Introduction
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common malignancy of the female reproductive tract and its incidence is on the increase (1). Approximately 40% of all cases can be attributed to obesity (2). Aberration in lipid metabolism contributes to different aspects of tumorigenesis (3); our research team focused on this domain of EC in recent years.
NAD-dependent class III histone deacetylase silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), that shares the highest degree of homology with the yeast protein SIR2, can deacetylate both histones and non-histone proteins (4). Its deacetylation activity enables it to interact with a variety of important transcription factors and transcriptional co-regulatory factors, to regulate gene transcription, chromosome stability and activity of target proteins, which are involved in tumor metabolism and development (5,6). The current results demonstrated that SIRT1 plays a dual role as a tumor promoter as well as a tumor suppressor (7). Its involvement in tumorigenesis may be due to its diverse distribution in different tissues and different upstream and downstream regulatory factors that regulate its function (8).
Sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) belongs to the family of the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper family of DNA binding transcription factors, which can regulate most enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, Elovl-6 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (9). Lipogenesis is increased in cancer cells (10,11), and the expression of SREBP1 has been observed to be elevated in various types of cancer (12–15). In our previous studies, we demonstrated that SREBP1 is overexpressed in endometrial and ovarian cancer and the expression of SREBP1 protein increased with higher FIGO surgical stage and histological grade of the disease. Furthermore, knockdown of SREBP1 could induce apoptosis, reduce cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo (16,17). Eberhard et al demonstrated that inhibition of SREBP1 or its downstream target fatty acid synthase sensitized resistant cells to death ligands (18). Therefore, SREBP1 plays a role as a cancer promoter in human cancers.
In the present study, we investigated SIRT1 expression in EC and its effect on tumor cells. We also explored the correlation between SIRT1 and SREBP1 and we propose to establish the role of SIRT1 in EC.
Materials and methods
Tissue collection and cell culture
Sixty cases of fresh uterine endometrial adenocarcinoma and adjacent normal endometrial tissues were obtained from patients who underwent initial hysterectomy. All specimens were preserved at −80°C refrigeration. Endorsed informed consent from all patients was collected prior to the operation. Human EC cell lines Ishikawa, ECC, RL95-2, KLE were separately cultured in RPMI-1640, MEM, DMEM/F12, DMEM/F12-medium. The basal medium was supplemented with 10% FBS. All cells were cultured at 37°C in a humid atmosphere with 5% CO2.
Quantitative real-time PCR analysis
Total RNA was extracted from collected tissues and cultured cells by TRIzol reagent following the manufacturer’s protocol (Invitrogen). Complementary DNAs were synthesized from total RNA using the SuperScript™ II Reverse Transcriptase kit (Invitrogen). PCR was operated using SYBR-Green Real-Time PCR Master Mix (Invitrogen). GAPDH was used as a control of normalization, the primers used for qRT-PCR are listed below. The gene symbol, forward primer sequence and reverse primer sequence (amplification size) were: SIRT1, 5′-TGT GAA AGT GAT GAG GAG GAT AGA and 5′-TAC AGC AAG GCG AGC ATA AAT A (136 bp); SREBP1a, 5′-CGG CGC TGC TGA CCG ACA TC and 5′-CCC TGC CCC ACT CCC AGC AT (104 bp); SREBP1c, 5′-GCG CAG ATC GCG GAG CCA T and 5′-CCC TGC CCC ACT CCC AGC AT (116 bp); GAPDH, 5′-GAG TCA ACG GAT TTG GTC GT and 5′-TTG AGG TCA ATG AAG GGG TC (103 bp).
Western blot analysis
The collected tissues and cultured cells were lysed using cell lysis buffer. Protein concentrations were determined by the BCA protein quantitative analysis kit. The dissolved lysates were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE and blotted onto a PVDF membrane. After blocking for 2 h at room temperature, the membrane was incubated with primary antibodies against SIRT1 and SREBP1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) at 4°C overnight. Horseradish peroxidase-labeled secondary antibody was used to bind the primary antibody. Proteins were visualized by ECL plus system. β-actin was used as a housekeeping protein. Quantitative data were analyzed using Bio-Rad software.
Cell transduction
Lentiviral vectors containing SIRT1 siRNAs and their controls were constructed and prepared for virus solutions by Genesil (Wuhan, China), and these solutions were then utilized to infect EC cell lines. The efficiency of transduction was determined by western blotting.
Plate colony formation assay
Logarithmic growth phase cells (2,000) were seeded in 100-mm culture plates for two weeks. Each group was allotted three plates. Colonies formed of each plate were stained with crystal violet, and statistics on the number of colonies were determined by Gel-Pro Analyzer.
Cell proliferation assays
Stably transfected cells were seeded at a density of 2×105 cells in 60-mm culture plates. Each group had three plates. The total number of cells was counted for 6 days. Experiments were repeated three times.
Statistical analysis
Relative quantification of RNA expression was measured by using the 2−ΔΔCt method. Comparison of the quantitative data was analyzed by Student’s t-test. The data was described as means ± SD. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 13.0 software (SPSS Inc.). p-values <0.05 were considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Discussion
Accumulating evidence indicates that SIRT1 plays a dual role in tumorigenesis. Elevated expression of SIRT1 has been reported in some types of human cancer tissues, such as prostate, liver, breast and stomach (19–22). Moreover, Zhao et al discovered that SIRT1 RNAi knockdown induces apoptosis and senescence, inhibits invasion and enhances chemosensitivity in pancreatic cancer cells (23). Nakane et al found that inhibition of cortactin and SIRT1 expression attenuates migration and invasion of prostate cancer DU145 cells (24). However, other studies demonstrated that SIRT1 is downregulated in several tumors (25,26). There is little research exploring the correlation that exists between SIRT1 and EC.
We showed that SIRT1 is overexpressed in EC compared to normal endometrium, and its expression varies in a few EC cell lines. We also discovered that knockdown of SIRT1 clearly suppressed cell proliferation and cell growth. These results demonstrate that SIRT1 acts as a tumor promoter in EC. Knockdown of SIRT1 can affect biological behavior, yet it is insufficient to inhibit tumor progression. This suggests that SIRT1 alone may not be adequate in the promotion of carcinogenesis; however, downregulation of SIRT1 is clearly beneficial for EC treatment.
Many studies have shown an increased degree of lipogenesis in cancer cells and that the majority of fatty acids in cancer cells are derived from de novo fatty acid synthesis, in contrast to normal cells that obtain their fatty acids from the circulation (3,10,27). SIRT1 acts as a sensor and a regulator in the metabolism of cancer (28). SREBP1 is the pivotal transcription factor in lipogenesis (29), and Bengoechea-Alonso et al speculated that SREBP1 may provide a link between lipid synthesis, and cell growth and proliferation (30). Based on these findings, some researchers have found that SREBP1 plays a role as an oncogene in human cancer (12–15). It has been reported that SIRT1 deacetylates and inhibits SREBP-1c transactivation by decreasing its stability and its occupancy at the lipogenic genes. Furthermore, hepatic overexpression of SIRT1 or treatment with resveratrol can decrease elevated acetylated SREBP-1c levels in diet-induced obese mice (31). Walker et al also demonstrated that SIRT1 negatively regulates SREBP1 during fasting, and decreased expression of SREBP1 correlates with decreased hepatic lipid and cholesterol levels and attenuates liver steatosis in diet-induced and genetically obese mice (32). In contrast, Defour discovered that knocking out the catalytic domain of SIRT1 decreased SREBP-1c mRNA and protein levels, and SREBP-1c promoter transactivation was significantly increased in response to SIRT1 overexpression by in vivo genetic electrotransfer in skeletal muscle (33). The variance in the contribution of SIRT1 in regulating SREBP1 negatively or positively depends on genetic background, tissue types and metabolic environment. The correlation of SIRT1 and SREBP1 in cancer tissues has not been found.
Our previous studies showed that SREBP1 plays a role as a tumor promoter in EC; in the present study, we established the role of SIRT1 as a cancer promoter in EC. The expression of SREBP1 was downregulated by transduction of SIRT1-specific siRNA lentivirus in RL95-2 cell line. Briefly, SIRT1 affects biological behaviors by targeting SREBP1 and lipogenesis. Activated FoxO1 inhibits SREBP-1c gene expression by reducing transcriptional activity of Sp1 and SREBP-1c and disrupting the assembly of transcriptional initiation complex on the SREBP-1c promoter (34,35). In cancer, SIRT1 suppresses Fox01 activity by deacetylating (36–38), while low expression of Fox01 decreases suppression of SREBP1, consequently resulting in elevated levels of SREBP1. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear and will be studied further in subsequent analyses.
Obesity is an established epidemiological risk factor in EC (2). On the one hand, obese patients have increased endogenous estrogen levels, which comes from conversion of androstenedione to estrone and the aromatization of androgens to estradiol in redundant subcutaneous adipocytes; on the other hand, abnormal lipometabolism exists in obese patients and disorder of lipid metabolism contributes to different aspects of tumorigenesis. In the present study, SIRT1 was demonstrated to promote endometrial tumor growth by increasing the levels of SREBP1 and lipogenesis, thus we postulate that we can attenuate tumor growth by targeting SIRT1 in EC.
Collectively, we confirmed that SIRT1 significantly upregulates and can promote tumor proliferation, migration and invasion capacity by targeting SREBP1 and lipogenesis in EC. Thus, knockdown of SIRT1 or SIRT1 inhibitor may play a substantial role in suppressing endometrial tumor. Thus, SIRT1 may be regarded as a therapeutic target in EC.