Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) uses an antibody labeled with a radionuclide to deliver cytotoxic radiation to a target tumor cells. Radioiodine is most commonly employed to prepare radiolabeled proteins (antibodies, peptides) for in vitro and in vivo applications. A major shortcoming of radioiodinated proteins prepared by direct labeling methods is their deiodination in vivo. For the preparation of more stable radioiodinated antibodies, we developed a new linker (N-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-2-(3-(tributylstannyl)phenyl) acetamide (IBPA). This study evaluated the usefulness of IBPA as a linker for the stable radioiodinated internalizing antibody, cetuximab. Directly labeled cetuximab ([125I]-cetuximab) was prepared by the chloramine T method. To prepare indirectly labeled cetuximab using IBPA ([125I]-IBPA-cetuximab), IBPA was radioiodinated using chloramine-T to give N-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-2-(3-[125I]phenyl)acetamide ([125I]-IBPA), which was purified by high performance liquid chromatography. [125I]-IBPA was then conjugated to cetuximab. In vitro target binding and internalizing assays were performed in PC9, LS174T, and FaDu cell lines. In vivo planar images were obtained using an Inveon SPECT scanner 3, 24, 48, and 168 h after i.v. injection of [125I]-cetuximab or [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab in athymic mice bearing LS174T tumor xenografts. Specific binding and internalized radioactivity of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab were higher than those of [125I]-cetuximab in PC9, LS174T, and FaDu cell lines. In planar images scant radioactivity was evident in thyroid glands after injection of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab, while a high level of radioactivity was present in thyroid glands after injection of [125I]-cetuximab. Tumor uptake value of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab was higher than that of [125I]-cetuximab for up to 168 h. [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab is stable and resistant to deiodination in vivo. IBPA is a promising bi-functional linker for radioiodination of internalizing monoclonal antibodies for in vivo applications including radioimmunotherapy.
About half of all newly diagnosed cancer cases are not healed by means of conventional treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The major cause is the existence of residual tumor cells and metastases, which can give rise to a relapse of the primary tumor or new tumors somewhere else in the body. Metastases might consist of only a few malignant cells, and can thus avoid detection and removal. In some cases, systemic treatment with chemotherapeutics can be of some aid but the lack of specificity, in combination with an unacceptable level of general toxicity, often prevents this from being a curative treatment. It would appear that the solution should involve selective delivery of cytotoxic substances to tumor cells, thus saving the healthy tissues from damage. Access based on this reasoning is called 'tumor targeting' (1,2).
Radioimmunotherapy, a therapeutic modality in which radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are used to selectively target ionizing radiation to tumor cells, has principally involved the β emitter. The radiolabel has advantages and disadvantages warranting use, possibly for different applications (3,4).
Iodine-131 has been the primary radionuclide for radioimmunotherapy, in part because labeling methods are rapid, simple and high specific radioactivity of products is achievable (3). An advantage of using iodine nuclides for labeling mAbs is the availability of multiple nuclides (123I, 124I, 125I, 131I) with useful decay characteristics (5). The direct radio-iodination of Abs is well established and the most common procedure is the in situ generation of radioiodine from radioiodide by suitable oxidants such as chloramine-T and iodogen methods (6).
Early experiments with tumor-targeting and targeted radionuclide therapy were performed using I-131 as label (7). The low price and availability of I-131 are compelling features also playing an important role, and it is currently the most widely used therapeutic nuclide (8). In addition, the highest reported response rates, complete response rates, and longest response durations reported with radioimmunoconjugates have been observed in clinical trials using I-131 as the therapeutic nuclide (9–11).
The most significant disadvantage of radioiodinated Abs is their rapid deiodination in vivo by the action of specific enzymes, probably because of the structural similarity between these iodophenyl groups and thyroid hormones (12). The decomposition of label from radioiodinated Abs is reflected by the uptake of free iodide in thyroidal glands and stomach. The catabolic product of radioiodinated Ab, monoiodotyrosine, is able to diffuse out of target cells. This leads to shortened residence times and correspondingly lower radiation doses delivered to the tumor target (13,14).
To resolve this problem, previous research developed a method that decreases the structural similarity of the labeling site on the Ab to these enzymatically degradable substrates by avoiding substitution of the iodine ortho to a hydroxyl group on an aromatic ring (tyrosine residue of the antibody) (12). After radioiodination and conjugation to Abs, these labeling linkers provide products with greater stability when used in vivo than the directly radioiodinated products (14).
We have designed and synthesized a new bi-functional linker for radiohalogenation of antibodies, N-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-2-(3-(tributylstannyl)phenyl)acetamide (IBPA, patent no. 10-1550399KR). Isothiocyanate was introduced for structural stability both in water and most solvents. Herein we present a comparative study on evaluating usefulness of IBPA as a linker for the stable radioiodinated internalizing mAb, cetuximab.
Materials and methodsRadioiodination of IBPA
Na125I in 0.1 N NaOH (Perkin-Elmer, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) was added to 100 µl of IBPA (1 mg/ml in dimethylsulfoxide, DMSO) and followed by 10 µl of chloramine T (1 mg/ml in water). After 10–15 min at room temperature, the reaction was quenched with 10 µl of sodium metabisulfite (2.5 mg/ml in water). The radioiodinated compound ([125I]-IBPA) was purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The reaction mixture was loaded on a uBondaPak™ C18 column (300×3.9 mm, 10 µm) and eluted using the linear gradient of 65–90% acetonitrile over 30 min with flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The eluted [125I]-IBPA was collected and dried under a stream of nitrogen. [125I]-IBPA was reconstructed with DMSO.
Conjugation of [<sup>125</sup>I]-IBPA to cetuximab
[125I]-IBPA was conjugated to cetuximab. Cetuximab is an IgG mAb that targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); it was purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). A portion (200 µl) of cetuximab (5 mg/ml) in borate buffer (pH 8.5) was added to [125I]-IBPA. The mixture was vortexed and incubated at 37°C for 2 h. Labeled mAb was purified by PD-10 desalting columns (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) using BupH phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) as an elution buffer. Radiochemical purity was measured by thin-layer-chromatography (TLC) using an AR 2000 radio-TLC scanner (Eckert & Ziegler, Berlin, Germany).
Radioiodination of cetuximab
[125I]-cetuximab was prepared by direct labeling of cetuximab with iodine-125. Cetuximab (12 µl; 5 mg/ml) in BupH phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) was added to Na125I in 0.1 N NaOH, followed by 10 µl of chloramine-T (1 mg/ml, in BupH phosphate buffer). After standing for 20 sec at room temperature, the reaction was terminated with 10 µl of sodium metabisulfite (2.5 mg/ml). The labeled mAbs were isolated by a Zeba™ Spin desalting column, 75 µl (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) using BupH phosphate buffer as running buffer. Radiochemical purity was measured by radio-TLC.
Stability of [<sup>125</sup>I]-cetuximab and [<sup>125</sup>I]-IBPA-cetuximab in mouse and human serum
To assess the stability of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab in mouse or human serum, 5 µl (0.37 MBq) of [125I]-cetuximab or [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab was added to 200 µl aliquots of control mouse or human serum (IRT-SER; Innovative Research, Inc., Novi, MI, USA). The mixtures were incubated in a Personal-11SD shaking water bath (TAITEC, Saitama-ken, Japan) at 37°C with 40 rpm agitation. One milliliter of acetonitrile was added to the mixture and incubated for 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h (n=3 each) after the incubation. Samples acquired prior to acetonitrile addition and at the various times were mixed on a vortex mixer for 1 min and centrifuged for 10 min at 13,200 rpm, 4°C in a model 5810R apparatus (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). The supernatants and precipitants were separately collected. Their radioactivities were measured by a gamma counter (Perkin-Elmer, Inc.).
Stability of [<sup>125</sup>I]-cetuximab and [<sup>125</sup>I]-IBPA-cetuximab in mouse and human liver microsome
In order to assess the stability of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab in mouse or human liver microsome, 5 µl (0.37 MBq) of [125I]-rituximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab were added to 108 µl of the microsomal incubation mixture. The microsomal incubation mixture consists of 0.1 M KH2PO4 (pH 7.4, 55 µl), 0.1 M MgCl2 (10 µl), and 20 µl of 5 mg/ml mouse or human liver microsome pooled (BD Gentest, San Jose, CA, USA). After pre-incubation of the mixture for 3 min in a shaking water bath at 37°C with 40 rpm agitation, the reaction was initiated by adding 10 µl of 10 mM NADPH. Adding 1 ml of acetonitrile to the mixture, the reaction was terminated prior to and 5, 10, and 30 min (n=3 each) after the incubation. The samples were mixed on a vortex mixer for 1 min and centrifuged for 10 min at 13,200 rpm, 4°C. The supernatants were transferred to a glass tube. Their radioactivity was counted with a gamma counter (Perkin-Elmer, Inc.).
Cell lines and cultures
LS174T human colon cancer, PC9 human lung cancer, and FaDu squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, which all overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor, were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). All cells were grown in Hyclone™ DMEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; JR Scientific, Woodland, CA, USA) and 1% antibiotics (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The medium was changed twice or three times per week. The cells were cultured at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere.
Cell binding assay
Serial dilutions of LS174T (3.2×107–0.25×106 cells), PC9 (0.8×107–0.06×106 cells), and FaDu (0.4×107–0.06×106 cells) cells in 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were incubated with [125I]-cetuximab or [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab (<0.004 MBq) for 1 h at 4°C (n=3). The cells were centrifuged and washed twice with casein blocking buffer (1% casein in PBS). The radioactivity bound to the cells was counted with a Wizard gamma counter (Perkin-Elmer, Inc.). The immunoreactivity of radiolabeled Ab was estimated as described previously (15).
Internalization assay
For internalization assays, LS174T cells were harvested and seeded on 6-well plates (100,000–300,000 cells/well, 1 ml). After overnight incubation, 1 µg of radiolabeled Ab (0.07 MBq) in 10 µl was added to each well and incubated for 1, 4, and 24 h at 37°C (n=3). Then medium was removed and the cells were gently washed with ice-cold PBS followed by the addition of ice-cold acidic stripping buffer (1 ml) and 1 M NaOH (500 µl). Radioactivity of the cell culture medium, acid washes (cell surface bound), and the cell lysates (internalized) was counted using the aforementioned gamma counter. The ratio of internal cpm/total bound cpm, % surface binding, and % internal binding to total activity were calculated using the equations below:
Internal/total bound=cpm of acid wash/cpm of(acid wash+cell lysate)%surface bound=100×cpm of acid wash/cpm of(media+acid wash+cell lysate)%internalized=100×cpm of cell lysate/cpm of(media+acid wash+cell lysate)
Tumor xenograft model
All animal experiments were approved by the pertinent committee of KIRAMS and were performed in compliance with institutional guidelines for conducting animal experiments. Five-to-six-week-old female BALB/c nu/nu mice (Central Lab. Animal, Seoul, Korea) were used for the establishment of a tumor model. LS174T cells (1×106 cells) suspended in 100 ml of serum-free cell culture medium were subcutaneously transplanted into the right leg of each mouse. Tumor growth was assessed by measuring the bidimensional diameters using calipers. Mice bearing subcutaneous tumors with a volume reaching ~1,000 mm3 were used for in vivo experiments.
Planar images of radiolabled mAbs in nude mice bearing subcutaneous LS174T tumor xenografts
For the imaging study, mice were anesthetized by isoflurane/N2O/O2 inhalation anesthesia. After the injection of [125I]-cetuximab or [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab (3.8–6.0 MBq) via the tail vein, static images of each mouse were obtained at 3, 24, 48, and 168 h using an Inveon SPECT scanner (Siemens Preclinical Solutions, Malvern, PA, USA) equipped with a low energy allpurpose collimator. The images were acquired until 100,000 counts per total body image. Image analysis was performed by quantification of [125I] retention in the region of interest (ROI) of the body, thyroid, and tumor using image analysis software.
Biodistribution of radiolabled mAbs in nude mice bearing subcutaneous LS174T tumor xenografts
Biodistribution studies of [125I]-cetuximab or [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab were AMIDE performed in nude mice bearing subcutaneous LS174T tumor xenografts. Animals were injected with [125I]-cetuximab or [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab (0.1 MBq) via the tail vein and sacrificed at 48 h post-injection (n=6). Blood and organs were excised and weighed, and their radioactivities were measured using the gamma counter.
Pharmacokinetics in nude mice bearing subcutaneous LS174T tumor xenografts
[125I]-cetuximab or [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab (0.74 MBq) was injected via the tail vein in nude mice bearing subcutaneous LS174T tumor xenografts. Blood samples were collected in each group (n=5) at 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, 168, 336, and 504 h. Plasma was separated by centrifugation at 13,200 rpm for 5 min using a model 5415R apparatus (Eppendorf). Plasma samples (10 µl) were immediately mixed with acetonitrile solution (100 µl). The samples were centrifuged at 4°C for 10 min at 13,200 rpm. Radioactivity in the precipitant and supernatant were counted using the gamma counter. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by a non-compartmental method using WinNolin ver 2.0 software (Pharsight Corp., Cary, NC, USA).
ResultsRadioiodination
[125I]-IBPA was prepared by the chloramine-T method and purified by preparation HPLC. The average radioiodination yield of IBPA was 79.70±3.56% (n=5). A representative HPLC chromatogram is shown in Fig. 1. Radiolabeling yield of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab was 53.60±6.17 and 40.83±4.48% (n=5), respectively. Radiochemical purities of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab exceeded 98%.
Stability of [<sup>125</sup>I]-cetuximab and [<sup>125</sup>I]-IBPA-cetuximab in mouse and human serum
The mean percentage amount of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab remaining with time after the incubation of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab in mouse and human serum are shown in Fig. 2. [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab were stable in mouse and human serum. The percentages of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab remaining at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h after incubation in mouse serum exceeded 94%. The percentages of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab remaining at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h after incubation in human serum exceeded 91%.
Stability of [<sup>125</sup>I]-cetuximab and [<sup>125</sup>I]-IBPA-cetuximab in mouse and human liver microsomes
The mean percentage amount of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab remaining with time after the incubation of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab in mouse and human liver microsomes are shown in Fig. 3. [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab were stable in mouse and human liver microsomes. The percentages of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab remaining at 5, 10, and 30 min after incubation in mouse and human liver microsomes exceeded 96%.
Cell binding assay
An immunoreactivity assay (15) was used to determine the immunoreactive fraction of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab. The immunoreactive fraction value of [125I]-cetuximab vs [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab were 0.451 vs 0.715, 0.492 vs 0.752, 0.384 vs 0.629 in PC9, LS174T, and FaDu cells, respectively.
Internalization assay
The results of the in vitro internalization assay are shown in Table I. At 24 h, the percentage of surface bound per total added activity of [125I]-cetuximab in PC9, LS174T, and FaDu cells was 1.53±0.04, 0.97±0.02, and 0.34±0.01%, respectively, and that of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab in PC9, LS174T, and FaDu cell lines was 5.77±0.03, 4.08±0.03, and 7.62±0.11%, respectively. The percentage of internalized activity of [125I]-cetuximab in PC9, LS174T, and FaDu cell lines was 0.63±0.04, 0.40±0.01, and 0.14±0.00%, respectively, and that of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab in PC9, LS174T, and FaDu cell lines was 2.73±0.04, 1.85±0.01, and 3.05±0.02%, respectively. The ratio of internalized Ab to total bound Ab was 0.4–0.5 in both [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab for ≤24 h.
In planar images of [<sup>125</sup>I]-cetuximab and [<sup>125</sup>I]-IBPA-cetuximab in nude mice bearing subcutaneous LS174T tumor xenografts
The planar images acquired after injection of [125I]-cetuximab or [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab are shown in Fig. 4. In planar images of nude mice bearing subcutaneous LS174T tumor xenografts, a high level of radioactivity was detected in thyroid glands after injection of [125I]-cetuximab, with little radioactivity detected in thyroid glands after injection of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab at 3, 24, 48, and 168 h post-injection. The uptake of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab in the LS174T tumor region was higher than that of [125I]-cetuximab. At the LS174T tumor region, accumulation of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab was continuously increased up to 168 h post-injection. In the thyroid region, cpm of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab (6,153.38±257.34) was ~3-fold lower than that of [125I]-cetuximab (16,862.35±873.98) at 48 h post-injection (P<0.005). In the tumor region, cpm of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab (32,096.75±1,533.48) was ~2-fold higher than that of [125I]-cetuximab (16,421.24±239.52) at 48 h post-injection (P<0.005).
Biodistribution of [<sup>125</sup>I]-cetuximab and [<sup>125</sup>I]-IBPA-cetuximab in nude mice bearing subcutaneous LS174T tumor xenografts
Biodistribution profiles of radioactivity after single intravenous injection of [125I]-cetuximab or [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab in nude mice at a dose of 25–55 µg/each are shown in Fig. 5. Radioactivity uptake in thyroid glands was obviously decreased by injection of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab instead of [125I]-cetuximab. The thyroidal uptake value (%ID) after injection of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab (0.09±0.05) was ~8-fold lower than that after injection of [125I]-cetuximab (0.69±0.36) with a statistically significant difference (P<0.005). The tumor uptake value (% ID/g) after injection of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab (12.42±1.63) was ~2-fold higher than that after injection of [125I]-cetuximab (7.10±1.54) (P<0.0005). The tumor/normal tissue ratio was considerably higher in [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab than [125I]-cetuximab (Table II).
Pharmacokinetics of [<sup>125</sup>I]-cetuximab and [<sup>125</sup>I]-IBPA-cetuximab in nude mice bearing subcutaneous LS174T tumor xenografts
The mean plasma concentrations vs. time profiles after i.v. injection of [125I]-cetuximab or [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab are shown in Fig. 6. Individual plasma concentrations vs. time profiles were analyzed according to non-compartmental model analysis. The clearance aspects of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab in plasma were similar. The plasma pharmacokinetic parameters are shown in Table III. The mean terminal half-life of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab were 91.0±8.0 and 73.8±4.8 h, respectively. The half-life of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab in plasma was shorter than that of [125I]-cetuximab in nude mice bearing subcutaneous LS174T tumor xenografts (P<0.005). The other pharmacokinetic parameters were not significantly different.
Discussion
Radioiodinated mAbs are a promising approach for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer (16,17). There is some concern about their in vivo catabolism and deiodination. Considerable interest has developed concerning the development of a new radioiodination linker that is metabolically more stable in vivo. Radioiodination linkers conjugated to Abs have been reported (18–21). These new radioimmunoconjugates have significantly lower radioiodine uptake in the thyroid in comparison with directly radioiodinated mAbs.
In this study, the superiority of the residualizing labeled mAb (N-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-2-(3-(tributylstannyl) phenyl) acetamide (IBPA; patent no. 10-1550399KR) over directly radioiodinated Ab was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. IBPA was evaluated using cetuximab in LS174T tumor xenografts that overexpressed epidermal growth factor receptor.
The yield of residualizing radioiodine labeled mAb was improved in comparison to the mAb labeled in a different manner (18). [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab was very stable in human and mouse sera, with no deiodination evident (Fig. 2). Radioactivity was still bound to the Ab. The major factor for the deiodination of proteins is the structural similarity between these iodophenyl groups and thyroid hormones, compounds that have diversely specific deiodinases. A meta-substituted aryl halide was selected to avoid the loss of iodide due to nucleophilic substitution, as discussed previously (22).
In vitro, the immunoreactive fraction of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab was about twice as high as [125I]-cetuximab using the chloramine-T method. Also, the internalization percentage of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab was higher than [125I]-cetuximab (Table I). Tyrosine residues abound in the complementarity determining region (CDR) of antibodies (23). Iodination of tyrosine can considerably decrease or destroy the antigen-binding capability of mAbs (24). On the other hand, lysines are present in CDRs to a much lesser extent (25) and conjugation labeling provides better immunoreactivity of the conjugate and tumor accumulation.
The intracellular degradation of radioiodinated mAbs appears to be rapid and to lead to the excretion of radiocatabolites. In the case of directly labeled mAbs, the major radiocatabolite is monoiodotyrosine, which undergoes deiodination during circulation in the body. Uptake of radioiodine in the thyroid and stomach probably reflects the fact that deiodination plays an important role in the catabolism of radioiodinated mAbs (26). In paired-label tissue distribution measurements, the use of the IBPA method for the radioiodination of cetuximab reduced the thyroid uptake of radioiodine by ~8-fold (P<0.005) and decreased activity levels in the stomach by 2-fold (P<0.000005) at 48 h (Fig. 5). Also the thyroid uptake of [125I]-cetuximab (1.79±0.46) was ~17-fold higher than [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab (0.11±0.02) in nude mice (P<0.0005; data not shown). Furthermore, the thyroid uptake of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab was ~3-fold lower than the thyroid uptake of [125I]-cetuximab at 48 h (P<0.006) in planar imaging (Fig. 4). In the biodistribution and planar imaging studies, the tumor uptake of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab was ~2-fold higher than the tumor uptake for [125I]-cetuximab at 48 h (P<0.0006). Clearly, the targeting efficiency of radioiodinate mAb using IBPA to tumor was improved compared to previously reported data (18). The tumor/normal tissue ratio was also significantly higher in the IBPA method than the chloramine-T method (Table II). This may be due to a combination of improvements in inertness to deiodination in vivo, rate of clearance of labeled catabolites, and antibody affinity.
In order to investigate the effects of IBPA in systemic circulation, plasma radioactivity concentration-time profiles of [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab and [125I]-cetuximab were determined. Alternatively, the [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab may possess a shorter biologic half-life than [125I]-cetuximab (P<0.005) (Table III). In biodistribution results, [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab showed a lower blood concentration after injection than [125I]-cetuximab at 48 h (Fig. 5). These results suggest that [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab clears from the body more rapidly than [125I]-cetuximab.
This study demonstrates that use of IBPA could induce favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics, such as rapid clearance from systemic circulation. The half-life of [125I]-cetuximab (115.1±31.6 h) in plasma was significantly shorter than [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab (177.7±13.6 h) in nude mice (P<0.005; data not shown). [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab disappeared more quickly in the blood than [125I]-cetuximab in tumor xenografts in contrast to the normal nude mice. [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab is specific to the bound tumor site more than [125I]-cetuximab and can rapidly disappears in normal tissues. Degradation of proteins labeled using the IBPA method should result in the production of iodide and monoiodophenolic acid as labeled catabolites. These findings further support the previously reported results of significantly lower uptake of radioiodine in the thyroid when monoiodobenzoic acid was injected into mice, and that whole body clearance of radioiodine was considerably faster than that of iodide (13).
All the results indicate that the [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab is very stable in vivo. [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab has improved tumor targeting and retention. IBPA is a promising bi-functional linker for radioiodination of proteins for in vivo applications including radioimmuno -diagnosis and -therapy.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by National R&D Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (no. 1711026888).
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Synthetic scheme for the preparation of IBPA and iodo-IBPA.
Radio-HPLC chromatogram of N-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-2-(3-(tributylstannyl)phenyl) acetamide (IBPA) precursor (blue line, 19.8 min), N-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-2-(3-iodophenyl) acetamide (iodo-IBPA) authentic (blue line, 8.7 min), and directly reactant N-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-2-(3-[125I]phenyl) acetamide ([125I]-IBPA). The radiolabeled precursor ([125I]-IBPA) was collected at 7.1 to 8.5 min (red line).
Average percentage amounts of [125I]-cetuximab (●) and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab (◇) remaining as a function of time during incubation in mouse serum, human serum, mouse liver microsome and human liver microsome. The data are presented as the mean ± SD.
Lindmo binding assay for the determination of the immunoreactive fraction of [125I]-cetuximab (●) and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab (◇) in LS174T, PC9 and FaDu cell lines. Conventional plot of specific binding over total applied radioactivity as a function of cell concentration. The final concentration of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab were 30–40 ng/ml. By extrapolating a fitted straight line to its intercept with the ordinate, the fraction of immunoreactive antibody is determined as the inverse of the intercept value. The data are presented as the mean ± SD.
In planar images of (A) [125I]-cetuximab and (B) [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab in nude mice with LS174T xenografts. Animals were anesthetized by isoflurane/N2O/O2 inhalation anesthesia. The image acquisition was performed at 100,000 counts per total body image. Images were acquired at 3, 24, 48, and 168 h after injection of [125I]-cetuximab (dose 27 µg/107 µCi/each, n=2) and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab (dose 31 µg/104 µCi/each, n=2).
Biodistribution of [125I]-cetuximab (□, dose 31.1 µg/2.6 µCi/each) and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab (□, dose 27.8 µg/2.5 µCi/each) obtained 48 h after single i.v. injection in nude mice bearing LS174T xenografts. (A) Values are presented as mean % ID/g ± SD (n=6 each bar). % ID/g, percent injected dose per gram of tissue. (B) Values are presented as mean % ID ± SD (n=6 each bar). % ID, percent injected dose per gram of thyroid.
Average plasma radioactivity concentration vs. time curve obtained in nude mice bearing LS174T xenografts after i.v. injection of [125I]-cetuximab (●, dose 24.4 µg/20.2 µCi/each, n=5) and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab (◇, dose 23.6 µg/22.4 µCi/each, n=5). Values are presented as mean % ID/ml ± SD. % ID/ml, the percent injected dose per a milliliter of plasma.
Internalization assay of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab at 37°C for ≤24 h in LS174T, PC9 and FaDu cell lines.
Cell line
Time (h)
[125I]-cetuximab
[125I]-IBPA-cetuximab
% Surface bound
% Internalized
% Surface bound
% Internalized
LS174T
1
0.51±0.00
0.20±0.00
1.30±0.03
0.51±0.01
4
0.56±0.01
0.21±0.00
1.77±0.02
0.73±0.01
24
0.97±0.02
0.40±0.01
4.08±0.03
1.85±0.01
PC9
1
1.41±0.02
0.65±0.03
3.43±0.02
1.46±0.04
4
1.47±0.02
0.64±0.01
4.03±0.05
1.79±0.04
24
1.53±0.04
0.63±0.04
5.77±0.03
2.73±0.04
FaDu
1
0.14±0.00
0.07±0.00
3.74±0.02
1.13±0.04
4
0.19±0.00
0.06±0.00
4.25±0.02
1.18±0.03
24
0.34±0.01
0.14±0.00
7.62±0.11
3.05±0.02
Tumor to normal tissue ratios of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab obtained at 48 h after single i.v. injection in nude mice bearing LS174T xenografts.
[125I]-cetuximab
[125I]-IBPA-cetuximab
Tumor/blood
0.66±0.13
1.48±0.36
Tumor/liver
1.64±0.15
2.23±0.39
Tumor/spleen
3.00±0.54
5.27±1.96
Tumor/kidney
2.69±0.52
4.54±1.52
Tumor/lung
1.47±0.38
2.94±1.04
Tumor/stomach
3.79±0.85
11.58±3.64
Tumor/intestine
7.33±1.34
11.32±2.34
Tumor/muscle
3.79±0.88
8.75±2.80
Tumor/femur
4.58±1.04
11.90±3.04
Values are presented as mean ± SD.
Pharmacokinetic parameters based on the mean plasma radioactivity obtained in nude mice bearing subcutaneous LS174T xenograft models after single i.v. injection of [125I]-cetuximab and [125I]-IBPA-cetuximab.
Parameters
[125I]-cetuximab
[125I]-IBPA-cetuximab
P-value
C0 (% ID/ml)
65.7±19.4
69.6±13.1
0.602
t1/2, λz (h)
91.0±8.0
73.8±4.8
0.003
AUCinf (% ID*h/ml)
4,069.6±601.0
2,964.5±707.0
0.029
Vz (ml)
3.3±0.7
3.7±0.8
0.410
Cl (ml/h)
0.025±0.004
0.035±0.008
0.027
i.v., intravenous; C0, blood concentration extrapolated to time zero; t1/2, λz, terminal half-life; AUCinf, area under plasma concentration-time curve to infinite time; Vz, volume of distribution; Cl, clearance.