999McNeilDECotéTRCleggLMauerASEER update of incidence and trends in pediatric malignancies: acute lymphoblastic leukemiaMed Pediatr Oncol395545572002BassanREvolving strategies for the management of high-risk adult acute lymphoblastic leukemiaHaematologica9012992005PuiCHEvansWETreatment of actue lymphoblastic leukemiaN Engl J Med3541661782006PuiCHRobisonLLLookATAcute lymphoblastic leukemiaLancet371103010432008PullarkatVSlovakMLKopeckyKJImpact of cytogenetics on the outcome of adult actue lymphoblastic leukemia: results of Southwest Oncology Group 9400 studyBlood111256325722008MarksDIPaiettaEMMoormanAVT-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults: clinical features, immunophenotype, cytpgenetics, and outcome from the large randomized prospective trial (UKALLXII/ECOG 2993)Blood114513651452009PuiCHPeiDSandlundJTLong-term results of St Jude Total Therapy Studies 11, 12, 13A, 13B, and 14 for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemiaLeukemia243713822009HedigerMARomeroMFPengJBThe ABCs of solute carriers: physiological, pathological and therapeutic implications of human membrane transport proteinsPflugers Arch4474654682004PalmieriFThe mitochondrial transporter family (SLC25): physiological and pathological implicationsPflugers Arch4476897092004Pebay-PeyroulaEDahout-GonzalezCKahnRStructure of mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier in complex with carboxyatractylosideNature42639442003HaitinaTLindblomJRenströmTFredrikssonRFourteen novel human members of mitochondrial solute carrier family 25 (SLC25) widely expressed in the central nervous systemGenomics887797902006GuernseyDLJiangHCampagnaDRMutations in mitochondrial carrier family gene SLC25A38 cause nonsyndromic autosomal recessive congenital sideroblastic anemiaNat Genet416516532009BergmannAKCampagnaDRMcloughlinEMSystematic molecular genetic analysis of congenital sideroblastic anemia: evidence for genetic heterogeneity and identification of novel mutationsPediatr Blood Cancer542732782010KannengiesserCSanchezMSweeneyMMissense SLC25A38 variations play an important role in autosomal recessive inherited sideroblastic anemiaHaematoligica9633242011AtamnaHHeme, iron, and the mitochondrial decay of ageingAgeing Res Rev33033182004RyterSWTyrrellRMThe heme synthesis and degradation pathways: role in oxidant sensitivity. Heme oxygenase has both pro- and antioxidant propertiesFree Radical Biol Med282893092000LeongKGKarsanARecent insights into the role of Notch signaling in tumorigenesisBlood107222322332006AsterJCBlacklowSCPearWSNotch signalling in T-cell lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma and other haematological malignanciesJ Pathol2232622732011KanamoriEItohMTojoNFlow cytometric analysis of Notch1 and Jagged1 expression in normal blood cells and leukemia cellsExp Ther Med43974002012MansourMRSulisMLDukeVPrognostic implications of NOTCH1 and FBXW7 mutations in adults with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on the MRC UKALLXII/ECOG E2993 protocolJ Clin Oncol27435243562009ZhangHZhangYWChenYAppoptosin is a novel pro-apoptotic protein and mediates cell death in neurodegenerationJ Neurosci3215565155762012BennettJMCatovskyDDanielMTProposals for the classification of the acute leukaemias. French-American-British (FAB) co-operative groupBr J Haematol334514581976VardimanJWThieleJArberDAThe 2008 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia: rationale and important changesBlood1149379512009FerrandoAALookATClinical implications of recurring chromosomal and associated molecular abnormalities in acute lymphoblastic leukemiaSemin Hematol373813952000FerrandoAANeubergDSStauntonJGene expression signatures define novel oncogenic pathways in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemiaCancer Cell175872002SoulierJClappierECayuelaJMHOXA genes are included in genetic and biologic networks defining human acute T-cell leukemia (T-ALL)Blood1062742862005FerrandoAAArmstrongSANeubergDSGene expression signatures in MLL-rearranged T-lineage and B-precursor acute leukemias: dominance of HOX dysregulationBlood1022622682003AifantisIRaetzEBuonamiciSMolecular pathogenesis of T-cell leukaemia and lymphomaNat Rev Immunol83803902008BudhuAJiJWangXWThe clinical potential of microRNAsJ Hematol Oncol3372010FernandoTRRodriguez-MalaveNIRaoDSMicroRNAs in B cell development and malignancyJ Hematol Oncol572012WhiteheadKALangerRAndersonDGKnocking down barriers: advances in siRNA deliveryNat Rev Drug Discov81291382009YinLVelazquezOCLiuZJNotch signaling: emerging molecular targets for cancer therapyBiochem Pharmacol806907012010BreitSStanullaMFlohrTActivating NOTCH1 mutations predict favorable early treatment response and long-term outcome in childhood precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemiaBlood108115111572006WengAPFerrandoAALeeWActivating mutations of NOTCH1 in human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemiaScience3062692712004AsterJCPearWSBlacklowSCNotch signaling in leukemiaAnnu Rev Pathol35876132008ZouJLiPLuFNotch1 is required for hypoxia-induced proliferation, invasion and chemoresistance of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cellsJ Hematol Oncol632013
Expression of SLC25A38 protein in the MM and leukemia cell lines. Two MM cell lines (RPMI 8226 and U266 cells) and two leukemia cell lines (Molt-4 and Jurkat cells) were cultured and SLC25A38 protein expression levels were detected using western blot analysis. A significant difference in the SLC25A38 protein expression was identified between the four cell lines and the NC. Data are given relative to the expression of GAPDH. ***P<0.0001 compared with the NC. GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; MM, multiple myeloma; NC, normal lymphocyte cell control.
Expression of SLC25A38 protein in ALL patients. Bone marrow samples (n=55) of ALL patients were collected and western blot analysis, using antibodies specific to SLC25A38, was conducted to detect SLC25A38 protein expression. (A) Adult ALL patient samples. (B) Infant ALL patient samples. A significant difference was identified between the ALL patient samples, and NC1 and NC2. Data are given relative to the expression of GAPDH. ***P<0.0001 compared with NC1 and NC2. GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; NC1/2, normal lymphocyte cell control 1/2.
Expression of SLC25A38 protein was associated with the blast cell burden. Two adult ALL patients with SLC25A38-protein positive expression were observed. Bone marrow mononuclear cells were collected from the patients at different phases (including newly diagnosed, remission and relapse). The results showed that the level of SLC25A38 protein expression was associated with the blast cell proportion in the bone marrow. During complete remission, SLC25A38 protein expression ceased, however, it was observed during ALL relapse. (A) The level of SLC25A38 protein expression with varying blast cell proportions in the bone marrow: Lanes 1–4, adult ALL patient no. 1; lane 5, NC. (B) The level of SLC25A38 protein expression with varying blast cell proportions in the bone marrow: Lanes 1–2, adult ALL patient no. 2; lane 3, NC. Data are presented relative to the expression of GAPDH. ***P<0.0001 compared with the NC. GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; NC, normal control.
Notch1 protein expression on SLC25A38-protein positive cells. Notch1 protein expression was detected in the cell lines as well as the ALL patient samples. The results demonstrated that SLC25A38 and Notch1 proteins were co-expressed in the four cell lines and the ALL patient samples. (A) SLC25A38 and Notch1 protein expression in four different cell lines. (B) SLC25A38 and Notch1 protein expression in ALL patient samples. Data are given relative to the expression of GAPDH. ***P<0.0001 compared with NC1 and NC2. GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; NC1/2, normal lymphocyte cell control 1/2.