Materials and methods
Materials
A total of 116 laryngeal SCC specimens were collected between January 2003 and December 2011 from The Otolaryngology Department of The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (Nantong, China). The complete clinical and pathological materials were well preserved. Of these patients, there were 107 males and 9 females aged from 42 to 83 years, with an average age of 62.8 years. According to the standard classification of head and neck neoplasm histopathology listed by the WHO (World Health Organization) (5) in 2005, 60 cases were well differentiated, 45 moderately differentiated and 11 poorly differentiated. The patients studied were initial cases without radiotherapy, chemotherapy or biotherapy before surgery. In addition, five cases of vocal cord polyp and five cases of atypical hyperplasia were used as control groups. We tracked the survival condition of 116 cases following surgery and recorded the causes of mortality in patients. For example, certain individuals succumbed to tumor, accident or other causes. The calculation of overall survival (OS) starts from the established diagnosis to the mortality caused by the tumor or the termination of follow-up study. Any mortality irrelevant to laryngeal SCC was recorded as truncation. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Specimen preparation
Fresh tissues were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded with paraffin, cut into serial sections with a thickness of 4 μm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Ang-2 and cyclin D1 immunohistochemical stains.
Immunohistochemical staining
Paraffin sections were deparaffinized, dehydrated and antigen retrieval was conducted by microwave for 15 min within citrate buffer solution (pH 6.0). Droplets of polyclonal rabbit anti-human Ang-2 and cyclin D1 were distributed into the deparaffinized sections for streptavidin-perosidase (S-P) staining. The known positive section was used as a positive control, normal goat serum as a negative control in place of primary antibody and PBS as a blank control also in place of primary antibody.
Immunohistochemical scoring
Ang-2 was located in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. Positive staining is observed as bright yellow, brown yellow or brown granules focally or diffusively distributed. Cyclin D1 was located in the tumor cell nucleus. Cyclin D1 protein expression is indicated by bright yellow, brown yellow or brown granules focally or diffusively distributed. Semi-quantitative results were obtained under a microscope (Olympus BX51-P; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) using the method of Xu and Yang (6), which is dependent on the staining intensity and number of positive cells. Standard scores of staining intensity were as follows: no staining, 0 points; bright yellow, 1 point; brown yellow, 2 points; brown, 3 points. Number of positive cells under the same objective: negative, 0; number of stained cells within one field of vision ≤10%, 1 point; 11–50%, 2 points; 51–75%, 3 points; ≥76%, 4 points. The result of the two scores multiplied was graded: 0–2 as (-); 3 as (+); 4 as (++); ≥5 as (+++); results between + and +++ indicate to presence of expression.
Statistical analysis
SPSS 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was employed to statistically process the relevant data. The χ2 test was used to compare the expression of Ang-2 and cyclin D1 in each group. The correlation comparison between Ang-2 and cyclin D1 was calculated using the Spearman’s rank correlation analysis. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant result.
Results
Expression of Ang-2 in vocal cord polyp, atypical hyperplasia and laryngeal SCC tissues
The positive rate of Ang-2 was 0% (0/5) in vocal cord polyp and 0% (0/5) in atypical hyperplasia. The positive rate in laryngeal SCC tissues was 40% for well differentiated, 66.7% for moderately differentiated and 100% for poorly differentiated. The positive staining located in the cytoplasm was as bright yellow, brown yellow or brown granules focally or diffusively distributed (Figs. 1–3). Ang-2 expression presented as brown staining in the vascular endothelial cells (Fig. 4). one group from the groups of the vocal cord polyp and atypical hyperplasia and one group from the groups of well, moderately and poorly differentiated laryngeal SCC, statistical significance was indicated (P<0.05). A pairwise comparison was conducted among the well, moderately and poorly differentiated laryngeal SCC groups (P<0.05; Table I).
Expression of cyclin D1 in vocal cord polyp, atypical hyperplasia and laryngeal SCC tissues
The incidence of cyclin D1 expression was 0% (0/5) in vocal cord polyp and 0% (0/5) in atypical hyperplasia. As for its positive rate in laryngeal SCC tissues, it was 50% for well differentiated, 66.7% for moderately differentiated and 100% for poorly differentiated laryngeal SCC. The positive staining was located in the nucleus as bright yellow, brown yellow or brown granules (Figs. 5–7). The staining was focally positive and infiltrated into the lymph gland (Fig. 8). The interclass differences between the well, moderately and poorly differentiated laryngeal SCC groups and the vocal cord polyp and atypical hyperplasia groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). Interclass expressions for the well and moderately differentiated groups and the well and poorly differentiated groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). No statistical significance was identified between the moderately and poorly differentiated groups (Table II).
Association between Ang-2 expression in laryngeal SCC and clinically pathological factors
The proportions of positive staining of Ang-2 in the well, moderately and poorly differentiated laryngeal SCC groups were 40, 66.7 and 100%, respectively. Differences exist among the three groups, for example, the poorly differentiated group showed an expression rate higher than those of the well and moderately differentiated groups. The interclass difference was statistically significant (Z=4.020; P<0.05). The proportions of positive staining of laryngeal SCC in TNM grades T1+T2 and T3+T4 were 46.7 and 73.2%, respectively. The positive rate of Ang-2 increases at later pathological stages. The Ang-2 expression of advanced laryngeal SCC is higher than that of early-stage cancer (Z=−3.006, P<0.05). The positive rate of lymph-metastasis group and that of non-lymph-metastasis group was 82.1 and 47.7%, respectively, the expression difference was statistically significant (Z=−4.129, P<0.05). The proportions of positive staining of the smoking group and that of the non-smoking group were 67.6 and 39.6%, respectively, the expression difference was significantly different (Z=−3.190, P<0.05).
Differences in Ang-2 expression according to gender, age, primary tumor site or drinking habits were not statistically significant (Table III).
Association between cyclin D1 expression and laryngeal SCC clinical pathological factors
The proportions of positive staining of cyclin D1 in the well, moderately and poorly differentiated laryngeal SCC group tissues were 50, 66.7 and 100%, respectively. Interclass comparisons of the expression in the well and moderately differentiated groups and well and poorly differentiated groups were statistically significant (Z=−2.814, P<0.05 and Z=−4.087, P<0.05). No statistically significant difference of expression was observed between the moderately and poorly differentiated groups. The proportions of positive staining of laryngeal SCC in the T1+T2 and T3+T4 TNM stages were 52.0 and 78.0%, respectively. The positive rate of cyclin D1 increased with later pathological stage. The expression of advanced laryngeal SCC was higher than that of early-stage laryngeal SCC (Z=−3.182, P<0.05). The proportions of positive staining of the lymph-metastasis and non-lymph-metastasis groups were 82.1 and 54.5%, respectively; the expression difference was statistically significant (Z=−4.211, P<0.05). The proportions of positive staining of the smoking and non-smoking groups were 70.6 and 47.9%, respectively; the expression difference was statistically significant (Z=−2.518, P<0.05).
The expression of cyclin D1 was not significantly associated with gender, age, primary tumor site or drinking habits (Table IV).
Correlation analysis of Ang-2 and cyclin D1 expression in laryngeal SCC
In this study, all cases were stained for cyclin D1 and Ang-2 simultaneously. There were 28 cases negative for both and 48 cases positive for both Ang-2 and cyclin D1. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis results demonstrated a positive correlation between cyclin D1 and Ang-2 expression in laryngeal SCC (r=0.5042; P<0.05; Table V).
One-way analysis of clinically pathological parameters and laryngeal SCC patient survival time
Using log-rank one-way analysis, we demonstrated that laryngeal SCC prognosis is associated with smoking, TNM stage, lymph metastasis, tumor classification, tumor location, cyclin D1 and Ang-2, but is not correlated with age, gender or drinking habit (Table VI).
Survival analysis
Using multi-factor Cox proportional hazards regression models to analyze TNM stage, lymph metastasis, tumor classification, tumor location, cyclin D1 and Ang-2, the tumor classification and cyclinD1 are associated with the survival rate (Figs. 9 and 10). The survival rate of well differentiated, moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated groups was 78.3, 66.7 and 0.91%, respectively. The survival rate of of cyclin D1 −/+/++/+++ groups was 88.9, 76.5, 42.9 and 25.0%, respectively. The tumor classification and cyclin D1 each were able to act as independent prognostic factors.
Discussion
Similar to the majority of solid tumors, laryngeal SCC induction and development is subject to various factors, including modulation of tumor angiogenesis and the cell cycle. As a member of the angiopoietins, Ang-2 exerts a regulatory effect on angiogenesis (7). Cyclin D1 is classified as an oncogene. Once cyclin D1 mutates or expresses excessively during the process of cell proliferation, cyclin D1 promotes the induction and development of a tumor (8).
The Ang-2 protein is composed of 496 amino-acids with a molecular weight of 70 kDa, the gene for which is located at chromosome 8p23.1. The protein comprises a signal peptide, amino-end α-spiral hinge and carboxy-end fibrous protein sample regions (9). Ang-2 mainly exists in the form of a homodimer and is able to combine with vascular endothelium Tie-2 without causing phosphorylation of the receptor. However, Ang-2 is able to competitively block the effect of Ang-1, relax endothelial cells and perivascular sertoli cells, and accelerate vascular bed degeneration and extravascular substrate degradation, which renders the vascular net unstable, thus providing favorable conditions for endothelial cell division and new blood vessel reconstruction (7).
The study by Yan et al (10) on 64 cases of colorectal cancer has observed that, as the differentiation decreases, the expression rate of Ang-2 increases, which indicates that Ang-2 propelled the deterioration of the tumor. A study by Chen et al (11) on 51 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma suggested that Ang-2 is a marker of hepatocellular carcinoma. Research by Wang et al (12) on 50 cases of cervical cancer has demonstrated that as the differentiation decreases, the expression rate of Ang-2 tended to increase. In addition, the microvessel density rose markedly, which indicated the involvement of Ang-2 in hepatocellular carcinoma development (13). A study of 335 cases of non-small cell lung cancer by Anderson et al (14) studied the correlation between the expression of Ang-2 and prognosis, which showed that Ang-2 was a signal of tumor prognosis. Hashizume et al (15) suggest that Ang-2 may slow down the growth of tumors and therefore accelerate tumor cell death.
The results of the present study demonstrated that Ang-2 expression in laryngeal SCC specimens was markedly higher than that in atypical hyperplasia and vocal cord polyp tissues (P<0.05). Ang-2 was mainly located in the cytoplasm of laryngeal SCC cells. Therefore, we suggest that tumor cells generate Ang-2, which functions through autocrine and paracrine systems. Ang-2 expression in cancer tissues was markedly higher than that in normal laryngeal mucosal tissues. As the differentiation decreased, the expression of Ang-2 increased. We hypothesize that Ang-2 induces the split and shift of endothelial cells, permitting new vessels to grow by budding to promote the occurrence and development of a tumor. This study also showed that as the clinical stage advanced, Ang-2 expression increased. The expression of Ang-2 in the moderately and poorly differentiated groups was higher than that in the well differentiated group. Expression was higher in the lymph-metastasis group than in the non-lymph-metastasis group, which indicates that Ang-2 may promote laryngeal SCC infiltration and lymph metastasis.
Cyclin D1, the key protein of the G1 stage during cell proliferation, may interact with multiple proteins and transition the cell into the S stage. Therefore, it is considered a significantly positive regulator in the G1/S transition in the cell cycle (16). When the level of cyclin D1 increases, the G1/S stage shortens, with cell proliferation and canceration. There are various ways for the cyclin D1 gene to mutate within tumors, including gene amplification, chromosome translocation and inversion, among them gene amplification is the most common. In a study by Marsit et al (17), 698 cases of head and neck SCC underwent immunohistochemical testing. The results showed that, cyclin D1 was expressed in head and neck SCC tissues. Cyclin D1 was highly expressed in T3+T4 stages, but was rare in T1+T2. This indicates that cyclin D1 is relevant to tumor stage and may be regarded as a potential prognostic signal of head and neck SCC.
Our results have demonstrated that the expression of cyclin D1 in laryngeal SCC tissues is markedly higher than that in atypical hyperplasia and vocal cord polyp tissues (P<0.05). As the differentiation decreased, the expression of cyclin D1 increased, which indicated that the upregulated expression of cyclin D1 was associated with the degree of malignancy of laryngeal SCC. Solid tumor growth, proliferation and metastasis require new vessel support. At present, there are few studies concerning the correlation of cyclin D1 and Ang-2 expression with tumors. The present study showed that positive correlation exists between cyclin D1 and Ang-2 expression in laryngeal SCC, which indicates that both exert a synergic effect on laryngeal SCC occurrence, development and metastasis. We conducted analysis of 116 laryngeal SCC patients through log-rank one-way method and observed that laryngeal SCC prognosis is associated with smoking, TNM stage, lymph metastasis, tumor classification, tumor location, cyclin D1 and Ang-2, and is not associated with age, gender or drinking habit (Table 6). Using multi-factor Cox proportional hazards regression models to analyze TNM stage, lymph metastasis, tumor classification, tumor location, cyclin D1 and Ang-2, it was demonstrated that the tumor classification and cyclin D1 are associated with the survival rate (Figs. 9 and 10). The tumor classification and cyclin D1 were able to act as independent prognostic factors. Log-rank one-way method and multi-factor Cox proportional hazards regression models for tumor classification identified cyclin D1 as the independent factor affecting patient survival time (Figs. 9 and 10). Furthermore, this study did not observe any association between cyclin D1 expression and patient gender, age or drinking habit.