Oncogenic IL7R is downregulated by histone deacetylase inhibitor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via modulation of acetylated FOXO1

  • Authors:
    • Myoung Jun Kim
    • Sung Kyung Choi
    • Seong Hwi Hong
    • Jung Woo Eun
    • Suk Woo Nam
    • Jeung-Whan Han
    • Jueng Soo You
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: May 2, 2018     https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4392
  • Pages: 395-403
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Abstract

The interleukin-7 receptor (IL7R) is generally expressed in immune cells and is critical in survival, development and homeostasis in the immune system. Advanced genome-wide cancer studies have reported that IL7R is genetically amplified in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), however, the exact role of IL7R in ESCC has not been investigated. In the present study, it was found that IL7R was overexpressed in ESCC cohorts and the loss of IL7R induced anti-oncogenic effects in ESCC cell lines. A small panel of epigenetic drugs were screened for their ability to downregulate the expression of IL7R. Unexpectedly, apicidin, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, effectively downregulated the expression of IL7R in a dose-dependent manner at an early time-point, as determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and IL7R immunostaining, and did not require de novo protein synthesis. Of note, apicidin induced the acetylation of Forkhead box-containing protein, O subfamily 1, which acts as a repressor at the IL7R promoter, accompanied with depleted active histone modifications based on chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Taken together, these results demonstrated that targeting oncogenic IL7R in ESCC by HDAC inhibitors may be a valuable therapeutic approach.

Introduction

The interleukin-7 receptor (IL7R), an important molecule in the innate and adaptive immune responses, is critical in a variety of cellular processes, including the regulation of cell development, survival, homeostasis and differentiation of T cells (1,2). IL7R signaling has also been reported to promote the development of B cells by controlling downstream signaling, including the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathways (3,4). Although the expression patterns and roles of IL7R in the immune system are well understood, its expression patterns and roles in solid tumors remain to be fully elucidated.

Esophageal cancer, the eighth most common type of cancer in the world, can be categorized into two histological types: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) (5). Although the incidence rate of EAC has been increasing in Europe and North America, ESCC accounts for ~90% of all esophageal cancer cases and is known to be more aggressive (6). For several decades, the five-year survival rate for ESCC has been low at 15–25% due to late diagnosis and induced metastasis (7). As in other types of cancer, comprehensive ESCC genome studies have been actively performed and several unexpected therapeutic targets have been identified (8,9). Although the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, the findings of genome studies may improve the poor prognosis of ESCC.

As understanding of the mechanisms by which epigenetics controls gene expression patterns increases, the development of epigenetic drugs has accelerated, and certain drugs have been Food and Drug Administration-approved for clinical use (10,11). The overexpression of histone deacetylases (HDAC)s and a global reduction in histone acetylation are representative epigenetic phenomena in cancer (12,13). HDAC inhibitors induce histone acetylation mechanically and have been investigated extensively for activating target genes. HDAC inhibitors have a broad spectrum of targets and affect cell cycle arrest, differentiation, apoptosis, autophagy and the production of reactive oxygen species (14). The majority of mechanistic investigations of HDAC inhibitors have focused on the upregulation of tumor suppressors (15). Although the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, few investigations on HDAC inhibitors have addressed downregulated genes (16). HDAC inhibitors have been reported to induce the acetylation of non-histone proteins, including transcription factors (TFs) (17,18). The post-translational modification of TFs can control localization, stability or activity. Therefore, the acetylation of TFs may provide insight into genes that are downregulated by HDAC inhibitors.

In the present study, the role of IL7R in ESCC was investigated using specific IL7R small interfering (si)RNA, and it was found that IL7R acted as an oncogene in ESCC. In a small-scale epigenetic drug screening, it was found that the HDAC inhibitor apicidin effectively suppressed the expression of IL7R. Of note, the downregulation of IL7R by apicidin was mediated by the acetylation of Forkhead box-containing protein, O subfamily 1 (FOXO1) at an early time-point and without de novo protein synthesis. Acetylated FOXO1 binds at the IL7R promoter and acts as a repressor. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, these findings demonstrate the role of IL7R in ESCC and indicate the use of HDAC inhibitors as an IL7R regulation strategy.

Materials and methods

Cell lines

The human ESCC cell lines TE1, TE8, TE9, TE10, TE11 and ECGI were obtained from the Riken Bioresource Center Cell Bank (Tsukuba, Japan). HCE4 and HCE7 were obtained from the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Korea). Jurkat human T cell (TIB-152) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA).

Cell culture and transfection

All cell lines were cultured in DMEM (Welgene, Inc., Gyeongsan, Korea; cat. no. 001-05) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% antibiotics (100 U/ml penicillin and 100 µg/ml streptomycin; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) at 37°C in an incubator containing 5% CO2. For siRNA transfection, the cells were transfected using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.; cat. no. 11668-019) in OPTI-MEM (Welgene, Inc.; cat. no. 004-01) according to the manufacturer's protocols and incubated for 16 h. The Lipofectamine-containing media were replaced with standard growth media and incubated for 48 h. Human IL7R siRNA #1 (5′-GUAAGAAACCCAGACUGAA3′) and IL7R siRNA #2 (5′-GAGUGAAUGGAGUCCAAGU-3′) was purchased from Bioneer Corporation (Daejeon, Korea). Control siRNA against GFP (5′-GACUUCCCAAGAAAUGCUU-3′) was purchased from Bioneer Corporation.

Chemicals

For drug screening of a small panel of epigenetic drugs, cells were treated with the drugs at 37°C in an incubator containing 5% CO2 for 24 h. Apicidin was prepared as described in a previous study (16). DZNep was purchased from Cayman, (cat. no. 13828), BIX was from Sigma-Aldrich; EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA (cat. no. SML1073), Vitamin C was from Sigma-Aldrich; EMD Millipore (cat. no. A4403) and C646 was from EMD Millipore (cat. no. 382113).

RNA extraction and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis

Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent. The RNA samples were adjusted to the same concentration and reverse transcribed using a High-Capacity cDNA reverse transcription kit (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.; cat. no. 4368813). Synthesized cDNA was performed using a Cycler® 480 II with LightCycler® 480 SYBR Green I master mix (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland; cat. no. 04887352001), according to the manufacturer's protocols. The RT-qPCR primer sequences used were as follows: IL7R, forward, 5′-GGAGAAAGTGGCTATGCTCAAAA-3′ and reverse, 5′-CCATTCACTTCCAACTGGCTAT-3′; P21, forward, 5′-GAGGCCGGGATGAGTTGGGAG GAG-3′ and reverse, 5′-CAGCCGGCGTTTGGAGTGGTAGAA-3′; GAPDH, forward, 5′-GAGTCAACGGATTTGGTCGT-3′ and reverse, 5′-TGGAAGATGGTGATGGGATT-3′. The RT-qPCR analysis was performed with an initial denaturation step of 5 min at 95°C, followed by 45 cycles at 95°C for 10 sec, 60°C for 10 sec, and 72°C for 10 sec. Quantification of RNA values was determined automatically using the LightCycler® 480 program (Roche Diagnostics).

Western blot analysis

The cells were lysed in RIPA buffer containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors. The lysates were centrifuged at 15,000 × g for 15 min at 4°C and the supernatants were transferred to new tubes. Proteins were quantified using the Bradford protein assay, and lysates were diluted as appropriate to ensure the equal loading of total protein. Depending on the experiment, a volume containing 40–80 µg cell lysates from each sample was boiled in sample buffer [60 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 25% glycerol, 14.4 mM 2-mercaptoethanol and 1% bromophenol blue]. The lysates were then resolved by SDS-PAGE on 12% gels and transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes were incubated with 5% skim milk for 1 h at room temperature and incubated with anti-Ac-FOXO1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA; cat no. sc49437, 1:100), anti-phosphorylated histone H3 serine 10 (pH3ser10; EMD Millipore; cat. no. 06-570, 1:1,000), H3 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK; cat. no. ab1791, 1:2,000), or β-actin (Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA; cat. no. 4967, 1:2,000) overnight at 4°C. The membranes were washed with TBS-T and probed with an HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (Cell signaling Technology, Inc.; cat. no. 7074, 1:5,000) in 5% skim milk for 1 h at room temperature. Following washing with Tris-buffered saline containing 0.5% Tween, the membranes were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence detection kit (LF-QC0103 AB Frotier) following exposure on an LAS-3000 image detection system (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan).

Immunocytochemistry

The cells were seeded on poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips in standard growth media for 16 h. The cells were washed with cold PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min at room temperature. The fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 5 min and blocked in 3% goat serum (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc., West Grove, PA, USA; cat. no. 005-000-121) for 30 min. The cells were stained with Ac-FOXO1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.; cat. no. sc49437, 1:50) and Alexa Fluor® anti-rabbit 488 secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch, Inc.; cat. no. 111-545-003, 1:500) for 30 min at room temperature. The nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. The fluorescent signals were detected, and images were captured using a fluorescence microscope.

Cell wound-healing assay

The cells transfected with IL7R siRNA were seeded into 6-well plates and incubated in 5% CO2 at 37°C for 16 h. When the cells reached confluence, a wound was scratched using a pipette tip, fresh culture media was added, and the cells were incubated in 5% CO2 at 37°C. Images of the scratched areas were captured under a microscope (Olympus IX71; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at 0, 12 and 24 h post-wounding.

Cell cycle analysis

Cell cycle assays were performed using the Cycletest Plus DNA reagent kit (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA; cat. no. 340242), according to the manufacturer's protocol. The cell cycle profiles were analyzed using a FACScan flow cytometer (BD Biosciences).

IL7R+ cell staining

The cells were washed twice with cold PBS, centrifuged at 1,000 × g for 5 min at 4°C, resuspended in FACS buffer containing IL7R antibodies (eBioscience, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; cat. no. 17-1278-42) and IgGκ (eBioscience, Inc.; cat. no. 17-4714-42), and incubated for 1 h at 4°C. Following washing, fixation buffer was added, and the cells were incubated for 20 min at 4°C. The cells were washed with cold PBS and resuspended in 4% paraformaldehyde. The cells were analyzed using a FACScan flow cytometer (BD Biosciences).

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay

ChIP assays were performed according to the manufacturer's protocol (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Lake Placid, NY, USA). DNA was sheared by sonication to achieve fragments between 200 and 500 bp. The sheared DNA was pre-cleared with protein A magnetic beads (EMD Millipore; cat. no. 92590), and 50 µg DNA was then immunoprecipitated by Ac-FOXO1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.; cat. no. sc49437) or AcH3 (EMD Millipore; cat. no. 06-866). Following IP, the recovered chromatin fragments were subjected to PCR analysis. IgG control experiments were performed for all ChIPs and incorporated into the IP/Input (1%) by presenting the results as (IP-IgG)/(Input-IgG). The PCR primer sequences used were as follows: IL7R proximal promoter (pp)1, forward, 5′-CAGGGAATATCCAGGAGGAA-3′ and reverse, 5′-AGGGAGGGAGGAAGACAGAG-3′; IL7R pp2, forward, 5′-TTGGAAGTTGGAGGTAAGCTATTT-3′ and reverse, 5′-TGCTAGGACTACAGGCATGA-3′; P21pp, forward, 5-GACTGGGGGAGGAGGGAAG-3′ and reverse, 5′-CTTCGGCAGCTGCTCACAC-3′.

Use of datasets

The human ESCC cohorts datasets (GSE23400 and GSE29001) from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) were used, and the GSE80005 mouse ESCC experimental dataset was used.

Statistical analysis

The results are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean. The majority of statistical comparisons were calculated using one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test using GraphPad Prism software version 5 (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

IL7R is overexpressed and the repression of IL7R induces anti-oncogenic effects in ESCC cell lines

IL7R has been reported to be genetically amplified in ESCC, however, the expression patterns and roles of IL7R in ESCC have not been reported (9). In the present study, the expression of IL7R was first compared in publicly available datasets of human ESCC cohorts from the NCBI GEO database (GSE23400 and GSE29001). IL7R was overexpressed in ESCC tissue samples compared with normal tissue samples in cohorts (Fig. 1A). In the animal model data, a significantly higher expression of IL7R was observed between the normal esophagus and ESCC mice (Fig. 1B). Subsequently, the expression of IL7R was examined by RT-qPCR analysis to screen for the mRNA expression of IL7R in various ESCC cell lines compared with the Jurkat human T lymphocyte cell line, which is known to express IL7R (19). The majority of the ESCC cell lines showed comparable expression of IL7R to the Jurkat cells (Fig. 1C). The HCE7 cells showed distinct expression of IL7R among the ESCC cell lines screened (Fig. 1C); therefore, subsequent experiments were performed mainly using the HCE7 cell line.

To investigate whether the expression of IL7R induces oncogenic effects in ESCC, siRNAs were used to knockdown the expression of IL7R in HCE7 and HCE4 cells. The IL7R-specific siRNAs effectively repressed the expression of IL7R at the mRNA and protein levels (Fig. 1D and E). IL7R knockdown induced mild G2 cell-cycle arrest in the HCE7 and HCE4 cells, and increased the level of P21 (Fig. 1F and G). Furthermore, it was observed that the knockdown of IL7R in HCE7 and HCE4 cells reduced the wound-healing capacity (Fig. 1H). Taken together, the results demonstrated that IL7R was overexpressed and may have an oncogenic role in ESCC.

In addition to ESCC, it was observed that IL7R was overexpressed in EACs and the high expression of IL7R was correlated with poor prognosis in terms of disease-free survival rate (P=0.042, data not shown).

IL7R is downregulated by apicidin in a dose- and time-dependent manner in HCE7 cells

To determine a strategy for IL7R regulation, a small panel of drugs that modulate histone acetylation or methylation were screened. Among the small molecules, apicidin (14,20), an HDAC inhibitor, induced marked downregulation of the expression of IL7R in HCE7 cells compared with other drugs (Fig. 2A). To investigate whether IL7R is directly targeted by apicidin, HCE7 and HCE4 cells were exposed to 0.1, 0.5, 1 or 5 µM apicidin for 24 h. The mRNA levels of IL7R were markedly decreased in the two cell lines (Fig. 2B). Apicidin has been reported to induce G1 cell-cycle arrest (14,16), but in the present study, apicidin induced G2 cell-cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner in HCE7 and HCE4 cells, similar to the loss of IL7R (Fig. 2C). The downregulated the expression of IL7R by apicidin was observed at an early time-point, from 3 h, and >95% protein was depleted at 12 h in the HCE7 cells (Fig. 2D and E). These time-points corresponded with cell-cycle arrest and the downregulation of the mitotic marker pH3Ser10 (21,22) (Fig. 2F and G). Following treatment with apicidin for 24 h, the mRNA and protein levels of IL7R were also downregulated in Jurkat cells (Fig. 2H and I), suggesting that the effects of apicidin on IL7R are not specific to ESCC.

De novo protein synthesis is not required for repression of the expression of IL7R by apicidin

The present study also investigated whether the downregulation in the expression of IL7R by apicidin required de novo protein synthesis. As shown in Fig. 3, pretreatment of the HCE7 cells with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide did not rescue the effects of apicidin on the mRNA expression of IL7R. These data suggested that the HDAC inhibitor apicidin suppressed IL7R independent of de novo protein synthesis.

Apicidin-induced acetylation of FOXO1 acts as a repressor of the expression of IL7R

To understand the mechanisms underlying the downregulation of IL7R by apicidin, the present study investigated the upstream regulators of IL7R. To date, zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2), GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) and FOXO1 have been reported to regulate the transcription of IL7R (2327). The present study investigated the putative binding sites of these TFs based on a consensus sequence of the IL7R upstream region covering -5 kb from the transcription start site (TSS). There are several binding motifs for the three TFs (Fig. 4A). Subsequently, a literature search was performed for the post-translational acetylation of the TFs. Whereas FOXO1 has eight sites for acetylation, ZEB2 does not have a putative site and GATA3 has only one site. Of note, FOXO1 has been known to translocate between the cytoplasm and nucleus dependent on post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation and acetylation (28). Therefore, the present study focused on FOXO1 and hypothesized that apicidin induces the acetylation of FOXO1, and that acetylated FOXO1 translocates to the nucleus and affects the transcription of IL7R. To test this hypothesis, western blot and immunocytochemical analyses of acetylated FOXO1 were performed, using acetylated FOXO1 antibody for the detection of three residues following apicidin treatment. An increase in acetylated FOXO1 was observed as early as 15 min and accumulated in the nucleus up to 6 h (Fig. 4B and C). Subsequently, a ChIP assay was used to examine whether there is a change in the recruitment of acetylated FOXO1 to the IL7R DNA regulatory regions. As shown in Fig. 4A, primers were designed for two IL7R promoters, one bearing the FOXO1 binding motif (pp1) and the other covering the TSS (pp2). The binding of acetylated FOXO1 was significantly increased at both promoters accompanied by a decrease in acetylated histone H3 (Fig. 4D), suggesting that acetylated FOXO1 may act as a repressor of the transcription of IL7R. As a control, a ChIP assay was performed for the P21pp. There was a decrease in acetylated FOXO1-binding, however, the increase in acetylated histone H3 was statistically significant at the P21 promoter at 6 h not 3 h, respectively (Fig. 4E). It is possible that the increased level of acetylated FOXO1 by apicidin results in increased binding at the IL7R promoter, however, based on the decrease of acetylated FOXO1 at the P21 promoter, the increased enrichment of acetylated FOXO1 at the IL7R promoter is specific, rather than simply an increased level of acetylated FOXO1. Taken together, the results indicated that apicidin treatment induces acetylated FOXO1 to translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it bound to the IL7R promoter and repressed transcription.

Discussion

In the present study, the role of IL7R in ESCC was investigated. It was found that acetylated FOXO1 is a critical repressor of the expression of IL7R in ESCC. Data indicating that IL7R was overexpressed in multiple datasets further supports previous reports of IL7R genetic amplification in ESCC. The knockdown of IL7R induced antitumorigenic effects in ESCC cell lines. The HDAC inhibitor, apicidin, suppressed the transcription of IL7R by inducing the translocation of acetylated FOXO1 to the nucleus independent of de novo protein synthesis. Anti-acetylated FOXO1 ChIP assays demonstrated that acetylated FOXO1 acts as a critical repressor of IL7R under apicidin treatment. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that IL7R may be an oncogene in ESCC and that HDAC inhibitors may be an effective therapeutic strategy in ESCC by modulating acetylated FOXO1, a key repressor of the transcription of IL7R.

One benefit of whole exome/genome sequencing of human cancer is identifying unexpected therapeutic targets (29,30). Although the expression patterns and roles of IL7R in the immune system have been well established, the presence of IL7R in stromal cells, particularly in ESCC, is not well understood. Although a pioneer study showed that IL7R is amplified in ESCC (9), the actual expression patterns and roles of IL7R have not been investigated previously. The present study showed that IL7R was overexpressed in cohorts with ESCC compared with normal tissue and is involved as a critical oncogene in ESCC cell lines, determined using loss of function experiments (Fig. 1). In the process of identifying a strategy to regulate the expression of IL7R, it was found that the HDAC inhibitor, apicidin, downregulated the expression of IL7R at an early time-point and, unexpectedly, independently of de novo protein synthesis (Figs. 2 and 3). To date, the majority of studies have reported that the effects of HDAC inhibitors are mediated by the upregulation of target genes by the increase of acetylated histones at the DNA regulatory regions of target genes, which is expected due to HDACs eliminating histone acetylation, an active mark of transcription. In the present study, FOXO1 acetylation was presumably a primary event of the HDAC inhibitor apicidin for the downregulation of IL7R via changing FOXO1 localization and DNA binding affinity, accompanied with the local decrease of acetylated H3 at the IL7R promoter. The results of the present study suggested that HDAC inhibitors downregulate genes in a non-histone protein-dependent manner, by modulating the acetylation of TFs, a finding beneficial to future investigations of the mechanism.

The FOXO family (FOXO1, FOXO3a, FOXO4 and FOXO6) includes well-established TFs with dual activities in a wide range of functions, including metabolism, cell death, cell cycle and oxidative stress responses (3134). The activity of FOXO is regulated by protein expression levels, subcellular localization and post-translational modifications (35). The most common post-translational modifications of FOXO are phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination, and TF activity is dependent upon these modifications; however, one modification does not always control the direction for its activity. For example, phosphorylation by AKT induces accumulation in the cytosol to disrupt interactions with DNA (36), whereas phosphorylation by mammalian Ste20-like kinase1 and c-Jun kinase 1 in response to oxidative stress allows translocation to the nucleus (3739). The acetylation of FOXO also affects subcellular localization, DNA binding capacity and sensitivity of phosphorylation (40,41). In the present study, it was found that apicidin induced the acetylation of FOXO1 in the nucleus and increased the binding of acetylated FOXO1 at the IL7R promoter, with a decrease in active histone modifications (Fig. 4). It is worth determining whether the apicidin-induced acetylation of FOXO1 has effects on other modifications, including phosphorylation, and investigating the mechanisms by which acetylated FOXO1 acts as a repressor.

In the present study, it was demonstrated that the overexpression of IL7R had a tumorigenic role in ESCC and suggested an HDAC inhibitor strategy to regulate the expression of IL7R. Apicidin, the HDAC inhibitor, regulated IL7R via the modulation of acetylated FOXO1. The results of the present study suggest that genome-wide cancer studies lead to an improved understanding of newly identified therapeutic targets, allowing the development of regulation strategies for treating intractable forms of cancer, including ESCC.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr Paul S. Mischel (University of California, San Diego, CA, USA) for the FOXO1-related discussion.

Funding

This study was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (grant nos. 2016R1C1B3007534 and 2016R1A5A2012284).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

JSY conceived and designed the experiments. MJK, SKC and SHH performed the experiments. MJK, JWE, SWN and JWH analyzed the data. MJK and JSY wrote the study.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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July-2018
Volume 53 Issue 1

Print ISSN: 1019-6439
Online ISSN:1791-2423

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Spandidos Publications style
Kim M, Choi S, Hong S, Eun J, Nam S, Han J and You J: Oncogenic IL7R is downregulated by histone deacetylase inhibitor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via modulation of acetylated FOXO1. Int J Oncol 53: 395-403, 2018
APA
Kim, M., Choi, S., Hong, S., Eun, J., Nam, S., Han, J., & You, J. (2018). Oncogenic IL7R is downregulated by histone deacetylase inhibitor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via modulation of acetylated FOXO1. International Journal of Oncology, 53, 395-403. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4392
MLA
Kim, M., Choi, S., Hong, S., Eun, J., Nam, S., Han, J., You, J."Oncogenic IL7R is downregulated by histone deacetylase inhibitor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via modulation of acetylated FOXO1". International Journal of Oncology 53.1 (2018): 395-403.
Chicago
Kim, M., Choi, S., Hong, S., Eun, J., Nam, S., Han, J., You, J."Oncogenic IL7R is downregulated by histone deacetylase inhibitor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via modulation of acetylated FOXO1". International Journal of Oncology 53, no. 1 (2018): 395-403. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4392