Introduction
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortalities worldwide (1). The incidence rate of lung cancer is increasing in Asia, particularly in China. However, despite chemo- and radiation therapy producing survival benefits in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the survival rate of lung cancer remains particularly low. Therefore, there is a clear requirement for novel and more effective control strategies for lung cancer. Thus, inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase has emerged as a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of NSCLC. Gefitinib, an oral EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is a leading agent in this class of novel therapeutic agents. Two major phase II trials (2,3), large expanded access programs across the world (4–6), as well as other studies (7,8) have demonstrated a higher objective response rate and prolonged survival time in females and never-smoking adenocarcinoma patients of East-Asian origin. Furthermore, a prospective trial, which administered gefitinib as a first-line therapy for advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients that were never-smokers, was conducted in South Korea and was found to be highly efficacious (9).
Molecularly, NSCLC cells demonstrate mutation (10–12) and amplification (13,14) of the EGFR gene. Treatment with gefitinib has demonstrated that NSCLC patients with such mutations or amplifications, as well as expression of phosphorylated Akt (15) and ErbB3 (16) are associated with an improved outcome (17–23). However, it is often difficult to obtain the tumor tissue of patients to detect gene status. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the correlation between the clinical features of NSCLC and the prognosis that is determined in the clinical setting. The current study was conducted to investigate such correlations in Chinese lung adenocarcinoma patients using gefitinib-induced disease controls.
Patients and methods
Patient population
A total of 52 patients were recruited between October 2004 and August 2008 at the Zhejiang Cancer Hospital (Hangzhou, China). The clinical characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table I. All patients were histologically or cytologically diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma. The interval between the final cycle of chemotherapy and administration of the gefitinib treatment was ≥30 days. The present study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital and performed in accordance with the recommendations of the Declaration of Helsinki with regard to the biomedical research involving human subjects. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Treatment schedule
Gefitinib (ZD1839; AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE, USA) was administered orally at a dosage of 250 mg/day until disease progression, an unacceptable type of toxicity or withdrawal of patient consent. No other chemotherapeutic agents were administered during the course of the study. Medications for symptomatic relief, such as analgesics and bisphosphonates were permitted. Twenty-three patients with brain metastases received whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) during the gefitinib treatment period. Seventeen patients with symptomatic bone metastases received palliative radiotherapy. Baseline evaluations were performed within the week prior to enrollment, including a complete medical history and physical examination, laboratory tests (whole blood counts, and liver and renal function), electrocardiograms, thorax computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography of the abdomen, bone scintigraphy and brain CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Furthermore, blood counts, and liver and renal function tests were performed prior to each 30-day treatment cycle. Follow-up data after gefitinib treatment (for example, recurrence, metastasis, vitals status, mortality and cause of mortality) were obtained from the patient records.
Response assessment and evaluation of toxicity
Response to the treatment was evaluated by CT, MRI and ultrasonography of the abdomen, as well as bone scintigraphy. The response rate was recorded according to the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (24). For data analysis, complete response (CR) and partial response (PR) were combined and termed responders. CR and PR refer to a sustained response over a period of four weeks or longer, however, stable disease (SD) refers to a response persisting for eight weeks or more. The type of toxicity was evaluated according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (25) and the worst scores obtained during treatment were recorded.
Statistical analysis
Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were measured from the date of initiation of gefitinib treatment until disease progression or mortality, respectively. The survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate survival analysis was performed using a Cox proportional hazard regression model with a backward stepwise procedure. The considered variables included age, gender, cigarettes per year, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) score, type of metastatic lesion and whether gefitinib is the first-line treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). All probability values were two-tailed and P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Clinical significance of gefitinib treatment in patients with NSCLC
The clinical characteristics of 52 patients are summarized in Table I. Of the 52 patients who participated in the present study, CR and PR rates were 23.1% (12/52) and 57.7% (30/52), respectively. An additional 19.2% (10/52) of patients demonstrated SD.
Table II shows the response of primary and various metastatic lesions to gefitinib treatment. For example, the primary tumor size was reduced by 54.8±19.8% (mean ± standard deviation) in the five assessable patients. Prior to gefitinib administration, 18 patients exhibited intrapulmonary metastases, 17 of which regressed with gefitinib treatment. Intrapulmonary metastases in 11 patients were assessed as the target lesions and the extent of the reduction in size was 79.1±21.6%. Twenty-three patients exhibited brain metastases, 18 of which regressed as a result of gefitinib administration. The brain metastases in 21 patients were assessed as the target lesions and the shrinkage of these was 68.5±27.9%. The response of lymph node and liver metastases, and pleural effusion to gefitinib was also favorable. Bone metastases was initially detected in 27 patients and remained unchanged following gefitinib treatment, as identified by bone scintigraphy.
One-year PFS and OS rates were 74.8 and 78.0%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that female patients had significantly longer survival rates when compared with male patients. Other factors, such as age, smoking status, ECOG PS, metastatic lesions and gefitinib as first-line treatment, did not exhibit a significant association with longer survival time (Table III). One-year OS rates in CR, PR and SD patients were 89.2, 79.8 and 33.7%, respectively. One-year PFS rates in CR, PR, and SD patients were 77.8, 73.9 and 33.3%, respectively; however, there were no statistically significant differences detected in OS (P=0.323) and PFS (P=0.379) among patients with CR, PR and SD. Fig. 1 shows the OS curves of patients with CR, PR and SD. Median OS of the SD patients was 12 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2–16.8 months).
Toxicity and safety issues
Treatment with gefitinib was generally well tolerated. The most common types of toxicity were rashes (88%) and diarrhea (48%; Table IV). Grade II diarrhea was well controlled by supportive care and grade III diarrhea occurred in six patients (12%). Two patients suffered from hand-foot syndrome. However, none of the patients refused continuous treatment with gefitinib.
Disease progression following gefitinib-induced disease control
At the time of data analysis, with a median follow-up time of 21 months, a total of 25 (48.1%) patients exhibited disease progression and their treatment was discontinued. The sites of initial disease progression following gefitinib-induced disease control among the 52 patients are summarized in Table V. The disease progression sites included the primary lesion (3/52; 5.8%), the intrapulmonary (5/52; 9.6%), brain (12/52; 23.1%) and bone (7/52; 13.5%) lesions, pleural effusion (5/52; 9.6%), and the peritoneum (2/52; 3.8%) and liver lesions (2/52; 3.8%).
Discussion
In the present retrospective study, the response and disease progression of primary and metastatic lesions was analyzed in lung adenocarcinoma patients who achieved PR, CR or SD following three months of treatment with gefitinib. A more positive outcome was observed in the present study compared with previous studies (21,26,27). The CR and PR rates were 23.1% (12/52) and 57.7% (30/52), respectively. An additional 19.2% (10/52) of patients achieved SD. One-year PFS and OS rates were 74.8 and 78.0%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that female patients had significantly longer survival times when compared with male patients. Fukuoka et al (2) reported that the PR and SD rates were 18.5 and 35.9%, respectively, with gefitinib administered at a dosage of 250 mg/day. In patients with either CR or PR, the median OS was reported as 13.3 months for the 250-mg/day group and 10.6 months for the 500-mg/day group. Mok et al (28) demonstrated that gefitinib was superior to chemotherapy as an initial treatment modality for lung adenocarcinoma among non-smokers or former light smokers in East Asia, despite the one-year PFS rate of 24.9%. Therefore, gefitinib treatment for patients with lung adenocarcinoma resulted in a marked survival benefit.
Previous studies have demonstrated that gefitinib produced a higher objective response rate and prolonged survival time in females and never-smoking adenocarcinoma patients of East Asian origin (7,8,29). In the current study, multivariate analysis revealed that female patients had a statistically significant association with longer survival time when compared with male patients, whereas other patient parameters, such as age, smoking status, ECOG PS, tumor metastasis or gefitinib as a first-line treatment were not associated with prolonged survival. The results from the current study were similar to previous reports (7,8). It is hypothesized that female patients demonstrate an improved response to gefitinib as a results of EGFR mutations, which occur more frequently in females (30).
The current study demonstrated that one-year PFS and OS rates in CR, PR and SD patients were 77.8, 73.9, 33.3%, and 89.2, 79.8 and 33.7%, respectively, although neither difference was identified to be statistically significant. However, a previous study has indicated that patients obtaining SD following gefitinib treatment had significantly longer OS than those with progressive disease (31). In addition, Yang et al (32) reported that the PFS times in dramatic, gradual, and local progression groups, following gefitinib treatment, were 9.3, 12.9 and 9.2 months, respectively (P=0.007). Furthermore, the OS for these groups was 17.1, 39.4, and 23.1 months, respectively (P<0.001). TKI continuation was identified to be superior to switching the type of chemotherapy in a subsequent setting for gradual progression (39.4 months vs. 17.8 months; P=0.02) (32). The above-mentioned findings indicate that patients achieving SD or gradual progression following gefitinib treatment may achieve long-term survival.
In the current study, brain metastases (23.1%) was the major site of disease progression after treatment with gefitinib. Similarly, Omuro et al (33) reported that the central nervous system (CNS) was the most frequent site of disease progression in patients with NSCLC after an initial response to gefitinib. This may be due to the presence of the intact blood-brain barrier, which gefitinib could not penetrate despite its low molecular weight. Fukuhara et al (34) reported that the concentration of gefitinib in the patient’s cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; 0.9 nM) was <1% of the serum concentration (117 and 132 nM, prior to and 2 h following drug re-administration, respectively) when treated with 250 mg/day gefitinib. In another study, Jackman et al (35)reported that increasing doses of gefitinib resulted in increasing concentrations of gefitinib in the CSF, with the concentration of gefitinib in the patients’ CSF varying from 6.2 to 18 nM, following a 500-mg dose, and reaching 42 nM following a 1,000-mg dose. Following administration of that regimen, the patients’ carcinomatous meningitis was controlled for ~four months (35). Conversely, our previous phase II study demonstrated that a concomitant treatment with gefitinib and WBRT in patients with brain metastases from NSCLC resulted in a favorable prognosis (36). Thus, further molecular studies are required to investigate the efficacy of gefitinib in penetrating the blood-brain barrier. The approach was previously investigated in China by those that conducted the ZhejiangCH06 trial, (NCT01158170) (37).
In conclusion, lung adenocarcinoma patients treated with gefitinib-induced disease control showed marked survival benefits. Furthermore, patients achieving SD with gefitinib treatment may achieve long-term survival. Further studies are required to analyze the efficacy of gefitinib in penetrating the blood-brain barrier.