A novel compound against oncogenic Aurora kinase A overcomes imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia cells

  • Authors:
    • Zi-Jie Long
    • Le-Xun Wang
    • Fei-Meng Zheng
    • Jia-Jie Chen
    • Yu Luo
    • Xi-Xiang Tu
    • Dong-Jun Lin
    • Gui Lu
    • Quentin Liu
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: April 9, 2015     https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.2960
  • Pages: 2488-2496
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Abstract

Drug resistance still represents a major obstacle to successful chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treatment and novel compounds or strategies to override this challenging problem are urgently required. Here, we evaluated a novel compound AKI603 against oncogenic Aurora kinase A (Aur-A) in imatinib-resistant CML cells. We found that Aur-A was highly activated in imatinib-resistant KBM5-T315I cells. AKI603 significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of Aur-A kinase at Thr288, while had little inhibitory effect on BCR-ABL kinase in both KBM5 and KBM5-T315I cells. AKI603 inhibited cell viability, and induced cell cycle arrest with polyploidy accumulation in KBM5 and KBM5-T315I cells. Moreover, inhibition of Aur-A kinase by AKI603 suppressed colony formation capacity without promoting obvious apoptosis. Importantly, AKI603 promoted cell differentiation in both CML cell types. Thus, our study suggested the potential clinical use of small molecule Aurora kinase inhibitor AKI603 to overcome imatinib resistance in CML treatment.

Introduction

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by Philadelphia chromosome, the t(9;22) (q34;q11) reciprocal translocation, resulting in the expression of BCR-ABL fusion protein (1). BCR-ABL is a tyrosine kinase responsible for malignant transformation by activating multiple signal pathways, including the PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK and STATs (24), leading to aberrant cell survival (5,6). The successful introduction of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), constitutes an effective strategy in CML. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved imatinib as the first-line treatment for Philadelphia chromosome-positive CML. Unfortunately, a portion of patients may relapse upon drug discontinuation, or drug resistance (7). Studies reported that different point mutations were associated with resistance to imatinib, and T315I mutation in BCR-ABL, was particularly frequent (8). To overcome imatinib resistance, second generation TKIs have been developed, such as dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib and bafetinib. However, the T315I mutation confers resistance to all these TKIs (9,10). Hence, novel compounds or strategies to override this challenging problem are urgently required for CML treatment.

Aurora kinase A (Aur-A), an oncogenic protein of serine/threonine kinases family, is central for mitotic progression (11). Aur-A was aberrantly overexpressed in solid tumors such as prostate, colon, pancreas, and breast cancer, as well as leukemia (12). Recent study suggested that Aur-A kinase activity was responsible for chemoresistance and tumorigenic ability (13). Small molecule kinase inhibitors of Aur-A have attracted great interest, such as MLN8237, ZM447439 and VX-680 (MK0457). VX-680 effectively inhibited multiple myeloma growth, especially in RHAMM overexpressing patients, and CML with BCR-ABL mutations (1416). Recently, we synthesized and identified a novel compound against Aur-A termed AKI603 with IC50=12.3±1.5 nM in vitro by kinase activity assay. AKI603 inhibited breast cancer cell line proliferation, especially abolished enrichment of tumor initiating cells (TICs) induced by epirubicin, suggesting its potent use in solid cancer treatment (17).

In this study, we investigated the effects of the novel Aur-A small molecule inhibitor AKI603 in CML cells including imatinib-resistant cells. The results showed that AKI603 inhibited cell proliferation with G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, imatinib-resistant cells displayed high Aur-A kinase activity, while targeting Aur-A kinase activity by AKI603 potently suppressed colony formation ability and promoted cell differentiation. Thus, inhibition of Aur-A kinase overcame imatinib resistance, providing a novel therapeutic strategy against CML.

Materials and methods

Chemicals and cell culture

AKI603, designed and synthesized by our lab (17,18), was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to a stock concentration of 100 mM and stored at −20°C. Imatinib (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in DMSO at 10 mM stock solution and stored at −20°C. KBM5 and KBM5-T315I cell lines were gifts from Dr Peng Huang (MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA). All the cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (Gibco, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) were obtained from 3 healthy donors. All donors provided written informed consent, and the study was approved by the Institute Research Ethics Committee at Sun Yat-sen University.

Cell viability assay

Cell viability was evaluated by WST-8 assay (Dojindo Laboratories, Kumamoto, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, 1×104 cells were seeded in each well of the 96-well flat-bottomed plate. After treatment with imatinib or AKI603 for 48 h, 10 μl WST-8 solution was added to each well and cells were incubated at 37°C for 4 h. The absorbance was finally determined at 450 nm using an Eon Microplate Spectrophotometer (BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA).

Cell cycle analysis

Cells were collected, fixed, and resuspended in PBS containing 0.2% Triton X-100, 100 μg/ml RNaseA, and 50 μg/ml PI. Cell cycle analysis was carried out using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA).

Cell differentiation assessment

To measure CD11b expression, cells were treated with indicated concentration of AKI603. After culture, cells were collected and incubated with PE-CD11b antibody (BD Biosciences). Expression of CD11b on cell surface was measured by flow cytometry.

Colony formation assay

Cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 0.9% methylcellulose and 10% FBS. The colonies (containing ≥40 cells) were counted by light microscopy after 10 days.

Western blot analysis

Total cellular proteins were isolated with lysis buffer. Equal amounts of protein were subjected to SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes were blocked and then incubated with phospho-Aur-A, phospho-c-Abl, pRb, Rb (Cell Signaling Technology Corp., Beverly, MA, USA), Aur-A (Sigma-Aldrich), c-Abl and GAPDH antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The protein bands were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence reagent (Sigma-Aldrich), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Annexin V/PI analysis

Cells were treated with the indicated concentration of AKI603, collected and resuspended in the binding buffer. Annexin-V-FITC and PI was added to the cells according to the protocol by the Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit (BD Biosciences). The cells were then incubated for 15 min in the dark and subjected to flow cytometry analysis.

Cell morphology analysis

Cells were incubated with AKI603 for the indicated dose and collected for analysis. Cytospin slides were prepared, and the cells were counterstained with Wright-Giemsa. The morphology of cells was observed by microscopy (IX81, Olympus, Japan).

Nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT) reduction assay

The same amount of cells untreated or treated with AKI603 were incubated at 37°C in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS and 0.1% NBT (Sigma-Aldrich). The cells were then centrifuged and dissolved in DMSO. The optical density was read at 570 nm.

Statistical analysis

Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS, Inc.) and Prism 6 (GraphPad Software, Inc.). The Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test, was used to perform statistical comparison for colony size distribution. The unpaired Student’s t-test was used to perform statistical comparison between two groups. The ANOVA test, followed by least significant difference test, was used for multiple comparisons. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

AKI603 inhibits Aur-A activity and cell viability in CML cells

Chemical structure of AKI603 is shown in Fig. 1A. In this study, we applied two CML cells lines, KBM5 and imatinib-resistant KBM5-T315I cells to study the effects of AKI603. WST-8 assay showed that KBM-T315I cells exhibited significant resistance towards imatinib compared with the wild-type KBM5 cells (Fig. 1B). To evaluate CML cell proliferation by AKI603 treatment, cell viability was also assessed by WST-8 assay. The CML cell lines tested were sensitive to AKI603 ranging from 0.3125 to 5.0 μM (Fig. 1C). In 0.3125 μM treatment, the cell viability was decreased to 68.8±1.6% in KBM5 cells and 78.2±3.0% in KBM5-T315I cells. In 5.0 μM treatment, the cell viability was decreased to 25.0±1.4% in KBM5 cells while 40.7±0.9% in KBM5-T315I cells. Moreover, mononuclear cells from cord blood were exposed to various concentrations of AKI603. Results showed that cell viability was slightly changed after 48-h incubation (Fig. 1D). To assess whether AKI603 inhibited Aur-A kinase activity, western blot analysis was performed. As shown in Fig. 1E, KBM-T315I cells displayed high level of Aur-A Thr288 phosphorylation. Treatment with AKI603 for 48 h significantly inhibited Aur-A phosphorylation (labeled pAur-A) at 0.3125 μM or higher concentrations in KBM5 and KBM5-T315I cells, while total Aur-A protein was not changed. Moreover, we detected the change of BCR-ABL phosphorylation (labeled pBCR-ABL) after AKI603 treatment. We found that either phosphorylation or total protein of BCR-ABL was stable in different treatments of AKI603, ruling out the possibility that the effect of AKI603 was through inhibition of BCR-ABL activity. Our data implied that AKI603 might have a potential therapeutic application in leukemia treatment.

AKI603 induces cell cycle arrest and decreases Rb phosphorylation in CML cells

Due to the crucial role of Aur-A in mitosis, the cell cycle blocking effect on KBM5 and KBM5-T315I was examined. AKI603 significantly induced polyploidization in CML cells as assessed by microscopy observation (Fig. 2A). These morphological changes were confirmed by flow cytometry. DNA content analysis by PI staining showed that treatment of AKI603 induced polyploidy of both KBM5 and KBM-T315I cells (Fig. 2B). These results suggested that the proliferative inhibition induced by AKI603 could be associated with cell cycle blockage. In addition, western blot analysis showed that phosphorylation of Rb was reduced in AKI603 treated cells, even at the concentration of 0.3125 μM (Fig. 2C). Thus, our data suggested that AKI603 might inhibit cell proliferation by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest, and reducing Rb phosphorylation.

AKI603 does not induce obvious apoptosis in CML cells

To evaluate whether AKI603 induced apoptosis, cells were collected for flow cytometry analysis of Annexin V/PI staining. As shown in Fig. 1, 0.3125 μM AKI603 significantly suppressed cell viability, thus we chose this concentration for apoptosis detection. The results showed that both KBM5 and KBM5-T315I cells treated with indicated concentration (0.3125 μM) of AKI603 did not undergo obvious apoptosis either in 48 or 96 h (Fig. 3A). In 96-h treatment, AKI603 increased the percentage of apoptotic cells from 8.6±1.3 to 14.2±1.3% in KBM5 cells and from 7.1±0.4 to 10.6±0.8% in KBM5-T315I cells (Fig. 3B), indicating that cell viability inhibited by AKI603 was not largely due to apoptosis.

AKI603 suppresses colony formation ability in CML cells

We next examined the long-term effect (10 days) of AKI603 against cell colony formation capacity. To this end, the two cell types were maintained in methylcellulose culture medium with or without different treatment, and the diameter and number of the colonies were measured. First, we investigated the long-term effect of the cells under imatinib treatment. As shown in Fig. 4A and B, 0.3125 μM imatinib decreased the size of colony formation (56.8±26.0 μm, p<0.001) compared with the control group (206.7±69.2 μm) in KBM5 cells. However, 0.3125 μM imatinib did not obviously decrease the size of colony formation in KBM5-T315I cells. The results further suggested that imatinib could not inhibit the cell colony formation capacity in KBM5-T315I cells. We next examined the long-term effect of AKI603. The colonies in AKI603 treatment groups were fewer than the control group. Under the concentration of 0.3125 μM, the cells could not form colonies in either cell type (Fig. 4C). Thus, we reduced the treatment concentration of AKI603 and found that 0.1563 μM treatment completely suppressed the colony formation (Fig. 4D). Under low concentrations, the colony size was smaller when cultured with AKI603 compared with control (Fig. 4E and F). For example, 0.0781 μM AKI603 decreased the size of colony formation (112.8±44.7 μm, p<0.001) compared with the control group (218.2±64.2 μm) in KBM5 cells. In KBM5-T315I cells, AKI603 decreased the size of colony formation (169.8±70.7 μm, p<0.001) compared with the control group (243.7±84.6 μm).

AKI603 promotes cell differentiation in CML cells

After 96-h incubation with AKI603, we found that both cell types presented polyploidization and obvious phenotype changes by Wright-Giemsa staining (Fig. 5A). To investigate the mechanism of AKI603 inhibition of colony formation without inducing apoptosis, the KBM5 and KBM5-T315I cells were treated with AKI603 and cell differentiation was evaluated by quantifying CD11b expression, a marker of myeloid differentiation. After exposure of KBM5 and KBM-T315I cells to AKI603 (0.3125 μM) for 48 h, the percentage of CD11b-positive cells induced by AKI603 was significantly increased from 4.0±0.2 to 19.7±1.6% in KBM5 cells and from 8.1±0.8 to 34.2±1.1% in KBM5-T315I cells. Moreover, 96-h treatment increased CD11b expression from 3.4±0.1 to 61.7±2.4% in KBM5 cells and from 9.1±0.2 to 56.7±1.0% in KBM5-T315I cells (Fig. 5B and C). The differentiation state was also confirmed by NBT reduction assay (Fig. 5D). Results showed that both cells displayed increased NBT reduction after AKI603 treatment, indicating the sensitivity of both KBM5 and KBM5-T315I cells to AKI603 might be due to induced cell differentiation.

Discussion

To date, imatinib represents a major success in the era of targeted cancer therapy. However, point mutation in BCR-ABL, which prevents imatinib binding, is responsible for most of the cases of acquired clinical resistance to imatinib. Different point mutations in the BCR-ABL kinase domain have been isolated from patients expressing BCR-ABL (19,20). In addition to imatinib, other novel TKIs are also ineffective against the T315I mutation. Patients with T315I have a poor prognosis, with a short survival from the initiation of imatinib therapy (21,22). Therefore, we aimed to identify effective targeted therapy against CML cells carrying the wild-type BCR-ABL or BCR-ABL-T315I mutation. In the present study, we showed that novel small molecular inhibitor AKI603 effectively inhibited Aur-A kinase activity. Surprisingly, AKI603 potently inhibited cell proliferation, suppressed colony formation ability and promoted cell differentiation in both wild-type BCR-ABL and BCR-ABL-T315I mutant CML cells, suggesting a new approach to overcome imatinib resistance.

Aurora kinase regulated multiple critical mitotic processes. Disruption of Aurora kinase activity induces abnormal spindle pole organization, centrosome separation and chromosome congression (23). Ultimately, cells treated with Aurora kinase inhibitor undergo cell growth inhibition through the development of deleterious aneuploidy (24,25). In this report, we found that AKI603 inhibited Aur-A kinase and presented anti-leukemia effects in KBM5 cells, as well as KBM5-T315I cells, suggesting a possible novel and potent target in treating imatinib-resistant CML. We clearly showed that AKI603 inhibited viability of CML cells (Fig. 1). At the dose range used, AKI603 inhibited Aur-A phosphorylation at Thr288 (Fig. 1). In addition, AKI603 treatment initially resulted in G2/M cell cycle arrest and significant degree of aneuploidy (Fig. 2), a typical phenotype of Aurora suppression (24). These data were consistent with our finding in AML and solid tumor cells that inhibition of Aurora induced cell cycle arrest, promoted polyploidy formation and inhibited cell proliferation (2426).

Drug resistance is a major hindrance for effective leukemic treatment. The mechanism of resistance is complicated, such as accelerated drug efflux, the activation of oncogene or inactivation of tumor suppressor gene, metabolic disturbance and leukemia stem cells (LSCs) enrichment. Previous reports showed that CD34+/CD38 leukemic precursors exhibited resistance to daunorubicin in comparison with the CD34+/CD38+ blasts with highly expressed multidrug resistance genes (27). Our study reported that CD34+ leukemic progenitor cells displayed drug resistance resulting from high levels of Bcl-2 expression (28). These data indicated that leukemic progenitor cells largely contributed to clinical drug resistance. It has been reported that Aur-A was overexpressed in both primary AML cells and LSCs compared to normal hematopoietic stem cells (2931). Our recent data showed that inhibition of Aur-A activity by AKI603 reduced CD24Low/CD44High TICs, and mammosphere formation (17), indicating that Aur-A kinase activity was important for maintaining TICs population. In this study, we found that Aur-A was active in imatinib-resistant cells (Fig. 1), suggesting that imatinib resistance might result from Aur-A activation and be associated with LSCs enrichment.

Consistent with our recent finding that Aur-A inhibition increased the sensitivity of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs (17), previous studies indicated that Aur-A was critical for overriding cell cycle checkpoint in cancer, and therefore responsible for the chemoresistance (32,33). Aurora kinase inhibitor CCT129202 increased the sensitivity of ABCB1/ABCG2 overexpressing cells and cancer stem-like cells to chemotherapeutics (34). Inhibition of Aur-A plus cytarabine treatment in LSCs resulted in increased cytotoxicity compared to cytarabine treatment alone (30). MLN8237, under investigation in multiple phase I and II studies, was active in resistant CML and significantly increased the efficacy of nilotinib treatment (35). Moreover, it reduced the formation of spheroids, attenuated the self-renewal of spheroid forming cells, and promoted cell differentiation (36). Notably, the Aurora inhibitor MK0457 and histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat combination was highly active against primary CD34+ CML cells and Ba/F3 cells with BCR-ABL mutations, such as T315I, E255K, and M351T (37). All these studies indicated that Aur-A activity might be a potent target to abolish LSCs, thus overcoming drug resistance. In the present study, we showed that cells treated with AKI603 did not undergo obvious apoptosis (Fig. 3). Importantly, AKI603 inhibited cell colony formation (Fig. 4) and promoted cells differentiation (Fig. 5) under a long time culture in imatinib-resistant CML cells, indicating AKI603 might shift leukemic progenitor cells to differentiated population, rather than induce cell death.

In conclusion, the present study unveiled a potential anti-leukemia function of the potential Aurora kinase inhibitor AKI603. We also presented a novel mechanism that inhibition of Aur-A kinase by AKI603 overcame drug resistance through promoting cell differentiation in CML cells, suggesting a novel strategy in leukemia treatment.

Acknowledgements

We thank Mr. Wen-Xing Lai, the members of Quentin Liu lab and Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University for their critical comments and technical support. This study was supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program; no. 2015AA020926 to Z.-J. Long), the Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou (no. 2012J2200077 to Z.-J. Long), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (no. 11ykpy37 to Z.-J. Long), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 81130040 to Q. Liu) and the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program; no. 2012CB967000 to Q. Liu).

Abbreviations:

CML

chronic myeloid leukemia

AML

acute myeloid leukemia

TKIs

tyrosine kinase inhibitors

LSCs

leukemia stem cells

TICs

tumor initiating cells

CBMCs

cord blood mono-nuclear cells

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June-2015
Volume 46 Issue 6

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Long Z, Wang L, Zheng F, Chen J, Luo Y, Tu X, Lin D, Lu G and Liu Q: A novel compound against oncogenic Aurora kinase A overcomes imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Int J Oncol 46: 2488-2496, 2015
APA
Long, Z., Wang, L., Zheng, F., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Tu, X. ... Liu, Q. (2015). A novel compound against oncogenic Aurora kinase A overcomes imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. International Journal of Oncology, 46, 2488-2496. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.2960
MLA
Long, Z., Wang, L., Zheng, F., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Tu, X., Lin, D., Lu, G., Liu, Q."A novel compound against oncogenic Aurora kinase A overcomes imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia cells". International Journal of Oncology 46.6 (2015): 2488-2496.
Chicago
Long, Z., Wang, L., Zheng, F., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Tu, X., Lin, D., Lu, G., Liu, Q."A novel compound against oncogenic Aurora kinase A overcomes imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia cells". International Journal of Oncology 46, no. 6 (2015): 2488-2496. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.2960