Patients and methods
Patient 1
A 79-year-old male, exhibiting a HCC that was 2.6 cm in diameter and located in Couinaud’s S4 subsegment (S4), underwent conventional PEIT with a mixture of 5 ml of 99.5% ethanol and 0.6 ml of iodized oil (Lipiodol) in January 2005 (4). The Lipiodol mixture method was adopted to improve the visibility of the HCC nodule during computed tomography (CT) scanning (5). The patient was treated twice in 2001 with RFA for HCCs that were 1.5 and 2.5 cm in diameter, and located in S2 and S8, respectively. The histology of a biopsy specimen obtained at that time showed a well-differentiated HCC that was positive for the hepatitis C virus and exhibited liver cirrhosis.
In January 2005, an additional HCC (size, 1.6×1.6 cm) was identified behind the treated HCC, which was located just beneath a branch of the large left portal vein on the approaching line of the ultrasound image (Fig. 1A). A curved PEIT needle was used for the treatment of this HCC.
Patient 2
A 56-year-old male who was positive for the hepatitis C virus and exhibited liver cirrhosis was referred to the Kagawa University Hospital (Miki-cho, Japan) for the treatment of recurrent HCC. In 2000, the patient was treated with RFA twice for HCCs that were 2.0 and 1.6 cm in diameter, and located in S8 and S7, respectively. An additional HCC, 1.9 cm in diameter, was identified in S7 and treated angiographically using a mixture of Lipiodol and a lipophilic anticancer agent, styrene maleic acid neocarzinostatin (Lipiodol; Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), which was followed by a transcatheter embolization of the tumor (6) in February 2005. Three months later, another tumor (diameter, 1.3 cm) was observed in S7 on the posterior side of the branch of the right portal vein (Fig. 2A). This portal vein was located just above the tumor, and a conventional straight PEIT needle would intersect the puncture point of the tumor on the ultrasound image. This HCC was treated using a curved PEIT needle. As the patient’s renal function was low, dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was employed to evaluate the therapeutic effects.
Procedure
Prior to performing the procedure, written informed consent was obtained from each patient’s family and the study was approved by the clinal ethics committee of Kagawa University Hospital (Kagawa, Japan). The patients were treated with the same method as follows.
An 18-gauge PEIT needle (20-cm long; Hakko Co., Ltd., Chikuma, Japan), which was manually curved into a fishhook shape, was prepared (Fig. 3). A curved portion of the 18-gauge needle was pushed inside the straight 16-gauge overcoat needle (shortened to a 12-cm length; Bard Biopty-Cut Needle, Discovery Bay, CA, USA). Prior to commencing the hand-assisted maneuver, the curved PEIT needle was drawn back into the overcoat needle. The procedure was guided via the ultrasound monitor to assess whether the curved PEIT needle, which extended from the overcoat needle, approached the cancer nodule.
Subsequent to receiving local anesthetic, the coaxially prepared needles were held by the overcoat needle and inserted with ultrasonic guidance into the lateral side of the interposing vessel edge, above the cancer nodule. The curved PEIT needle was extended slowly from the overcoat needle towards the HCC. The quantity of ethanol that was injected by a single shot was 0.5–1.0 ml. A total of 5 ml of 99.5% ethanol was injected in small doses through the curved PEIT needle.
Results
A large portal vein intersected the dermal insertion point of the PEIT needle and the cancer nodule in the two patients. To reinforce the straight structure of the outer needle following insertion of the inner curved PEIT needle, a 16-gauge outer needle was required. As the curved PEIT needle was extended from the overcoat needle into the parenchyma of the liver at the lateral side of a large vessel neighboring the HCC, the needle did not maintain the original curve that was previously visualized. The curved PEIT needle gradually lost its shape and weakened in the liver parenchyma, resulting in the angle of the anticipating approach curve becoming a weak curved line in the fibrotic liver. Therefore, it was required that the inner PEIT needle was fixed as a stronger curve in advance, or that an overcoat needle was inserted nearer to the target than the simulation line. As a result of the curve in the needle, it detoured the large vessel adjacent to the HCC (Figs. 1B and 2B). Immediately following the ethanol injection, the tumor area became increasingly hyperechoic (Fig. 2C). The arterial phase of an abdominal dynamic CT image in patient 1 prior to and following the therapy is shown in Fig. 1C and D. The treated HCC evolved into a low-density area without contrast enhancement. The arterial phase of an abdominal dynamic CT image in patient 2 prior to therapy is shown in Fig. 2D. Compared with the HCC of the prior treatment, the tumor evolved into a low-intensity area without enhancement as shown in the abdominal dynamic MRI image following therapy (Fig. 2E). The two patients were successfully treated with this method without any specific training required for performing the procedure.
Discussion
Ultrasound-guided percutaneous ablation therapy has developed during the past two decades (7). Prior to the introduction of RFA therapy, PEIT was the most effective method for the initial treatment of patients with well-differentiated HCC (tumor size, <15 mm in greatest dimension) (8). Duplex color Doppler ultrasound is effective for identifying tortuous vessels that supply HCCs in the cirrhotic liver. Previously, PEIT was performed for palliative ablation of tumors supplying vessels in the HCC nodule and to minimize the tumor vascularization using duplex color Doppler ultrasound (9).
In multivariate analysis, the significant prognostic factors have been determined as local recurrence, and tumor size and number. This indicates that successfully attaining a complete treatment for HCC during the first treatment is significant for improving the prognosis of patients with HCC (10). RFA exhibits superior therapeutic results compared with PEIT. The overall survival rate was higher in patients treated with RFA compared with those that were treated with PEIT. Furthermore, the local recurrence rate is higher in patients treated with PEIT compared with those treated with RFA (11). RFA has been widely investigated as an alternative to PEIT, however, due to its mild invasiveness to the patient, PEIT retained its validity for the treatment of small HCC. PEIT is widely used for encapsulated small tumors in livers (12,13). PEIT can also be considered as a treatment of choice for small HCCs, particularly in patients with poor liver reserve or comorbidity that make them potentially poor surgical candidates (14,15). In addition, PEIT is a useful alternative where RFA is unavailable (16). Repeated PEIT is permitted in patients with an adequate liver function. In addition, during follow-up the intrahepatic recurrence of HCC is the predominant factor that affects survival rate (17). The prognosis of patients with HCC who undergo incurative therapy is extremely poor.
Furthermore, for patients with small HCC, PEIT may produce a survival rate comparable to surgical resection (18,19). By contrast, a previous study on hepatic resection showed higher survival rates compared with non-surgical therapies in small HCC. In clinical stage I cases with a solitary tumor <2 cm in diameter, in all clinical stages with a solitary tumor >2 cm and in the clinical stage II cases with two tumors >2 cm, the hepatic resection showed higher survival rates compared with the non-surgical groups (20).
PEIT-associated adverse effects are not as serious compared with those of RFA therapies, however, studies regarding vascular or bile duct damage, such as hepatic infarction (21) or portal branch venous thrombosis (22), have been reported. Since complications include acute and delayed vascular injury following ethanol injection, patients require a long period of follow-up subsequent to treatment (23). To avoid adverse effects, PEIT may be useful in those patients with small HCC where taking a straight approach line, guided by ultrasound imaging, is difficult due to intervening vessels between the puncture point and the HCC. A study by Zuo et al (24) also reported that CT-guided PEIT with a curved needle is effective for the treatment of malignant liver neoplasms, which strongly supports the use of a novel ultrasound-guided PEIT with a curved needle in the present study. Although the procedure is not simple, it is feasible for physicians proficient in performing the regular PEIT technique.
In conclusion, the present study reports two cases of HCC treated with a curved PEIT needle. For the purpose of achieving PEIT safely, a novel PEIT needle was created with an overcoat needle and a coaxial curved PEIT needle for the treatment of small HCC adjacent to an intrahepatic large vessel. In cases of patients with small HCC, which is difficult to approach with a conventional strait PEIT needle, the curved PEIT needle presented in the current study may be effective in avoiding unnecessary adverse effects