Anaphylactic shock caused by haemocoagulase injection in China

  • Authors:
    • Haiwei Yang
    • Liming Yang
    • De‑Wang Wang
    • Ji‑Fu Wei
    • Shaoheng He
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: February 14, 2017     https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4121
  • Pages: 1547-1553
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Abstract

Haemocoagulase injection is a mixture of purified enzymes isolated from the venom of Bothrops atrox, which is used for the prevention and treatment of haemorrhage. It is a relatively safe pharmacological agent that does not require a skin test prior to administration. However, following a literature search, 14 reported cases of anaphylactic shock caused by haemocoagulase injection were identified, including one lethal case in China. Using SDS‑PAGE and protein identification, four primary components in haemocoagulase injection were characterized, including one metalloproteinase, which may be a thromboplastin‑like enzyme, and two serine proteinases, which may be thrombin‑like enzymes. Administering concentrated haemocoagulase injections failed to provoke a positive skin reaction in allergic patients. Basophil activation tests revealed that haemocoagulase injections did not upregulate cluster of differentiation 63 or C‑C chemokine receptor type 3 expression. These findings suggest that haemocoagulase injection may cause fetal anaphylaxis. Although it is difficult to determine a clear conclusion without being able to evaluate the patients that underwent haemocoagulase injection‑induced shock, it is unlikely that the venomous components of haemocoagulase injection cross‑react with common allergens in allergic patients. It is possible that haemocoagulase injection‑induced anaphylaxis is caused by its additive components, such as mannitol and succinylated gelatin.

Introduction

Haemocoagulase injection is a mixture of purified enzymes that are isolated from the venom of Bothrops atrox, a viper native to South America. Haemocoagulase is able to promote blood coagulation via two different enzymatic activities: One, induced by thromboplastin-like enzymes, accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, whereas the other induces a direct transformation of fibrinogen to fibrin monomer via thrombin-like enzymes; the fibrin can be subsequently converted by thrombin into a fibrin clot (1). Haemocoagulase injections do not contain any neurotoxins or other toxic substances from unpurified snake venom (1). The haemostatic effect of intravenous haemocoagulase injection becomes apparent 5–10 min post-administration and lasts for up to 24 h, whereas the blood coagulation action of intramuscular or subcutaneous administration occurs 20–30 min post-administration and continues for up to 60 h (1). Haemocoagulase injections are used for the prevention and treatment of hemorrhages in various branches of medicine, including gynecology, urology, gastroenterology and dentistry (1).

According to the manufacturer's clinical instructions, the primary side effect of haemocoagulase injection is allergic reaction, which is also listed as a side effect of the majority of allergy treatments, such as antihistamines (1). However, it is almost unavoidable for trace amounts of other snake venom contaminants to remain in haemocoagulase, although these amounts are considered to be safe and there is no requirement for skin tests to be performed as standard (1). Trace amounts of snake venom components may not be toxic, but may be allergens and cause severe anaphylactic reactions in sensitive individuals (24). For example, Bothrops atrox venom contains allergens that are able to selectively bind to specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in the serum of patients who are allergic to this venom (2,3). Furthermore, we propose that patients who are allergic to various common allergens may be cross-reactive to the components of haemocoagulase injections. At present, haemocoagulase injection-induced anaphylaxis has not been reported outside of China; therefore, the aims of the present study were to summarize the anaphylactic cases caused by haemocoagulase injection in China and to investigate the venom components of haemocoagulase injection that may cause anaphylaxis.

Materials and methods

Cases

A total of 11,179 articles were identified by searching ‘haemocoagulase’ translated into the Chinese language in the China Knowledge Resource Integrated database (www.cnki.net; 9,346 articles), VIP database (qikan.cqvip.com; 1,154 articles) and Wanfang database (g.wanfangdata.com.hk; 679 articles). A total of 1,370 of the returned articles were duplicates; therefore, they were excluded. The remaining 9,809 articles were thoroughly evaluated and a total of 13 articles describing 14 cases of anaphylactic shock in China caused by haemocoagulase were identified (517). The articles were retrieved from scientific journals published in Chinese between 1997 and 2009 (Table I). The ages of patients in each study ranged from four months to 75 years.

Table I.

Fourteen cases of anaphylaxis caused by haemocoagulase injection in China.

Table I.

Fourteen cases of anaphylaxis caused by haemocoagulase injection in China.

Gender, age (years)Allergy historyReason for usageRoute of deliverySide-effect symptomsOnset of symptoms (min)Ref
Male, 16YUpper gastrointestinal hemorrhageIVAP, CP, D, FC, CE, EP, H25
Female, 75YUpper gastrointestinal hemorrhageIMFC, CE, D, MN, PR, H55
Male, 62YPostoperative hemorrhageIMR, D, FC, CE, LM, H86
Male, 26NPostoperative hemorrhageIVFF, C, D, SM, CP27
Female, 0.3YPostoperative hemorrhageIVFF, D, CP38
Male, 30NUpper gastrointestinal hemorrhageIVCE, FC, D, CP<309
Female, 20NRupture of corpus luteumIVPR, D, MN, CE, FC1010
Female, 68NPostoperative hemorrhageIM, IVD, FC, UC, LC<3011
Male, 63NUpper gastrointestinal hemorrhageIVD, CP, PR, R, FC, EP, H, CP512
Male, 61NPostoperative hemorrhageIM, IVHS, H, D, UC<3013
Male, 36YEpistaxisIVR, D, EP, CP, H, CE, SF<3014
Male, 27YPost-trauma hemorrhageIVFC, D, EP, LC, LM<3015
Male, 52NIntraoperative hemorrhageIM, IVH216
Female, 26NProphylactic use prior to operationIVR, V, FC, LC, D, UC, CP, EP, CE, SF, H<3017

[i] IV, intravenous injection; IM, intramuscular injection; AP, abdominal pain; CP, cardiopalmus; D, dyspnoea; FC, facial cyanosis; CE, cool extremities; EP, excessive perspiration; H, hypotension; MN, mouth numbness; PR, pruritus; R, restlessness; LM, limb myasthenia; FF, face flush; C, cough; SM, skin maculopapule; HS, hyperspasmia; UC, unconsciousness; LC, lip cyanosis; SF, skin flush; V, vomiting; Y, yes; N, no.

SDS-PAGE

A total of 10 vials of haemocoagulase injection containing Bothrop atrox venom abstract, mannitol, succinylated gelatin and calcium chloride (20 ml; lot number, 921007; Solco Basle Ltd., Basel, Switzerland) were concentrated to 200 µl using Amicon Ultra-15 centrifugal filter units (3,000 Da cutoff; EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). SDS-PAGE was performed under reducing conditions. Concentrated haemocoagulase injection contents (20 µl) were loaded onto a 15% polyacrylamide gel. Protein bands were visualized following a standard Coomassie blue stain and silver staining procedure. Protein standards used for SDS-PAGE were: Rabbit muscle phosphorylase b (97.2 kDa), bovine serum albumin (66.4 kDa), chicken egg ovalbumin (44.3 kDa), bovine carbonic anhydrase (29 kDa), soya bean trypsin inhibitor (20.1 kDa) and chicken egg lysozyme (14.2 kDa; all Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai China).

Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and protein identification

Silver staining was used to visualize one-dimensional SDS-PAGE gels, protein bands were excised and transferred to appendorf tubes for destaining and in-gel digestion with modified trypsin solution (Promega Corp., Madison, WI, USA) (18). Following digestion, tryptic peptides were extracted from the gel pieces using 5% acetonitrile (Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd.). Extracted peptides were diluted to 20 ul/sample using 0.1% formic acid. Electrospray ionisation (ESI)-MS/MS analysis of protein and protein identification were conducted as previously described (19). Briefly, a nanoflow liquid chromatography (LC) system and an LCQ DECA Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (both Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) were used to perform LC-ESI-MS/MS identification of proteins. Extracted peptide samples were centrifuged at 13,500 × g for 20 min at 4°C, and the supernatant was collected and loaded on the analytical column (RP-C18; 0.18×100 mm; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Buffers A (2% v/v acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acid) and B (100% v/v acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acid) were used to elute peptides at a flow rate of 200 nl/min for 1 h. The data-dependent ‘triple-play’ method was used to analyze peptide ions as follows: i) full MS scan (m/z; 400–1,800), ii) ZoomScan (scan of the major ion with higher resolution), iii) MS/MS of the major ion. The SEQUEST (www.proteomicsresource.washington.edu/protocols06/sequest.php) or MASCOT programs (www.matrixscience.com) were used locally for protein identification, by database searching against snake expressed sequence tag (EST) databases (EST, bothrops bothrops_20100621; downloaded from NCBI, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and snake protein sequences (downloaded from NCBI, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) with the following parameters: Monoisotopic peptide masses, 2 Da; peptide mass tolerance, 0.8 Da; fragment mass tolerance, one missed cleavage; modifications allowed for oxidation of methionine and carboxyamidomethylation of cysteine. The criteria for positive peptide identification for a doubly-charged peptide were a correlation factor (Xcorr) >2.5, a delta cross-Xcorr >0.1 (indicating a statistically significant difference between the best and second best reported match), ≥1 tryptic peptide terminus and a high preliminary scoring. The correlation factor threshold was set at 3.5 for triply-charged ions, whereas the threshold was set at 2.0 for singly-charged peptides. Matched peptides were confirmed via visual examination of the spectra.

Skin prick test (SPT) and specific IgE determination

A total of 10 vials of haemocoagulase injections (20 ml) were concentrated and separated using Amicon Ultra-15 centrifugal filter units (3 and 10 kDa; EMD Millipore) to 200 µl of sample 1 (>10 kDa), 200 µl of sample 2 (≥3 and ≤10 kDa) and 1,600 µl of sample 3 (<3 kDa). Patients had not been taking medication, including antihistamines, steroids or other drugs, for at least two weeks prior to SPT of the haemocoagulase samples. Patients were excluded if they were exhibiting dermatographia or active skin disorders. SPT tests were performed on 10 allergic patients following routine methods with the aforementioned samples (Table II) between August and October 2010. The skin prick reaction was read 15 min post-administration (20,21). The diameter of the reaction wheal was measured; a diameter ≥3 mm larger than the negative control was considered to be positive. Specific IgE was determined using the UniCAP system (Phadia; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The present study was approved by the Faculty Committee on the use of human subjects in research in The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and all participants gave written, informed consent prior to study participation.

Table II.

General characteristics of allergic patients.

Table II.

General characteristics of allergic patients.

Specific IgE measurement (grade)

Patient no.Age, yearsGenderDisease history, yearsSymptom seasonClinical diagnosisDPDFCatAAPHRagweedGC
  138Male15SpringAR5400222
  225Male9SpringAR3300020
  341Male13SpringAR6610000
  416Male2SpringAR6600000
  536Male6SpringAR6601011
  646Female20SpringAR5500011
  746Male8SpringAR3400002
  828Female5SpringAR3320222
  939Female10SpringAR2300200
1067Male40SpringAR6600000

[i] IgE, immunoglobulin E; AR, allergic rhinitis; DP, dermatophagoides pteronyssinus; DF, dermatophagoides farina; AA, alternaria alternata; PH, platanus hispanica; GC, German cockroach.

Basophil activation test (BAT)

Cluster of differentiation (CD) 63 and C-C chemokine receptor type 3 (CCR3) expression on the surface of basophils is considered to be the indicator of basophil activation (22,23). Therefore, the influence of haemocoagulase samples 1, 2 and 3 on basophil activation was examined using a Buhlmann Flow2 CAST kit (Bühlmann Laboratories AG, Schönenbuch, Switzerland) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, 50 µl of haemocoagulase samples 1, 2 and 3 were added to 50 µl whole blood from allergic subjects. A 20-µl mixture of anti-human CCR3-phycoerythrin antibody and anti-human CD63-fluorescein isothiocyanate antibody (Bühlmann Laboratories AG) were added to cells and incubated for 15 min at 37°C, as per the manufacturer's instructions; 50 µl goat anti-human IgE antibody was used as a positive control. Flow cytometry analysis of surface markers was performed at 488 nm using a FACSAria™ flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and analyzed using FACSDiva software (version 6.1.3; BD Biosciences).

Statistical analysis

All data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and analyses were performed using SPSS version 17.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Statistical significance was evaluated using a Student's t-test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Cases

Among the 14 cases of anaphylactic shock, eight were administered an intravenous injection (IV), two were administered an intramuscular injection (IM) and four were administered IV and IM. The onset of symptoms occurred between several sec and 30 min following injection. In one case, a 4-month old infant patient underwent anaphylactic shock 3 min following haemocoagulase injection (8). In another case, a 62-year-old man had no allergic reaction to his nasal cavity sponge containing haemocoagulase during surgery; however, the patient experienced anaphylactic shock 8 min following the administration of an IM haemocoagulase injection (6). Of the 14 cases, 13 patients were rescued and one resulted in mortality. In the lethal case, a 61-year-old man suffered from anaphylactic shock 30 min following IM and IV haemocoagulase administration (13) (Table I).

SDS-PAGE

The proteins in haemocoagulase injection were concentrated 100 fold (from 20 ml to 200 µl in samples 1 and 2). The concentrated haemocoagulase revealed no obvious bands following Comassie blue staining but exhibited four major bands following silver staining. The molecular weights of the four bands were 55, 44, 32 and 26 kDa (Fig. 1). In the original haemocoagulase injection the protein components were undetectable using the Coomassie Plus™ assay kit (Pierce; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) with spectrophotometry or silver staining on SDS-PAGE.

Protein identification

The four major bands of haemocoagulase were identified using LC-ESI-MS/MS following database searching against snake EST databases and snake protein sequences deposited in NCBI. The protein in band 2 was characterized as a snake venom metalloproteinases and the proteins in band 3 and 4 were identified as snake venom serine proteinases. However, characterization via protein matching was unsuccessful in band 1 of the snake venom, with the strongest similarity demonstrated with recombination activating protein 1 in Leptotyphlops distant, a non-venomous blind snake (Table III).

Table III.

Characterization of the major bands of haemocoagulase injection by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry following database searching.

Table III.

Characterization of the major bands of haemocoagulase injection by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry following database searching.

BandExp. Mr, kDaSequence matchedHomologous proteinAccession in NCBI database
155 R.ELMDLYLXXXPVWR.SRecombination activating protein 1ADD83390
244K.KFVSGK.G; R.EDLQNQILR.Snake venom zinc metalloproteinase289592858
R.MPGRWIPFESR.E
335K.FICPNK.N; R.SVANDDEVIR.Y; E;Snake venom serine proteinase20376323
R.SVANDDEVIRYPK.E;
R.VTHTCIFASLQDTCTQCSAFR.R;
R.YNAXECSITDEGSPRVTHTCIF
ASLQDTCTQCSAF.R;
426 R.FPGKDPQEAK.F;Snake venom serine proteinaseQ5W958
R.SVPNDDEEIRYPK.E;
K.WTEMVKIFGMVLFR.IR.
RFAITLISTITSTVHSK.L;
K.QPSIWDGLGNPASGRGLDSMTR.
ER.KLCAGVLEGGIDTCSADSGGP
LICNGQLQGIVSWR.GR.
LNRPVNNSEHIAPLSLPSNPPSVG
SVCRIMGWGTITPSK.A

[i] Exp. Mr, experimental molecular weight; NCBI, national center for biotechnology information.

SPT

None of the 10 allergic individuals exhibited a positive reaction to haemocoagulase and sample 1, 2 and 3 administration (data not shown). None of the 13 anaphylactic shock patients were recruited to undergo SPT.

BAT

Administration of haemocoagulase and samples 1, 2 and 3 did not induce a significant increase in CD63 and CCR3 double-positive cells compared with the negative control; however, the positive control, a goat anti-human IgE antibody, induced a 36.1% increase in CD63 and CCR3 double positive cells (Fig. 2).

Discussion

Haemocoagulase is widely used in all fields of medicine, is considered safe and does not require a skin test prior to administration (1). However, a literature search returned 14 reported cases of anaphylactic shock induced by haemocoagulase injection in China (416), which should be noted by clinical practitioners. Snake venom is a mixture of a number of toxic and non-toxic components; therefore, it is unavoidable that trace amounts of snake venom components may be found within haemocoagulase, which is purified from snake venom (1). These contaminants may not be toxic but may be allergens; for example, it has been reported that Bothrops atrox venom contains certain allergens that specifically bind to IgEs in the serum of patients allergic to these venom components (2,3). Furthermore, if patients are sensitive to allergens that are cross-reactive with the venom components in haemocoagulase injections, they may be at risk of anaphylaxis from haemocoagulase injection.

Four major protein components of haemocoagulase were identified in the present study. Among them were one metalloproteinase, which may be the thromboplastin-like enzyme that accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and two serine proteinases, which may be thrombin-like enzymes that convert thrombin into a fibrin clot (24). Snake venom metalloproteinase (25) and phospholipase A2s (2628) are able to activate human mast cells via IgE-independent mechanisms and it has been demonstrated that serine proteinases, including mast cell tryptase (29), thrombin (30), trypsin (31) and chymase (32), provoke mast cell activation. Therefore, it is suggested that the anaphylactic shock caused by snake venom components in haemocoagulase may be mediated by the activation of basophils or mast cells. However, proteins with molecular weights >10 kDa and between 3 and 10 kDa in haemocoagulase injections did not affect the expression of CD63 and CCR3 in basophils. Therefore, two possibilities remain to explain the reported cases of haemocoagulase injection-induced anaphylactic shock. The first is that basophils from the allergic patients assessed in the present study were not sensitive to snake venom, suggesting that there is no cross reactivity between the snake venom components detected in SDS-PAGE and the specific allergens that these patients are allergic to. The other is that anaphylactic shock may be induced by additive components in the injection, including mannitol and succinylated gelatin. Previous studies have demonstrated that succinylated gelatin (Gelofusine®) may provoke peri-operative anaphylaxis during cardiopulmonary bypass (33,34) and mannitol may induce anaphylactic reaction (35). Currently, mannitol is used as a novel indirect osmotic bronchial challenge agent to aid the diagnosis and management of asthma and is thought to reflect underlying inflammatory processes in asthma (36).

In conclusion, it is difficult to arrive at a clear conclusion without the direct involvement of the patients that have previously experienced haemocoagulase injection-induced shock; however, the present study suggests that the venom components present in haemocoagulase injection are not cross-reactive with common allergens in allergic patients. Therefore, further studies are required to identify the cause of anaphylactic shock in these patients. Furthermore, it must be noted in clinical settings that haemocoagulase injection may cause fetal anaphylaxis.

Acknowledgements

The present study was sponsored by grants from the Special Fund for Forestry-Scientific Research in the Public Interest (grant no. 201304103); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 81571568, 31340073, and 81273274); Jiangsu Province's Key Provincial Talents Program (grant no. RC201170); the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions National ‘Twelfth Five-Year’ Plan for Science & Technology Support Project (grant no. 2014BAI07B02); the Innovation team project of Education Department of Liaoning Province (grant no. LT2013017); the Higher Education Climb scholars Program of Liaoning Province, China (grant no. LJ2013222); and the Liaoning Province Translational Medicine Research Center for Allergy (grant no. LK2013041).

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Yang H, Yang L, Wang DW, Wei JF and He S: Anaphylactic shock caused by haemocoagulase injection in China. Exp Ther Med 13: 1547-1553, 2017
APA
Yang, H., Yang, L., Wang, D., Wei, J., & He, S. (2017). Anaphylactic shock caused by haemocoagulase injection in China. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 13, 1547-1553. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4121
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Yang, H., Yang, L., Wang, D., Wei, J., He, S."Anaphylactic shock caused by haemocoagulase injection in China". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 13.4 (2017): 1547-1553.
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Yang, H., Yang, L., Wang, D., Wei, J., He, S."Anaphylactic shock caused by haemocoagulase injection in China". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 13, no. 4 (2017): 1547-1553. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4121