Introduction
Malignant tumours consist of a heterogeneous population of cells that differ in their expression of markers and growth capacities (1,2). The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis provides new insight into the heterogeneity of malignant tumours. Heterogeneity is determined, at least in part, by the presence of CSCs (1–6). Therefore, it is important to improve screening methods to obtain sufficient amounts of CSCs for further study of the biological treatment of malignant tumours.
Stem cells and committed cells can form distinct clones in vitro(7). CSCs can be obtained by monoclonal morphology screening in some cancer cell lines. In the glioma cell line, U251, clones are characterised as tight, intermediate, or loose. The clones with a round and compact shape (tight clones) consist of CSCs, while the irregular (intermediate clones) and loose-shaped clones did not show any CSC properties (8). Therefore, the intermediate- and loose-shaped clones have not been extensively studied. Similar clone patterns have been observed in malignant cell lines, such as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, breast carcinoma and prostate carcinoma cell lines, in which only the cells of tight clones were capable of self-renewal (9–11). These studies also indicated that the majority of the clones were intermediate (61.0%) and loose (27.1%), and only a few were tight (11.9%) (8).
In the present study, both suspended and adherent cells were present in each clonal subpopulation grown under the same culture conditions. Cells were collected from the intermediate and loose clones, which were hypothesised to contain CSCs, and cultured in neurobasal medium supplemented with growth factors. The suspended cells from these populations displayed significant ‘stemness’, while the adherent cells did not. In this experiment, a new and efficient screening method for isolating CSCs based on their growth state was implemented to enrich for CSCs from the glioma cell line, U251. This method provided a shorter detection time and simplified the procedures; future studies using these cells are required.
Materials and methods
Cell culture
Human glioma cells (U251) were cultured in DMEM/F12 (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Hangzhou Sijiqing Biological Engineering Materials Co., Ltd., China). The U251 cells were thoroughly dissociated with 0.125% trypsin to prepare single-cell suspensions and then cultured in 100-mm dishes at a density of 30–50 cells/cm2(8). After incubation for two weeks at 37°C with 5% CO2 and 100% humidity, clones of different morphological types were observed. Subsequently, the single-cell suspensions were cultured in 24-well plates at a clonal density (8). The intermediate and loose clones were selected and the cells were gently blown using a glass dropper to obtain the suspended cells. The same numbers of suspended and adherent cells were used in the subsequent experiments.
Self-renewal assay and induction of differentiation
The suspended cells (1×104 cells/ml) were cultured in neurobasal medium, which consisted of serum-free DMEM/F12 supplemented with 20 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA), 20 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF; Peprotech), and 20 μl/ml B27 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and primary clone spheres were formed. Subsequently, primary clone spheres were dissociated with stem cell accutase (Gibco) to prepare single-cell suspensions from which secondary clone spheres were formed. For immunofluorescence staining, individual suspended cells and clone spheres were cultured in serum-free DMEM/F12 for no more than 2 h to allow attachment to the slide. To induce differentiation, the clone spheres were cultured in DMEM/F12 with 10% FBS. Immunofluorescence staining was performed after 72 h.
Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labelling
CFSE has been widely used in the study of cell proliferation, including measurement of the percentage of proliferation (12). A CFSE stock (20 mM in DMSO; Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan) stored at −20°C was thawed and diluted in PBS without Ca2+ and Mg2+ to the desired working concentration (10 μM). The labelled cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 with 10% FBS for four and seven days. The CFSE contents of the cultured cells were estimated with a FACSCalibur flow cytometer and CellQuest software (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA).
MTT assay
The suspended and adherent cells were each seeded into 96-well plates (9–10×104 cells/ml) in DMEM/F12 with 10% FBS. The growth curves were determined by an MTT (5 mg/ml; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) assay that measures absorbance at a wavelength of 570 nm.
Cell cycle and clonogenic assay
The cells (5–10×105 cells) were trypsinised and washed twice with 2.5 ml ice-cold PBS and then re-suspended in 1 ml PBS and fixed with 2 ml ethanol. The cell cycle stage was analysed with a FACSCalibur flow cytometer and CellQuest software (BD Biosciences). For analysis of secondary clone formation, the suspended and adherent cells were plated in 100-mm dishes at a density of 150–200 cells/cm2(8) and cultured in DMEM/F12 with 10% FBS. Subsequently, the clones containing 100–200 cells were counted.
Immunofluorescence microscopy and dyes
The single suspended cells and clone spheres (before and after differentiation) were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min, permeabilised with 1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 15 min, and blocked with 3% BSA for 20 min before adding the following primary antibodies: mouse anti-human Nestin (1:100; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA), rabbit anti-human CD133 (1:100; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-human glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; 1:100; Zhongshan Bio-Tech Co., Zhongshan, Guangdong, China), rabbit anti-human βIII-tubulin (1:2000; Sigma-Aldrich), and mouse anti-human MBP (1:100; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.). Hoechst 33258 (Invitrogen) was used to stain the cell nuclei. Images were obtained with an Olympus fluorescence microscope. The contrast and brightness of the micrographs were then adjusted using Adobe Photoshop CS for data presentation.
Statistical analyses
The one-way ANOVA test or the Student’s t-test was used to determine statistical significance using SPSS 16.0 software. P-values <0.05 were considered to indicate statistically significant differences. All quantitative data are presented as the means ± standard deviation.
Results
Suspended cells are present in the tight, intermediate and loose clones
U251 cells formed three morphological types of clones in low-density culture conditions: tight, intermediate and loose clones. The tight clones with a regular and compact shape contained tightly packed cells. The intermediate clones were not as regular as the tight clones, with the inner cells being tightly packed, while the peripheral cells were loosely aligned and had multiple shapes. The loose clones contained spindle-shaped or flat cells that were loosely aligned. Some suspended cells were contained in the clones (Fig. 1A). The tight, intermediate and loose clones comprised 13.97, 45.25 and 40.78% of the total clonal population, respectively. The suspended cells comprised 14.06±7.61, 15.16±6.52 and 12.84±4.48% of the tight, intermediate, and loose clonal populations, respectively, and no significant difference was found among them according to statistical analysis (Fig. 1B). Both the suspended and adherent cells were collected from the intermediate and loose clones and cultured in neurobasal medium for 48 h. The suspended and adherent cells maintained their former growth patterns (Fig. 1C).
Suspended cells have a higher proliferation capacity
CSFE is distributed to both daughter cells by mitosis; therefore, CSFE fluorescence decreases with cell proliferation (13). The suspended and adherent cells were labelled by CSFE at the same time and then were plated in culture dishes. After culturing for four and seven days, the CSFE fluorescence of the suspended cells was significantly less than that of the adherent cells (four-day suspended cells, 7.3±0.4%; adherent cells, 8.7±0.2%; seven-day suspended cells, 0.9±0.1%; adherent cells, 2.1±0.1%) (Fig. 2A and B). Furthermore, the growth curve, measured using the MTT assay, showed a significantly higher absorbance in the suspended cell cultures from days three to seven compared to the adherent cells (Fig. 2C). These results indicate that suspended cells have a higher proliferation capacity than adherent cells.
Suspended cells have the potential for self-maintenance
To maintain a similar cell growth pattern, the suspended cells were cultured in neurobasal medium and the adherent cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 with 10% FBS for 48 h. The suspended cells had a significantly higher number of cells in the G0 and G1 phases (suspended cells, 40.5±2.2%; adherent cells, 34.69±1.67%) and a significantly lower number in the S phase (suspended cells, 9.86±0.37%; adherent cells, 22.78±1.05%) (Fig. 3A). A clonogenic assay was then carried out, and it was found that 43.70% of the suspended cells formed secondary clones, which was a significantly higher percentage than those formed by the adherent cells (32.91%) (Fig. 3B).
Suspended cells have the potential for self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and the expression of markers of brain CSCs
We performed tests to identify the ‘stem-like’ characteristics of the suspended cells. In neurobasal culture medium, a single suspended cell formed a primary clone sphere within four days. These primary clone spheres gradually increased in size. On day seven, the primary clone spheres were dissociated into the single cells and cultured in the same neurobasal culture medium. The secondary clone spheres had smoother edges after seven days. The clone spheres were differentiated in DMEM/F12 with 10% FBS. They tightly attached to the dishes, and the cells grew out and around the spheres (Fig. 4A). Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), βIII-tubulin and myelin basic protein (MBP), differentiation markers for astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes, respectively, were found to be positively expressed in the differentiated cells by indirect immunofluoresence (Fig. 4B). These results suggest that the suspended cells had the capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. Furthermore, CD133 and nestin, markers of brain CSCs, were detected by indirect immunofluoresence. As shown in Fig. 4C, CD133 and nestin were positively expressed in both the single suspended cells and clone spheres. CD133 was negatively expressed in the adherent cells. Nestin was weakly expressed in parts of the adherent cells, while most of the adherent cells had a negative nestin expression. Based on these results, the suspended cells derived from intermediate and loose clones may be CSCs.
Discussion
CSCs determine the biological behaviour of malignant tumours. Stem cells are rare in the majority of tissues, and they must be carefully identified and purified based on their properties (14). In vitro culture systems may solve this problem. CSCs can be obtained from primary culture and cancer cell line screening, of which, the primary culture of fresh cancer samples is the most common method. However, it is difficult to obtain a large amount of samples that can be maintained for a long period of time, as the samples are often derived from patients undergoing surgical resection. Therefore, cell line screening may overcome this difficulty.
Cells can form distinct morphological types of clones in vitro(7). For example, when cloning individual epidermal keratinocytes, the clones acquire three different morphological types (7). In epithelial cancer cell lines, clone morphology has been used to determine whether clones originate from CSCs or committed cells (9–11). It has also been concluded that CSCs can be obtained from tight clones from the U251 glioma cell line (8). In this study, to obtain a larger amount of CSCs, the irregular and loose morphological clones were examined. A certain proportion of the suspended cells from the intermediate and loose clones were found to migrate elsewhere and develop new clones comparable to the tight morphology. The suspended cells had the ability to remain suspended in the neurobasal medium, while the adherent cells did not. Based on previous experiments, this may be due to the growth state of the CSCs. Thus, we hypothesised that CSCs exist in intermediate and loose clones and may potentially be utilised to obtain a larger amount of CSCs.
Previous studies have shown that stem cells have the ability to: i) proliferate, ii) exhibit self-maintenance, iii) self-renew to generate new cells, iv) generate a large number of progeny, and v) retain their multilineage potential over time (15). In this study, we showed that the suspended cells displayed significantly higher capacities for proliferation and clonogenicity and higher proportions of cells in the G0 and G1 phases than adherent cells. The suspended cells positively expressed MBP, βIII-tubulin and GFAP, markers for mature oligodendrocytes, neurons, and astrocytes, respectively, after clonal differentiation (16). Our results demonstrate that these cells have a multilineage potential and may exhibit the properties of stem cells (17,18). Some CSCs have been identified and screened based on different cell surface markers, culture conditions, or functional criteria (19). In neurobasal medium supplemented with growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor or basic fibroblast growth factor, CSCs can be propagated and expanded indefinitely, grown into spheres, and stained for CD133 and nestin, markers of brain CSCs, whereas the majority of differentiating or differentiated cells rapidly die (20–22). We verified that the suspended cells formed clone spheres, while the adherent cells did not.
Clearly, the intermediate and loose clones contained a proportion of CSCs. The results did not contradict previous studies. Suspended cells may be easily lost during experiments or perhaps they are not considered as cells of interest by others. A large number of suspended cells was carefully collected in our experiments, so that we could observe their distinct characteristics. Although the proportion of suspended cells decreased and the intermediate and loose cells became more prevalent with subsequent clonal expansion, we were able to obtain a larger amount of CSCs. The monoclonal morphology screening method has been used in a previous study (8). For each experiment, it was necessary to culture single cells in low-density cultures to achieve monoclonal morphology. Then, tight clones were selected and cultured in neurobasal medium to form clone spheres, which have a longer testing potential. However, a simpler and more effective method was used in this study. The suspended cells were gently dislodged with a glass dropper and cultured in neurobasal medium, which resulted in the rapid formation of clone spheres. This method provided a shorter detection time and simplified the procedures; accidents such as cell pollution were also avoided. First, the adherent committed cells were not repeatedly passaged to purify the suspended CSCs. Second, monoclonal morphology screening which was time-consuming was not required.
In the current study, only one glioma cell line (U251) was studied. However, we found that three morphological types of clones also developed from the C6 rat glioma cell line in low-density culture conditions, and a certain quantity of suspended cells was present in each clone. A similar result from other glioma cell lines may be obtained, which may be useful for CSC culture in the future.