Trainee doctors have to perform numerous procedures to master the colonoscopy technique. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of colonoscopy with and without the use of a wavy cap based on the total colonoscopy (TCS) rate and the insertion time achieved by the trainee. A 6-month prospective study was conducted at Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital between May and October, 2011. A total of 5 trainee doctors were randomly allocated to the cap group that performed colonoscopies using a wavy cap on the endoscope (n=2 trainees) or the non-cap group that used no cap (n=3 trainees). All evaluated patients underwent initial TCS using a magnifying video colonoscope. The insertion time and TCS rate were recorded. The primary endpoint was the comparison of the caecum arrival rate between the cap and non-cap groups following 6 months of training. In total, 276 colonoscopies using a cap and 387 colonoscopies without a cap were performed. The cecal intubation time of the cap group was significantly shorter than that of the non-cap group (9.2 vs. 11.6 min, P<0.001). The TCS rate by the novice endoscopists in the cap group was significantly greater than that of the non-cap group (41.7 vs. 33.8%, P=0.036). After 60 procedures, the learning curve of the cap group was significantly steeper than that of non-cap group. On the whole, the findings of the present study suggest that the use of a wavy cap on the tip of the colonoscope is helpful for achieving a higher cecal intubation rate, a more rapid insertion time and a steep learning curve for novice endoscopists.
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) throughout Japan has been increasing, rendering colonoscopy a useful tool for the diagnosis, treatment and screening of CRC. Although the annual 2-day fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is commonly used in population-based CRC screening programs in Japan, total colonoscopy (TCS) has recently been applied in situations, such as CRC screening during medical check-up examinations. Furthermore, colonoscopy and polypectomy have effectively reduced the incidence of CRC (1-3).
The rate of TCS and insertion time are important markers for progress being made in colonoscope training. However, the TCS technique is difficult, and mastering this technique requires considerable time, effort and practice (that is, a large number of cases are required) (4-7). Delayed or failed cecal intubation can have unfavorable results, such as patient discomfort, complications and consecutive cecal re-insertion failure. Various factors have been implicated in the performance of trainees and success in performing colonoscopy. One of the issues is that trainees tend to experience difficulty in detecting the next lumen. Experts in colonoscopy can be judged by the manner in which they insert the colonoscope into the oral side without any complications by experience.
Cap-assisted colonoscopy (CAC) is a useful modality for detecting lesions. In fact, CAC was developed to improve polyp and adenoma detection (8-16). CAC is particularly useful as the cap can depress the semilunar folds, allowing the endoscopist to inspect the blind mucosal area. The wavy cap is shorter than the conventional cap, and this characteristic provides the wavy cap with the advantage of not causing an eclipse on the endoscopy screen during magnified observation. In addition, the wavy cap is designed to be advantageous for flipping folds at the tip of the endoscope during insertion. It is considered that a wavy cap (MAJ-Y0024-2; Olympus Corporation) may help trainees to rapidly and promptly acquire the TCS technique. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of colonoscopy using a wavy cap compared with colonoscopy without a cap based on the TCS rate and insertion time achieved by the trainee.
Materials and methodsStudy population
This comparative prospective trial was conducted between May and October, 2011. When the 5 novice endoscopists (who had each performed <10 colonoscopies) began working in routine clinical practice at Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital in May, 2011, they were randomly allocated to either the cap group (Dr Yui Jennyfer Oka, Dr Tatsuya Sakurai and Dr Tetsuya Yoshizaki) or the non-cap groups (Dr Yu-ta Koyama and Dr Shinichi Kataoka). The study flowchart is presented in Fig. 1. A total of 3,650 patients underwent colonoscopy at Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital between May and October, 2011. The 5 novice endoscopists performed 680 of these colonoscopies (without any arbitrary patient selection). Among these 680 patients, those with the following criteria were excluded: i) emergency colonoscopy; ii) colon obstruction; iii) inflammatory bowel disease; and iv) poor bowel preparation (particularly when hard impacted stool was found in the rectosigmoid area). Hence, 667 colonoscopies were eligible for inclusion as follows: A total of 276 colonoscopies performed by the cap group, and 387 performed by the non-cap group. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee at Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital (no. 1105-03). The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifier NCT01400087, and it was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients provided written informed consent prior to participation in the study. Part of the present study was presented at the Digestive Disease Week 2016, San Diego, CA, USA, May 1, 2016 (poster presentation).
Training program and study design
This colonoscopy training program was conducted only with the condition that patients did not suffer any discomfort. Initially, the trainees practiced the endoscopic techniques for upper endoscopy and colonoscopy using the ‘Colonoscopy training model’ (KY11361-000, Olympus Corporation), with the goal of performing cecal intubation within 15 min. Once the trainees had achieved this goal, they spent 2 weeks observing experienced endoscopists perform colonoscopies. The experienced endoscopists instructed the trainees on the use of a colonoscope insertion method named the ‘3S technique’: Straight insertion, slide laterally, shortening. First, the colonoscope is straightened. Second, the endoscopist then slides the colonoscope to pass the fold. Third, the colon is shortened by pulling back the colonoscope. The senior endoscopists allowed the trainees to perform the colonoscopy procedure after ensuring that the procedures could be performed under safe and comfortable conditions for the patients. However, the senior endoscopists intervened during the procedure in the following cases: i) if the trainee could not reach the cecum within 15 min; ii) if the patients asked for the procedure to be performed by senior endoscopists; or iii) the trainee felt uncomfortable about performing the procedure. Cecal intubation was documented by photographing the identified cecal landmarks, such as the appendiceal orifice and the ileocecal valve. Patient age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and surgical history were recorded prior to the procedure. The trainee began the insertion after bowel preparation was completed, and the cecal intubation time was recorded. Following cecal intubation, the trainee and the senior endoscopists carefully examined the colon during the withdrawal of the colonoscope; biopsies and/or treatment were performed as needed.
All patients underwent initial TCS using a magnifying video colonoscope (CF-H260AZI; Olympus Corporation). The cap group used a wavy cap (MAJ-Y0024-2; Olympus Corporation; Fig. 2) on the tip of the colonoscopes during every colonoscopy. Moderate sedation was induced with a combination of intravenous diazepam or midazolam and meperidine in almost all the patients, apart from those who refused sedation. The quality of the colonoscopies was monitored during the 6-month training period. The TCS rate by novice endoscopists, insertion time and learning curve were evaluated for each group. The trainee learning curves were calculated in consecutive blocks of 20 procedures. The primary endpoint was the comparison of the cecum arrival rate between the cap and non-cap groups after 6 months of colonoscopic training.
Sample size calculation
The sample size was calculated using the Chi-squared test based on previous results indicating that after 3 months, the cecal arrival rate was significantly higher in the cap group than that in the non-cap group. At Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital the cecal arrival rate in the non-cap group (trainees without TCS experience who received TCS training for 3 years) in a 3-month period was approximately 13.5%. In a previous study, the insertion rate increased by 1.6% when comparing the non-cap group with the cap group (9). In the present study, it was estimated that the insertion rate would be 10%, considering that the trainees had performed under 100 cases of TCS. Assuming an insertion rate of 23.5% for the cap group and 13.5% for the non-cap group, the sample size was calculated. All tests were two-sided with an alpha level of 0.05 and a power of 0.80. Subsequently, 235 patients were enrolled in each group, considering a potential dropout of cases of approximately 10%, yielding a target sample size of 500 patients in total.
Statistical analyses
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 19.0 software (SPSS, Inc.) and BellCurve for Excel (Social Survey Research Information Co., Ltd.). All continuous variables are expressed as the means ± standard deviation (SD). Continuous variables of clinical features of enrolled patients and cecal intubation time were analyzed using the Student's t-test. Categorical data of clinical features of enrolled patients and rate in total cases were assessed with the Chi-squared test. In analyzing the intubation time and the success rate in the consecutive blocks of 20 procedures, a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used followed by the Bonferroni multiple comparison test. A P-value <0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
ResultsBaseline demographic and clinical data of patients
Between May and October, 2011, 680 consecutive patients were prospectively enrolled who were scheduled to undergo colonoscopy at Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital. A total of 5 trainee doctors were randomly allocated to 2 groups as follows: the cap group (2 doctors) and the non-cap group (3 doctors). In total, 276 colonoscopy cases were performed with cap and 387 cases without cap. A total of 17 cases were excluded due to the following reasons: Bowel stenosis with colon cancer (n=2), ischemic colitis (n=3) and change to another scope (thin scope or long scope) (n=12). The mean (SD) age of the patients was 62.5 (13.7) years, and the mean BMI was 22.7 (3.3) kg/m2. Of the included subjects, 420 were males (63.3%) and 243 were women (36.7%). There were 318 patients (48.0%) without a history of surgery, and 18.1% had a history of colorectal surgery. Additionally, 18.6% of the patients suffered from constipation. There were no significant differences in background demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients between the cap and non-cap groups. The demographic data are summarized in Table I.
Cecal intubation time
The mean (SD) cecal intubation time (time to reach the cecum with the colonoscope) was 15.7 (6.8) min in the cap group and 19.11 (7.6) min in the non-cap group (P<0.001) (Table II). The expert endoscopist assisted in all cases in which the novice endoscopists could not perform TCS within 15 min. The skill of the trainee in performing cecal intubation in <15 min improved rapidly and significantly within all blocks. Based on the learning curve of the cecal intubation time, the cap group exhibited a significantly faster than the non-cap group in all blocks (Table III and Fig. 3).
Cecal insertion rate
Cecal intubation was achieved in all cases by the trainee and senior endoscopists. The success rate of cecal intubation by the trainees was 115/276 (41.7%) in the cap group and 131/387 (33.8%) in the non-cap group (P=0.036) (Table II). After 60 procedures, the cap group exhibited a significantly steeper learning curve than the non-cap group (Table IV and Fig. 4). During this program, no complications were encountered in either treatment group.
Discussion
The incidence of CRC worldwide has been increasing, rendering colonoscopy a useful tool for the diagnosis, treatment, and screening of CRC. Additionally, colonoscopy with polypectomy is one of the most effective procedures for preventing CRC. Reportedly, colonoscopy with polypectomy has effectively reduced the incidence of CRC (2,3). However, the technique of TCS is difficult and doctors need to perform numerous procedures to acquire expertise and proficiency in this technique. Even for experts, it is not always possible to reach the cecum (17). The TCS technique is evaluated by 2 important parameters: insertion time and TCS rate.
A short cecal intubation time is important for several reasons: Less anesthetic medication is required, colonic inflation tends to result in less discomfort, and it allows sufficient withdrawal time for accurate colon examination. TCS requires extremely low air insufflations. Experts can advance a colonoscope by pushing and pulling using meticulous lever manipulation without air insufflation, especially in the rectum and sigmoid colon. This ability can prevent the mucosa from touching the lens directly and enables continuous lumen observation with low air. One potentially promising technique is CAC. A transparent cap (or hood), a simple plastic device, can be attached to the tip of a colonoscope before performing the colonoscopy. Several randomized trials (8-12) conducted in Japan have reported mixed results regarding improved cecal intubation times and polyp detection rates when using the cap. Transparent caps attached to the distal tip of the colonoscope were first designed to assist during endoscopic mucosal resection. However, it has also been suggested that such caps are helpful for depressing colonic folds, and thus, improve the visualization of their proximal aspects. CAC can be easily implemented by simply attaching a transparent rubber cap to the tip of the colonoscope, and its use has been associated with a decrease in the cecal intubation time, without increasing the cost of the procedure (9,12-17).
Additionally, the cap allows for an appropriate distance between the colonic mucosa and the lens of the colonoscope. Additionally, the cap can be used to stretch or splay the colonic mucosa, further contributing to improved detection rates (9,18,19). Previous studies have demonstrated that CAC is more effective than non-CAC for the detection of colorectal polyps and adenomas, particularly in difficult cases, those in which the procedure is performed by trainees, and cases in which the lesions are located in the right-side colon (17,18). The endoscopic cap also reportedly improves the adenoma detection rate, visualization of the ampulla of Vater and sclerotherapy for hemorrhoids (22,23). A previous study demonstrated that CAC may be of benefit in terms of cecal intubation time and insertion rate. In the present study, the learning curve revealed that the insertion rate increased significantly at approximately 60 procedures. It is considered that these number of cases were necessary, as the endoscopists in the present study had minimal previous experience in performing endoscopies. The rate of cecal intubation did not differ significantly between the 2 groups during the first 60 cases, whereas the usefulness of the wavy cap for cecal intubation appeared when the number exceeded 60 cases. Although there may be other causes, it was considered that this was probably as the novice endoscopists were not accustomed to endoscopic manipulation itself in the first 60 cases. Additionally, at Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital., it is a rule that the endoscope should never be pushed until entering the descending colon. As the endoscopic insertion technique itself is an advanced technique, doctors are obligated to receive technical lectures and practice on colon models prior to performing the procedures on patients.
In the present study, other factors were considered to increase the difficulty of some procedures. Several studies have described the progress of trainees and have indicated that factors, such as abdominal surgery history, BMI, sex and age of patients can increase the difficulty of insertion (24-27). In fact, it is not easy to examine and select patients for this procedure. In the present study, patients with characteristics that could lead to a technically difficult colonoscopy were enrolled; thus, it was considered that this is the reason for the fact that the learning curve of the present study was lower than that in a previous study that had excluded such patients (6,21).
The wavy cap is shorter than the conventional cap; however, its shape does not cause the loss of the endoscopic image. Therefore, the wavy cap does not present an obstacle during observation, which enables observation with a magnifying endoscopy as clearly as when without the cap. In the present study, the cap proved to be useful when trainees were in the process of mastering the technique of magnified endoscopy. The present study did not compare the performance of TCS with a wavy cap vs. conventional caps. However, a previous study reported no differences in insertion rate and time between CAC and cuff-assisted colonoscopy (28).
The present study has several limitations. First, it was a single-center study. Second, only 5 of the trainees underwent colonoscopy training, and there were only approximately 100 cases assigned to each trainee. Third, this was not a randomized case study. Fourth, the present study could not compare the performance of the wavy cap in polyp detection and cecal intubation compared with the conventional cap, as Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital. does not use the conventional cap. Finally, 18.1% of the patients had a history of colorectal surgery. The degree of difficulty of the colonoscopy may vary depending on the location of the previous surgery. However, it was considered that the patients included in the present study were examined by trainees in a manner that resembled actual clinical practice.
In conclusion, the results of the current prospective trial suggest that a wavy cap on the tip of the colonoscope is useful for increasing the cecal intubation rate, decreases the insertion time, and allows for a steep learning curve for novice endoscopists.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr Chiaki Nishimura from CN Medical Research for providing advice regarding the statistical analysis, and Dr Nobunao Ikehara for providing beneficial suggestions. Part of the present study was presented at the Digestive Disease Week 2016, San Diego, CA, USA, May 1, 2016 (poster presentation).
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article or are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
NT was involved in the study conception and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, statistical analysis, and in the drafting of the manuscript. SEK was involved in study supervision, the conception and design of the study, provided critical revision and gave the final approval of the manuscript. YM was involved in the study conception and design, acquisition of data, and in the analysis and interpretation of data. MK was involved in the study conception and design and acquisition of data. TS and YK collected data, and provided and cared for patients in the study. MM was involved in the analysis and interpretation of the data, and in the critical revision of the article for important intellectual content. TK, TH and KW collected data, and provided and cared for patients in the study. HM was involved in study supervision, auditing, collection of data, and provided and cared for the patients in the study. TB and FI were involved in study supervision, data collection and auditing. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee at Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital (no. 1105-03). The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifier NCT01400087, and it was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients provided written informed consent prior to participation in the study.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Flowchart of the present study. Of the 3,650 colonoscopies performed at Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital. between May and October, 2011, 680 were performed by 6 novice endoscopists. After excluding 17 cases based on the exclusion criteria and 4 cases in which the trainees required expert assistance, 663 colonoscopies were included. The cap group performed 276 colonoscopies, whereas the non-cap group performed 387 colonoscopies.
The wavy cap (MAJ-Y0024-2, Olympus Corporation) used on the tip of the colonoscope during every colonoscopy performed by the cap group. The image on the left panels illustrates a wavy cap, and the image on the right panel illustrates a wavy cap attached to the endoscope.
Learning curve for insertion time. Association between each 20-case block and the insertion time for cap group and non-cap group. ANOVA and Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test was used to compare the time required for successful cecal intubation among the consecutive blocks of 20 procedures. The red line represents the cap group and the blue line represents the non-cap group.
Learning curve for cecal insertion rate. Association between each 20-case block and the success rate (successful cecal intubation within 15 min) for cap group and non-cap group. ANOVA and Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test was used to compare the success rates required for successful cecal intubation among the consecutive blocks of 20 procedures. The red line represents the cap group and the blue line represents the non-cap group. TCS, total colonoscopy.
Demographics and clinical features of the enrolled patients.
Characteristics
Total no. of patients, n=663
Cap group, n=276
Non-cap group, n=387
P-value
Sex (male), n (%)
420 (63.3)
166 (60.1)
254 (65.6)
>0.05a
Age, years, mean (SD)
62.5 (13.7)
63.1 (13.5)
62.1 (13.9)
>0.05b
BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD)
22.7 (3.3)
22.7 (3.3)
22.6 (3.4)
>0.05a
Previous surgery, n (%)
345 (52.0)
146 (52.9)
199 (51.4)
>0.05a
Colorectal surgery, n (%)
120 (18.1)
47 (17.0)
73 (18.9)
>0.05a
Others, n (%)
225 (33.9)
99 (35.9)
126 (32.6)
>0.05a
Constipation, n (%)
123 (18.6)
53 (19.2)
70 (18.1)
>0.05a
aThese data were analyzed using the Chi-squared test;
bthese data were analyzed using the t-test; data for insertion time are presented as the means (SD). BMI, body mass index.
Cecal intubation time and rate in total cases.
Time or rate
Cap
Non-cap
P-value
Insertion time, min
15.7 (6.8)
19.11 (7.6)
<0.001a
Cecal insertion rate (%)
41.7
33.8
0.036b
aData were analyzed using the t-test; data for insertion time are presented as the means (SD).
bData were analyzed using the Chi-squared test.
Cecal intubation time in each 20 cases.
Case number (groups of 20 procedures)
Cap (min)a
Non-cap (min)a
P-valueb
1-20
19.0±1.0
21.0±0.8
0.02
21-40
17.7±0.1
20.2±0.4
<0.01
41-60
17.5±1.4
20.6±2.5
<0.01
61-80
14.0±1.6
19.2±3.7
<0.01
81-100
14.7±0.7
18.2±1.0
<0.01
aData are expressed as the means ±standard deviation.
bBonferroni's multiple comparison test following ANOVA was used to compare the time required for successful cecal intubation among the consecutive blocks of 20 procedures.
Cecal intubation rate in each 20 cases.
Case number (groups of 20 procedures)
Cap (%)
Non-cap (%)
P-valuea
1-20
17.5
20.0
0.69
21-40
27.5
28.3
0.89
41-60
27.5
28.3
0.89
61-80
52.5
36.7
0.03
81-100
57.5
30.0
<0.01
aBonferroni's multiple comparison test following ANOVA was used to compare the success rates required for successful cecal intubation among the consecutive blocks of 20 procedures.