Lichen sclerosus is a chronic disease of unknown etiology that can affect both sexes and commonly occur in the genital area. By contrast, balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) occurs only in the genital area of men and typically affects the foreskin, penile glans and/or the meatus (1). In terms of etiology, it has been previously proposed that infections, especially sexually transmitted ones, trauma of the penis or chronic inflammatory conditions in the genital area can all cause or at least increase the risk of this condition (2). However, accumulating evidence suggests that autoimmune mechanisms in association with other diseases, such as diabetes, genetic predispositions and/or inflammatory states of different causes, such as bacterial infections can all lead to the development of the disease (3-5). As such, borrelia infection has been mentioned to be a possible etiological agent (6). In addition, the lack of circumcision has been previously reported to be a risk factor for developing BXO. Although there is no race predilection, several studies have reported higher rates of this condition in African American and Hispanic populations due to lower rates of circumcision (1,7). The prevalence rate in England of lichen sclerosus is 0.1-0.3%, whereas that of BXO in addition to the epidemiological data remains scarce (8,9). This is likely to be due to the initial presentation of the patients to physicians from a wide array of medical specialty backgrounds (7,8).

Clinically, this disease typically remains asymptomatic initially. Over time, physical examinations frequently reveal erythematous changes or white hypopigmented lesions on the glans penis or foreskin (10). These erythematous changes can develop further into more defined lesions around the coronal sulcus and can progressively invade the urethral meatus and other anatomical regions (10). The balanitis, as a form of generalized inflammation, can lead to phimosis, which can cause disruptions in micturition and disorders in sexual dynamics (10). In advanced stages, erosions and ulcerations in the genital area can occur, which can be accompanied by local pruritus and/or pain, followed by local bacterial and/or fungal infections (10,11). The differential diagnosis includes neoplastic processes, autoimmune diseases, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, Zoon balanitis, leukoplakia, and fixed drug reaction (10). Malignant transformation, especially to squamous cell carcinoma, occurs in 3-6% of women and 2-8% of men (10,12). For treatment, asymptomatic BXO does not require therapy (12). For symptomatic lichen sclerosus, the main treatment method is the topical administration of potent steroids, including Betamethasone, Clobetasol, and Triamcinolone (13). The surgical treatment option is circumcision, though this is only an option for severe phimosis reticent to local treatment (13,14).

The aim of the present observational, descriptive, retrospective study was to describe and analyze the clinical, epidemiological, and evolutionary characteristics of BXO in patients examined in daily practice. It is hoped that it reveals common characteristics of this condition that can deepen the understanding of this disease.

BXO is an acquired, non-infectious chronic inflammatory skin disease with a controversial etiology (2). It is such a rare disease that its true accurate incidence remains unknown. Boksh and Patwardhan (8) have previously estimated the prevalence rate of lichen sclerosus to between 0.1 and 0.3%. However, concerning the prevalence of BXO, epidemiological data remain scarce (8). In terms of the age distribution of the disease, Kyriakis et al (16) performed a clinical study on 51 cases of BXO, where among 20909 male patients, it was found that the majority of cases fell in the 51-60 years old age groups. This is consistent with the findings of the present study, where 70 (42.8%) patients belonged to this age group and >79% of the cases are in the 40-60 years old age group. The reason could be that at that age, men are more prone to hormonal dysregulations, such that the risk of auto/immunological disorders is correspondingly increased (17). In addition, the present study found that, the period of time between disease onset and when the patients present to medical consultation varied from 3 to 9 months with an average value of 6 months. Several explanations can be proposed for this delay in diagnosis. These patients are less likely to seek medical assistance because the early stages of the disease are almost entirely asymptomatic with only mild symptoms (such as itching) and no visible or painful lesions. They will typically only present to a medical consultation either if sexual intercourse is affected by the disease or after important local lesions have appeared, which are clearly visible and painful. These appear to correspond well with the results in the present study regarding the severity of this disease. The data showed that 124 (75.6%) cases of the 164 in total seek medical consultation when they were already in a stage III of the disease. This stage was characterized by ulcerations and phimosis with visible and painful sclerotic plaques, which severely aggravated their sexual dynamic disorders. Another cause of this delayed diagnosis could be the absence of a precise diagnosis protocol for physicians, due to the lack of knowledge and early diagnostic indications of this disease. Nair (16) previously stated that due to the asymptomatic nature of lichen sclerosus at the early stages of the disease and the lack of awareness by patients and doctors, the diagnosis is frequently delayed. Furthermore, a cause may also be the initial presentation of the patients to physicians from a wide array of specialty backgrounds, since BXO lies on the borderline of different medical disciplines (18). BXO can also cause psychological problems, including embarrassment, shame and emotional stress, which will prevent patients from seeking medical assistance. Virgili et al (19) previously performed a multicenter Italian study on 729 cases of lichens sclerosus, which observed a mean diagnostic delay of 3.5 years for men in the case of BXO. This previous study continued to state that because BXO is commonly located on the genitals, patients tend to feel more ashamed to visit a medical office (19). Another cause of this delay is the anamnesis data on sexual behavior, namely extramarital sexual intercourse, prior to the onset of BXO, which was present in 120 (73%) of all patients included in the present study. The majority of patients considered that the cause of this disease was the acquisition of infection due to the extramarital sexual act. Relevant reasons for these could be that men tend to have sexual intercourse without protection, with different individuals, increasing the risk of possible bacterial and viral infections, such as Epstein-Barr or Human Papilloma Virus, which can also serve an etiological role in the manifestation of BXO (20). Since other relevant studies corresponding to these findings are not openly available for comparison, further clear and pertinent data are required (20,21).

The most frequent comorbidities in the studied group in the present study were diabetes and obesity. It was found that 81 (49.3%) of the studied patients presented with diabetes mellitus, where 91 (55.4%) of the patients were either obese or overweight. The presence of these comorbidities would suggest a sedentary lifestyle, which is causing overweight/obesity, in turn promoting general metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus or hypertension. These may serve to be important etio-pathological factors in the development of BXO, in addition to the genetic or autoimmune disposition. Hofer et al (15) previously found a significant association between the BMI and lichen sclerosus, in addition to between diabetes mellitus and penile lichen sclerosus. In addition, the majority of the patients are presenting whilst they were already at advanced stages of lichen sclerosus. Following analysis of the data regarding the age of the patients and the stage of the disease, all the patients at stage III of the disease belonged to the age groups of 41-50 and 51-60 years. Correspondingly, all patients with diabetes and higher BMI were at stage III of the disease. All patients were treated with potent local corticosteroids (mainly cream with betamethasone and clobetasol), the first-line treatment option for this disease (22). The majority of patients exhibited favorable outcomes. Furthermore, potent steroid treatment has yielded favorable results in cases of multiple relapse following other types of treatment. Only 9 (5.48%) of the cases required surgical treatment, namely circumcision. Kirtschig et al (22) previously revealed that clobetasol propionate and pimecrolimus are both effective treatment strategies for the case of BXO, but clobetasol propionate should be used as the first-line treatment. Other treatment options can also be used, specifically testosterone ointment, ciclosporin, retinoids, UVA light, laser, stanazolol, which reported different outcomes (23-29). Malignant transformation, especially to squamous cell carcinoma, can occur in 3-6% of females and 2-8% of males after 5 years (30-32) No cases of malignancy following BXO were detected during the follow-up period in the present study. The majority of the patients are presenting already at advanced stages, exhibiting clinical symptoms and severe sexual dynamic problems. This delay in diagnosis can have a number of causes, such as the lack of diagnosis, psychological issues, and sexual behavior. Diabetes mellitus and overweight/obesity were found to be important comorbidities for BXO, since a substantial proportion of the patients were affected. These comorbidities may have important etiological implications. The first-line treatment option is local potent steroids, which conferred beneficial effects. Due to the risk of malignant transformation as a result of BXO, these patients should be followed up for a longer period of time.