Open Access

Alterations in brain metabolism and function following administration of low-dose codeine phosphate: 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies

  • Authors:
    • Zhen Cao
    • Pei‑Yin Lin
    • Zhi‑Wei Shen
    • Ren‑Hua Wu
    • Ye‑Yu Xiao
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: May 18, 2016     https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3358
  • Pages: 619-626
  • Copyright: © Cao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

The aim of the present study was to identify alterations in brain function following administration of a single, low‑dose of codeine phosphate in healthy volunteers using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In addition, the metabolic changes in the two sides of the frontal lobe were identified using 1H‑magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‑MRS). A total of 20 right‑handed healthy participants (10 males, 10 females) were evaluated, and a Signa HDx 1.5T MRI scanner was used for data acquisition. An echo planar imaging sequence was used for resting‑state fMRI, whereas a point resolved spectroscopy sequence was used for 1H‑MRS. Regional Saturation Technique, Data Processing Assistant for Resting‑State fMRI, and Statistical Parameter Mapping 8 were used to analyze the fMRI data. The 1H‑MRS data were analyzed using LCModel software. At 1 h after oral administration of codeine phosphate (1.0 mg/kg), the amplitude of low‑frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and regional homogeneity were altered in different brain areas. The choline content was significantly increased in the right and left frontal lobes following codeine phosphate administration (P=0.02 and P=0.03, respectively), whereas the inositol content was significantly decreased in the left frontal lobe (P=0.02). There was no change in the glutamic acid content in the frontal lobes. In conclusion, the functions of different brain regions can be affected by a single, low‑dose administration of codeine phosphate. The alterations in metabolite content in the two frontal lobes may be associated with changes in brain function, whereas the ALFF in the globus pallidus may have an effect on codeine phosphate addiction. Finally, glutamic acid may be useful in the estimation of codeine dependence.
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August-2016
Volume 12 Issue 2

Print ISSN: 1792-0981
Online ISSN:1792-1015

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Spandidos Publications style
Cao Z, Lin PY, Shen ZW, Wu RH and Xiao YY: Alterations in brain metabolism and function following administration of low-dose codeine phosphate: 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Exp Ther Med 12: 619-626, 2016
APA
Cao, Z., Lin, P., Shen, Z., Wu, R., & Xiao, Y. (2016). Alterations in brain metabolism and function following administration of low-dose codeine phosphate: 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 12, 619-626. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3358
MLA
Cao, Z., Lin, P., Shen, Z., Wu, R., Xiao, Y."Alterations in brain metabolism and function following administration of low-dose codeine phosphate: 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 12.2 (2016): 619-626.
Chicago
Cao, Z., Lin, P., Shen, Z., Wu, R., Xiao, Y."Alterations in brain metabolism and function following administration of low-dose codeine phosphate: 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 12, no. 2 (2016): 619-626. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3358