TY - JOUR AB - The natural antioxidant gallic acid (GA) has demonstrated a significant inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in a series of cancer cell lines. However, there is no available information to show whether GA induces apoptosis in human skin cancer cells. In the present study, we report GA-induced apoptosis in A375.S2 human melanoma cells. GA affected morphological changes, decreased the percentage of viable cells and induced apoptosis in A375.S2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Observation of the molecular mechanism of apoptosis in A375.S2 cells showed that GA up-regulated the proapoptotic proteins such as Bax, and induced caspase cascade activity, but down-regulated antiapoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2. GA induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular Ca2+ productions and decreased the level of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in A375.S2 cells in a time-dependent manner. GA triggered cytosolic release of apoptotic molecules, cytochrome c, promoted activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and ultimately apoptotic cell death. In addition, GA also promoted cytosolic release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G (Endo G). Therefore, GA may also induce apoptosis through a caspase-independent pathway. Our results suggest that GA might be a potential anticancer compound; however, in depth in vivo studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanism. AD - School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C. null AU - Lo,Chyi AU - Lai,Tung-Yuan AU - Yang,Jen-Hung AU - Yang,Jai-Sing AU - Ma,Yi-Shih AU - Weng,Shu-Wen AU - Chen,Ya-Yin AU - Lin,Jaung-Geng AU - Chung,Jing-Gung DA - 2010/08/01 DO - 10.3892/ijo_00000686 EP - 385 IS - 2 JO - Int J Oncol PY - 2010 SN - 1019-6439 1791-2423 SP - 377 ST - Gallic acid induces apoptosis in A375.S2 human melanoma cells through caspase-dependent and -independent pathways T2 - International Journal of Oncology TI - Gallic acid induces apoptosis in A375.S2 human melanoma cells through caspase-dependent and -independent pathways UR - https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo_00000686 VL - 37 ER -