Non-pegylated liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin citrate plus cyclophosphamide or vinorelbine in metastatic breast cancer not previously treated with chemotherapy: A multicenter phase III study

  • Authors:
    • V. Lorusso
    • F. Giotta
    • R. Bordonaro
    • E. Maiello
    • S. Del Prete
    • V. Gebbia
    • G. Filippelli
    • S. Pisconti
    • S. Cinieri
    • S. Romito
    • F. Riccardi
    • R. Forcignanò
    • M. Ciccarese
    • L. Petrucelli
    • V. Saracino
    • L. I. Lupo
    • A. Gambino
    • S. Leo
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: August 18, 2014     https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2014.2604
  • Pages: 2137-2142
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

We conducted a phase III multicenter randomized trial to compare the efficacy of the combination of liposome encapsulated doxorubicin (Myocet©) plus either cyclophosphamide (MC) or vinorelbine (MV). Since July 2006, 233 patients affected with metastatic breast cancer were randomized to receive the combination of Myocet (M) 60 mg/m2 i.v. plus cyclophosphamide (C) 600 mg/m2 on Day 1 of a 21‑day cycle (Arm A) or Myocet (M) at 50 mg/m2 plus vinorelbine (V) 25 mg/m2 i.v. on Day 1 and V 60 mg/m2 orally on Day 8 on a 21‑day cycle (Arm B). The primary endpoints of the study was time to progression (TTP); secondary endpoints were RR, toxicity and OS. Response was observed in 53/116 (45.7%) evaluable patients of Arm A vs. 51/112 (45.5%) of Arm B, respectively (P=NS). Median TTP was 41 weeks (95% CI, 32‑51) and 34 weeks (95% CI, 26‑39), for M/C and M/V, respectively (P=0.0234). The difference in median OS was not statistically significant (131 vs. 122 weeks; P=0.107). With regard to toxicity, patients treated with MV showed a slight increase of neutropenia and constipation, as compared to those treated with MC. No clinical signs of cardiotoxicity were observed. The MC combination remains as an unbeaten ʻstandardʼ in first line treatment of MBC.

Introduction

Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is a chronic and incurable disease, with a median survival of approximately 2–3 years. Although advances have been made in the management of MBC, long-term survivors are rare, with 5-year survival rates varying from 5 to 10% (1,2).

Conventional anthracyclines are among the most widely used agents to treat breast cancer in the adjuvant setting, as well as in metastatic disease (3). In phase II trials the response rate to anthracyclines in patients naïve to chemotherapy is about 50%, however, the clinical use of anthracyclines is limited by dose-related cardiotoxicity, which becomes more relevant with increasing cumulative dose (46). The mechanism of anthracycline related cardiotoxicity involves the formation of free radicals that cause lipid perossidation leading to a dose-dependent cardiomyopathy and to congestive heart failure (79). Cardiotoxicity can appear during treatment, at the end of therapy, or even years after the end of anthracycline therapy (10). Moreover, doxorubicin associated cardiotoxicity is often unpredictable, because it can happen at lower dose than expected. It was recently reported that this may be related to a genetic predisposition in patients carrying selected polymorphism of the NAD(P)H oxidase and doxorubicin efflux transporters (11).

Non-pegylated liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin citrate, a liposomal formulation of doxorubicin, was designed to reduce cardiotoxicity while preserving antitumor efficacy (1215). The formulation consists in encapsulation of water-soluble doxorubicin within a phospholipid membrane to prevent doxorubicin from exiting the circulation through the capillary junctions in healthy tissues. Conversely, liposome-encapsulated drug appears to pass easily through the damaged capillaries of tumor tissues. Therefore, liposome encapsulated doxorubicin does not easily reach heart tissue and a higher cumulative dose of liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin can be delivered to the patient (16,17). Results from phase III trials demonstrated that liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin and doxorubicin are equivalent in terms of antitumor efficacy (1820). In particular, Myocet in combination with cyclophosphamide showed an efficacy equivalent to doxorubicin, with a better profile in terms of cardiotoxicity and hematological toxicity (20).

Vinorelbine is a semi-synthetic vinca alkaloid, with leukopenia and constipation as the dose limiting toxicities. Phase II studies have shown a response rate ranging from 35 to 50% for vinorelbine as first line chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer (2123).

This multicenter randomized phase III trial was designed to compare the efficacy and tolerability of the regimen MV vs. MC. Secondary end-points were ORR, safety and OS.

The principal aim of the study was to assess a difference in time to progression (TTP) between M/C (Arm A) and M/V (Arm B). With the use of a one-sided log-rank test with a type I error of 0.1, we determined that 133 events (disease progression or death from any cause) would be required for an 80% power to detect an expected minimum difference of 2.5 months in PFS between the two arms in favor of vinorelbine containing arm. With a 1:1 randomization of assignment to study groups and considering a total duration of the study of 60 months (48 months of accrual and 12 months of follow-up), we estimated that we would need to enroll 220 patients to observe 133 events.

Patients and methods

All eligible patients had histological confirmed locally advanced (LABC) or metastatic breast cancer (MBC) Her-2 negative not previously treated with chemotherapy for advanced disease. Previous treatment with an anthracyclines-based chemotherapy regimen in the adjuvant or neo-adjuvant setting was allowed (doxorubicin cumulative dose <240 mg/m2, epirubicin cumulative dose <360 mg/m2). Other inclusion criteria were: age 18–70 years; PS (ECOG) ≤2; at least one measurable lesion according to RECIST criteria; previous endocrine therapy allowed; adequate bone marrow, liver and renal function. Main exclusion criteria were: previous chemotherapy for metastatic disease, pregnancy or breast-feeding, serious concomitant systemic disorders, pre-existing sensorial or motor neuropathy, symptomatic brain metastasis, second primary malignancy (except in situ carcinoma of the cervix or adequately treated non-melanoma carcinoma of the skin or other malignancies treated at least 5 years previously with no evidence of recurrence). Randomization method 1:1 was performed and any eligible patient was randomized to receive:

Arm A, non-pegylated liposome encapsulated doxorubicin citrate (M) 60 mg/m2, Day 1 q3w + cyclophosphamide (C) 600 mg/m2, Day 1 q3w; Arm B, non-pegylated liposome encapsulated doxorubicin citrate (M) 50 mg/m2, Day 1 q3w + vinorelbine (V) 25 mg/m2 iv, Day 1 q3w and 60 mg/m2 orally, Day 8 q3w. Treatment was performed until 6 cycles in case of SD or 8–10 cycles if PR or CR was reached.

Time to progression (TTP) was determined from the date of randomization to the date of assessment of disease progression or death from any cause. TTP curves were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. Toxicity was graduated according to NCI-CTC v. 4.0. Objective response, according to RECIST criteria, was evaluated by a tumor assessment performed every 3 cycles. Survival time was measured from the date of randomization to the date of death or lost to follow-up. Overall survival (OS) curves were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. Cardiotoxicity was defined as appearance of signs and/or symptoms of CHF and/or a decrease in LVEF below normal limit (<50%) or a decline ≥15% from baseline value. To evaluate Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) an echocardiography was done at baseline and every 3 cycles in all patients entered into the study.

Results

From July 2006 through December 2011, 233 patients with metastatic breast cancer, and no prior chemotherapy for advanced disease, were enrolled at 18 Italian centers: 117 patients were randomized to receive MC and 116 patients to receive MV. The results are reported on the basis of data collected on all 233 patients with follow-up through December 2012. The two treatment groups were equally distributed for baseline characteristics with respect to age, disease-free interval, ECOG performance status, estrogen/progesterone receptor status and visceral involvement (Table I). Prior therapies were well matched between the two groups: 84% in group A vs. 89% of group B had received anthracyclines as adjuvant therapy, respectively. Up to two lines of previous hormonal treatment were allowed. A median of 6 cycles (range 2–10) of therapy was performed in both arms. With regard to response rate, 116/117 patients in Arm A and 112/116 in Arm B were evaluable per protocol, however, responses were also assessed on intention to treat basis. In fact, 1 patient and 4 patients for Arms A and B, respectively, were not evaluable for early drop out (1 refused to continue, 3 lost to follow-up, 1 drug related death after the first cycle in Arm B). Overall response rate (Table II), per protocol, was 53/116 [45.7% (95% CI, 36.5–54.7%)] for Arm A and 51/112 [45.5% (95% CI, 36.3–54.7%)] for Arm B, respectively (P=NS). On intent to treat basis, responses were 53/117 [45.29% (95% CI, 36.6–54.3%)] and 51/116 [44% (95% CI, 35.3–53.0%)] for Arms A and B, respectively. The response rate by prognostic factors showed a high degree of comparability between the two treatment groups (Table III). The duration of response was longer for MC treated patients as compared to MV (26 vs. 19 weeks; P=0.327). Median TTP (Fig. 1) was 41 (95% CI, 32–51) and 34 (95% CI, 26–39) weeks, respectively (P=0.0234). With a median follow-up of 36 months, there was little difference in the overall survival curves. The median survival was 131 weeks in the MC patients vs. 122 weeks in the MV treated patients (P=0.107) (Fig. 2).

Table I

Characteristics of the patients.

Table I

Characteristics of the patients.

CharacteristicsArm A
no. of patients (%)
Arm B
no. of patients (%)
Assessable/entered116/117112/116
Median age (range)59 (37–71)58 (25–70)
ECOG PS
 0–196 (77)89 (76)
 221 (23)27 (23)
Receptor status
 Positive96 (77)93 (74)
 Negative22 (17)26 (20)
 Unknown9 (6)7 (6)
Her-2 status
 Positive8 (6)8 (6)
 Negative101 (80)105 (84)
 Unknown18 (14)13 (10)
Prior surgery92 (74)104 (83)
Prior adjuvant radiotherapy46 (37)42 (33)
Prior hormonal therapy52 (42)67 (53)
Prior adjuvant therapy with anthracyclines98 (84)103 (89)
Dominant site of disease
 Soft tissue25 (19)17 (13)
 Bone12 (10)17 (13)
 Viscera90 (71)92 (74)
No. of metastatic sites
 144 (35)39 (31)
 243 (34)51 (40)
 ≥340 (31)36 (29)

Table II

Response rate in per-protocol evaluable patients according to dominant site of disease.

Table II

Response rate in per-protocol evaluable patients according to dominant site of disease.

Dominant site of diseaseNo. of patientsCRPRSDPD
Arm A
 Viscera813312819
 Bone110443
 Soft tissue2451081
 Total (%)1168 (7)45 (39)40 (34)23 (20)
Arm B
 Viscera822372320
 Bone150582
 Soft tissue151662
 Total (%)1123 (3)48 (43)37 (33)24 (21)

Table III

Results with regard to prognostic factors.

Table III

Results with regard to prognostic factors.

Percentage of responding patients

MC (N=116)MV (N=112)
Age (years)
 <505254
 50–594543
 >603532
Disease-free interval
 <2 years4445
 >2 years4243
ECOG PS
 04847
 14745
 22524
Receptor status
 Positive4443
 Negative/unknown4646
Prior radiotherapy4342
Prior hormonal therapy4445
Prior adjuvant therapy with anthracyclines4340
Dominant site of disease
 Soft tissue7580
 Bone3538
 Viscera4544
No. of metastatic sites
 14545
 24545
 ≥33840
Safety

Therapy was generally well tolerated in both groups (Table IV). Myelosuppression was the most frequent and severe adverse side effect on both arms, and was the most common cause of dose reduction and delay. Still, dose reductions and delays were not common: median duration of cycles was 21 days on both arms, and patients achieved 90% of the planned dose intensity. Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia was observed in 2% of the MC vs. 3% of MV patients. Grade 3–4 neutropenia, however, was significantly lower in the MC arm: 16% of MC patients as compared to 32% of MV patients (P=0.008). G-CSF was administered in 35% of MV cycles vs. 19% of MC cycles. Eight patients (7%) on the MC arm compared with 18 patients (16%) on the MV arm developed neutropenic fever requiring IV antibiotics and/or hospitalization. Additionally, fewer RBC transfusions were required with MC (5 transfusions to 3 patients) relative to MV (10 transfusions to 7 patients). The incidence of all grade mucositis/stomatitis was comparable in both arms although a slight increase in percent of grade 3–4 mucositis was observed in MV arm (8 vs. 3%). With regard to gastrointestinal toxicity, incidence of grade 3–4 diarrhea was negligible in both arms (1%). However, grade 1–2 diarrhea was more frequent on MV as compared to MC (11 vs. 3%; P=0.042). Conversely, constipation was significantly higher on MV arm (16 vs. 4%; P=0.003), with 7% of grade 3–4.

Table IV

Toxicity.

Table IV

Toxicity.

Arm A (N=117)Arm B (N=116)


ToxicityGrade I–II (%)Grade III–IV (%)Grade I–II (%)Grade III–IV (%)
Leucopenia25 (21)19 (16)23 (20)37 (32)
Febrile neutropenia-8 (7)-18 (16)
Anemia40 (34)3 (3)39 (34)7 (6)
Thrombocytopenia10 (9)2 (2)9 (8)4 (3)
Nausea/vomiting49 (42)2 (2)30 (26)3 (3)
Mucositis20 (17)3 (3)19 (16)9 (8)
Diarrhoea4 (3)1 (1)13 (11)1 (1)
Asthenia17 (15)2 (2)15 (13)1 (1)
Constipation3 (3)1 (1)10 (9)8 (7)
Hair loss43 (37)73 (62)42 (36)70 (60)
Neuropathy3 (3)-4 (3)1 (1)
Cardiac toxicity8 (7)-9 (8)-

With regard to cardiotoxicity, overall 17/233 (7%) patients after 6–8 cycles of either arm, developed a decrease of LVEF below 50%, or showed >15% decline of LVEF below basal examination, without any clinical sign of or symptom. Most of these patients (75%) were previously treated with anthracyclines. All patients recovered after appropriate treatment. The median dose of non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin administered was 420 mg (range 120–660). No patient developed palmar-plantar erythrodisesthesia which is a common side effect with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. Moreover, we observed only one treatment related death in Arm B, because of sepsis.

Discussion

Doxorubicin is a mainstay in the treatment of breast cancer. In fact, this drug is generally included in the treatment of early as well as of advanced/metastatic disease. However, the most important drawback in its use is the development of cardiotoxicity, which is fatal in more than 5% of the patients when cumulative dose of 450 mg2 is reached (46). This risk is particularly high when patients with advanced disease have been already treated with anthracyclines as a component of their adjuvant treatment of early disease. Thus, doxorubicin cardiac toxicity can limit patient ability to receive further potentially active therapy, in particular when the tumor is responding to the current treatment including anthracyclines.

With this regard, considerable research has been undertaken to reduce the potential cardiotoxicity of this drug. Drugs having potential protective effect as dexrazoxane (24,25) or the administration of doxorubicin as continuous infusion (26), have been proposed as tools able to reduce risk of hearth damage, but none has been considered really effective. Non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Myocet©) is a unique formulation of doxorubicin, able to alter the tissue distribution of this doxorubicin. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that doxorubicin in Myocet is bioavailable, metabolized and excreted in a manner similar to that of conventional doxorubicin, but in a slower rate sparing myocardial cells. Moreover, a number of clinical studies (1820) have demonstrated comparable activity and lesser toxicity of Myocet vs. conventional doxorubicin. In addition, data from a phase III randomized controlled clinical trial, comparing Myocet plus cyclophosphamide (MC) vs. adriamycin plus cyclophosphamide (AC) in advanced breast cancer, demonstrated that Myocet significantly reduced the cumulative cardiac toxicity, while providing comparable antitumor efficacy. In fact, in this study which enrolled 296 patients, an objective response of 43% was observed in both arms, with a significant reduction of cardiotoxicity (6 vs. 21%; P=0.0002) in favor of MC patients (20). A further phase III study (19) randomized 160 patients to receive cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 plus either epirubicin 75 mg/m2 or liposomal doxorubicin 75 mg/m2. No significant differences were observed in the rate of asymptomatic reduction in LVEF (11 vs. 10%). In this study, no patient developed clinical heart failure. In 2010, the Cochrane Library reported a systematic review of the different anthracycline compounds and their cardiotoxicity (27). Studies by Harris et al (18) and Batist et al (20) were analyzed together, and authors concluded that non-pegylated liposomal anthracyclines did reduce the overall risk of cardiotoxicity (RR=0.38, P<0.0001) and the risk of clinical heart failure (RR=0.20, P=0.02).

The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of the regimen Myocet plus vinorelbine (MV) vs. the standard MC in a population mostly pretreated with anthracyclines as adjuvant treatment. Secondary end-points of the study were ORR, safety and OS.

The rationale of the choice of the association of Myocet and vinorelbine as comparator of the standard Myocet-cyclophosphamide was the synergism observed in breast cancer cell lines between doxorubicin and vinorelbine (28). In cell lines, an increased p38 activity was demonstrated following vinorelbine, with unchanged mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity and p53 expression. On the other hand, doxorubicin treatment resulted in increased p53 expression, without changes in MAPK or p38 activity. This different mechanism of action may result in increased cell apoptosis in vitro as well as in vivo. Nevertheless, the first randomized trial of the combination of doxorubicin plus vinorelbine vs. doxorubicin alone, reported disappointing results (29) with no difference in response rate as well as in overall survival between doxorubicin alone and the combination with vinorelbine. However, following this study, Pawlicki et al (30) reported an objective response rate of nearly 80%, in 38 chemotherapy naïve metastatic breast cancer treated with doxorubicin plus vinorelbine, and Lorvidhaya et al showed an overall response of 67% in 27 patients (31) with this combination. In addition, few years later, a Scandinavian group reported the results of a phase III study of 387 patients who were randomly assigned to receive IV epirubicin 90 mg/m2 on Day 1 plus vinorelbine 25 mg/m2 on Days 1 and 8 or epirubicin alone at dosage of 90 mg/m2 IV on Day 1 (32). Both regimens were given every 3 weeks for a maximum of 1 year but discontinued prematurely in the event of progressive disease or severe toxicity. In addition, epirubicin was discontinued at a cumulative dose of 1000 mg/m2 (950 mg/m2 from June 1999). It is noteworthy that prior anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy and prior chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer was not allowed. Overall response rates to vinorelbine and epirubicin, and epirubicin alone, were 50 and 42%, respectively (P=0.15). The complete response rate was significantly superior in the combination arm (17 vs. 10%; P=0.048) as was median duration of progression-free survival (10.1 vs. 8.2 months; P=0.019). Median survival was similar in the two arms (19.1 vs. 18.0 months; P=0.50). Leukopenia related complications, stomatitis and peripheral neuropathy were more common in the combination arm. The incidences of cardiotoxicity and constipation were similar in both arms. The Authors concluded that addition of vinorelbine to epirubicin conferred a significant advantage in terms of complete response rate and progression-free survival, but not in terms of survival.

The results of the present study demonstrate that the combination of Myocet plus cyclophosphamide had a significantly longer TTP compared to Myocet plus vinorelbine while the two combinations showed similar response rate and overall survival. Also safety of the two combination was comparable, except for a higher incidence of leukopenia and neurotoxicity in MV arm.

In conclusion, the combination of Myocet plus cyclophosphamide showed a good profile of efficacy and safety in a population with previous exposure to anthracyclines in the early phase of the disease and remains an unbeaten standard in the treatment of advanced/metastatic breast cancer.

References

1 

Clark GM, Sledge GW Jr, Osborne CK and McGuire WL: Survival from first recurrence: relative importance of prognostic factors in 1,015 breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 5:55–61. 1987.PubMed/NCBI

2 

Greenberg PA, Hortobagyi GN, Smith TL, Ziegler LD, Frye DK and Budzar AU: Long-term follow-up of patients with complete remission following combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 14:2197–2205. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Launchbury AP and Habbubi N: Epirubicin and doxorubicin: a comparison of their characteristics, therapeutic activity and toxicity. Cancer Treat Rev. 3:197–228. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Smith LA, Cornelius VR, Plummer CJ, Levitt G, Verrill M, Canney P and Jones A: Cardio-toxicity of anthracycline agents for the treatment of cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cancer. 10:3372010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Von Hoff DD, Layard MW, Basa P, et al: Risk factors for doxorubicin-induced congestive heart failure. Ann Intern Med. 91:710–717. 1979.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Bristow MR: Anthracycline cardio-toxicity. Drug-Induced Heart Disease. Elsevier; New York: pp. 191–215. 1980

7 

Jackson JA, Reeves JP, Muntz KH, et al: Evaluation of free radical effects and catecholamine alterations in adriamycin cardio-toxicity. Am J Pathol. 117:140–153. 1984.PubMed/NCBI

8 

Rajagopalan S, Politi PM, Sinha BK, et al: Adriamycin induced free radical formation in the perfused rat heart: implications for cardio-toxicity. Cancer Res. 48:4766–4769. 1988.PubMed/NCBI

9 

Myers CE, McGuire WP, Liss RH, et al: Adriamycin: the role of lipid peroxidation in cardiac toxicity and tumor response. Science. 197:165–167. 1977. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Steinherz LJ, Steinherz PG, Tan CT, Heller G and Murphy ML: Cardiac toxicity 4 to 20 years after completing anthracycline therapy. JAMA. 266:1672–1677. 1991.

11 

Wojnowski L, Kulle B, Schirmer M, et al: NAD(P)H oxidase and multidrug resistance protein genetic polymorphisms are associated with doxorubicin induced cardio-toxicity. Circulation. 112:3754–3762. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Tardi PG, Boman NL and Cullis PR: Liposomal doxorubicin. J Drug Target. 4:129–140. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Kanter PM, Bullard GA, Ginsberg RA, et al: Comparison of the cardiotoxic effects of liposomal doxorubicin (TLC D-99) versus free doxorubicin in beagle dogs. In Vivo. 7:17–26. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

14 

Kanter PM, Klaich G, Bullard GA, et al: Preclinical toxicology study of liposome encapsulated doxorubicin (TLC D-99) given intraperitoneally to dogs. In Vivo. 8:975–982. 1994.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Bally MB, Nayar R, Masin D, Hope MJ, Cullis PR and Mayer LD: Liposomes with entrapped doxorubicin exhibit extended blood residence times. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1023:133–139. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Wang X, Yang L, Chen Z and Shin DM: Application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy and imaging. CA Cancer J Clin. 58:97–110. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Symon Z, Peyser A, Tzemach D, et al: Selective delivery of doxorubicin to patients with breast carcinoma metastases by stealth liposomes. Cancer. 86:72–78. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Harris L, Batist G, Belt R, et al: Liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin compared with conventional doxorubicin in a randomized multicenter trial as first-line therapy of metastatic breast carcinoma. Cancer. 94:25–36. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Chan S, Davidson N, Juozaityte E, et al: Phase III trial of liposomal doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide compared with epirubicin and cyclophosphamide as first-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 15:1527–1534. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Batist G, Ramakrishnan G, Rao CS, et al: Reduced cardiotoxicity and preserved antitumor efficacy of liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide compared with conventional doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in a randomized, multicenter trial of metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 19:1444–1454. 2001.

21 

Romero A, Rabinovich MG, Vallejo CT, et al: Vinorelbine as first line chemotherapy for metastatic breast carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 12:336–341. 1994.PubMed/NCBI

22 

Smith IE: Navelbine in combination chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 116:10521990.

23 

Abeloff MD: Vinorelbine (Navelbine) in the treatment of breast cancer: a summary. Semin Oncol. 22:1–4. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Swain SM, Whaley FS, Gerber MC, et al: Cardioprotection with dexrazoxane for doxorubicin containing therapy in advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 15:1318–1332. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Swain SM, Whaley FS, Gerber MC, et al: Delayed administration of dexrazoxane provides cardioprotection for patients with advanced breast cancer treated with doxorubicin-containing therapy. J Clin Oncol. 15:1333–1340. 1997.

26 

Legha SS, Benjamin RS, Mackay B, et al: Reduction of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity by prolonged continuous intravenous infusion. Ann Intern Med. 19:133–139. 1982. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Van Dalen EC, Michiels EM, Caron HN and Kremer LC: Different anthracycline derivatives for reducing cardiotoxicity in cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 5:CD0050062010.

28 

Liemm AA, Appleyard MV, O’Neill MA, Hupp TR, Chamberlain MP and Thompson AM: Doxorubicin and vinorelbine act independently via p53 expression and p38 activation respectively in breast cancer cell lines. Br J Cancer. 88:1281–1284. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Norris BI, Pritchard KI, James K, et al: Phase III comparative study of vinorelbine combined with doxorubicin versus doxorubicin alone in disseminated metastatic/recurrent breast cancer. National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study MA8. J Clin Oncol. 18:2385–2394. 2000.

30 

Pawlicki MI, Rolski J, Zaluski J, Siedlecki P, Ramlau C and Tomzak P: A phase II study of intravenous navelbine and doxorubicin combination in previously untreated advanced breast carcinoma. Oncologist. 7:205–209. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Lorvidhaya VI, Kamnerdsupaphon P, Chitapanarux I, et al: Combination of vinorelbine + doxorubicin in advanced breast cancer. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 30:1131–1138. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

32 

Ejlertsen B1, Mouridsen HT, Langkjer ST, Andersen J, Sjöström J and Kjaer M: Scandinavian Breast Group Trial (SBG9403): Phase III study of intravenous vinorelbine in combination with epirubicin versus epirubicin alone in patients with advanced breast cancer: a Scandinavian Breast Group Trial (SBG9403). J Clin Oncol. 22:2313–2320. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

Journal Cover

November-2014
Volume 45 Issue 5

Print ISSN: 1019-6439
Online ISSN:1791-2423

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Lorusso V, Giotta F, Bordonaro R, Maiello E, Del Prete S, Gebbia V, Filippelli G, Pisconti S, Cinieri S, Romito S, Romito S, et al: Non-pegylated liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin citrate plus cyclophosphamide or vinorelbine in metastatic breast cancer not previously treated with chemotherapy: A multicenter phase III study. Int J Oncol 45: 2137-2142, 2014
APA
Lorusso, V., Giotta, F., Bordonaro, R., Maiello, E., Del Prete, S., Gebbia, V. ... Leo, S. (2014). Non-pegylated liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin citrate plus cyclophosphamide or vinorelbine in metastatic breast cancer not previously treated with chemotherapy: A multicenter phase III study. International Journal of Oncology, 45, 2137-2142. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2014.2604
MLA
Lorusso, V., Giotta, F., Bordonaro, R., Maiello, E., Del Prete, S., Gebbia, V., Filippelli, G., Pisconti, S., Cinieri, S., Romito, S., Riccardi, F., Forcignanò, R., Ciccarese, M., Petrucelli, L., Saracino, V., Lupo, L. I., Gambino, A., Leo, S."Non-pegylated liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin citrate plus cyclophosphamide or vinorelbine in metastatic breast cancer not previously treated with chemotherapy: A multicenter phase III study". International Journal of Oncology 45.5 (2014): 2137-2142.
Chicago
Lorusso, V., Giotta, F., Bordonaro, R., Maiello, E., Del Prete, S., Gebbia, V., Filippelli, G., Pisconti, S., Cinieri, S., Romito, S., Riccardi, F., Forcignanò, R., Ciccarese, M., Petrucelli, L., Saracino, V., Lupo, L. I., Gambino, A., Leo, S."Non-pegylated liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin citrate plus cyclophosphamide or vinorelbine in metastatic breast cancer not previously treated with chemotherapy: A multicenter phase III study". International Journal of Oncology 45, no. 5 (2014): 2137-2142. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2014.2604