1
|
Amar AP and Levy ML: Pathogenesis and
pharmacological strategies for mitigating secondary damage in acute
spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery. 44:1027–1040. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
2
|
Fleming JC, Norenberg MD, Ramsay DA,
Dekaban GA, Marcillo AE, Saenz AD, Pasquale-Styles M, Dietrich WD
and Weaver LC: The cellular inflammatory response in human spinal
cords after injury. Brain. 129:3249–3269. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
3
|
Dolan EJ and Tator CH: The effect of blood
transfusion, dopamine, and gamma hydroxybutyrate on posttraumatic
ischemia of the spinal cord. J Neurosurg. 56:350–358. 1982.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
4
|
Webb AA, Ngan S and Fowler JD: Spinal cord
injury I: A synopsis of the basic science. Can Vet J. 51:485–492.
2010.PubMed/NCBI
|
5
|
Brown GC and Neher JJ: Inflammatory
neurodegeneration and mechanisms of microglial killing of neurons.
Mol Neurobiol. 41:242–247. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
6
|
Magazine HI, Liu Y, Bilfinger TV,
Fricchione GL and Stefano GB: Morphine-induced conformational
changes in human monocytes, granulocytes, and endothelial cells and
in invertebrate immunocytes and microglia are mediated by nitric
oxide. J Immunol. 156:4845–4850. 1996.PubMed/NCBI
|
7
|
Perry VH, Nicoll JA and Holmes C:
Microglia in neurodegenerative disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 6:193–201.
2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
8
|
Carlson SL, Parrish ME, Springer JE, Doty
K and Dossett L: Acute inflammatory response in spinal cord
following impact injury. Exp Neurol. 151:77–88. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
9
|
Donnelly DJ and Popovich PG: Inflammation
and its role in neuroprotection, axonal regeneration and functional
recovery after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol. 209:378–388. 2008.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
10
|
De Lemos ML, de la Torre AV, Petrov D,
Brox S, Folch J, Pallàs M, Lazarowski A, Beas-Zarate C, Auladell C
and Camins A: Evaluation of hypoxia inducible factor expression in
inflammatory and neurodegenerative brain models. Int J Biochem Cell
Biol. 45:1377–1388. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
11
|
Semenza GL: Expression of
hypoxia-inducible factor 1: Mechanisms and consequences. Biochem
Pharmacol. 59:47–53. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
12
|
Yeo EJ, Chun YS and Park JW: New
anticancer strategies targeting HIF-1. Biochem Pharmacol.
68:1061–1069. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
13
|
Bergeron M, Gidday JM, Yu AY, Semenza GL,
Ferriero DM and Sharp FR: Role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in
hypoxia-induced ischemic tolerance in neonatal rat brain. Ann
Neurol. 48:285–296. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
14
|
Sheldon RA, Osredkar D, Lee CL, Jiang X,
Mu D and Ferriero DM: HIF-1 alpha-deficient mice have increased
brain injury after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Dev Neurosci.
31:452–458. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
15
|
Yang Z and Klionsky DJ: Mammalian
autophagy: Core molecular machinery and signaling regulation. Curr
Opin Cell Biol. 22:124–131. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
16
|
Singh SB, Davis AS, Taylor GA and Deretic
V: Human IRGM induces autophagy to eliminate intracellular
mycobacteria. Science. 313:1438–1441. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
17
|
Lee J, Kim HR, Quinley C, Kim J,
Gonzalez-Navajas J, Xavier R and Raz E: Autophagy suppresses
interleukin-1β (IL-1β) signaling by activation of p62 degradation
via lysosomal and proteasomal pathways. J Biol Chem. 287:4033–4040.
2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
18
|
Oka T, Hikoso S, Yamaguchi O, Taneike M,
Takeda T, Tamai T, Oyabu J, Murakawa T, Nakayama H, Nishida K, et
al: Mitochondrial DNA that escapes from autophagy causes
inflammation and heart failure. Nature. 485:251–255. 2012.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
19
|
Korkaya H and Wicha MS: Inflammation and
autophagy conspire to promote tumor growth. Cell Cycle.
10:2623–2624. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
20
|
Puyal J and Clarke PG: Targeting autophagy
to prevent neonatal stroke damage. Autophagy. 5:1060–1061. 2009.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
21
|
Rosello A, Warnes G and Meier UC: Cell
death pathways and autophagy in the central nervous system and its
involvement in neurodegeneration, immunity and central nervous
system infection: To die or not to die-that is the question. Clin
Exp Immunol. 168:52–57. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
22
|
Willemen HL, Eijkelkamp N, Wang H, Dantzer
R, GW II Dorn, Kelley KW, Heijnen CJ and Kavelaars A:
Microglial/macrophage GRK2 determines duration of peripheral
IL-1beta-induced hyperalgesia: Contribution of spinal cord CX3CR1,
p38 and IL-1 signaling. Pain. 150:550–560. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
23
|
Bocchini V, Mazzolla R, Barluzzi R, Blasi
E, Sick P and Kettenmann H: An immortalized cell line expresses
properties of activated microglial cells. J Neurosci Res.
31:616–621. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
24
|
Sheng W, Zong Y, Mohammad A, Ajit D, Cui
J, Han D, Hamilton JL, Simonyi A, Sun AY, Gu Z, et al:
Pro-inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharide induce changes in
cell morphology, and upregulation of ERK1/2, iNOS and sPLA (2)-IIA
expression in astrocytes and microglia. J Neuroinflammation.
8:1212011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
25
|
Rabinovich GA, Riera CM and Iribarren P:
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor protects dendritic
cells from liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene
diphosphonate-induced apoptosis through a Bcl-2-mediated pathway.
Eur J Immunol. 29:563–570. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
26
|
Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of
gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the
2(−Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
27
|
Ratcliffe PJ, O'Rourke JF, Maxwell PH and
Pugh CW: Oxygen sensing, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and the
regulation of mammalian gene expression. J Exp Biol. 201:1153–1162.
1998.PubMed/NCBI
|
28
|
Michel G, Minet E, Ernest I, Durant F,
Remacle J and Michiels C: Molecular modeling of the
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Theoretical Chemistry Accounts.
101:51–56. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar
|
29
|
Walker CL, Walker MJ, Liu NK, Risberg EC,
Gao X, Chen J and Xu XM: Systemic bisperoxovanadium activates
Akt/mTOR, reduces autophagy, and enhances recovery following
cervical spinal cord injury. PloS One. 7:e300122012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
30
|
Kanno H, Ozawa H, Sekiguchi A and Itoi E:
The role of autophagy in spinal cord injury. Autophagy. 5:390–392.
2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
31
|
Oyinbo CA: Secondary injury mechanisms in
traumatic spinal cord injury: A nugget of this multiply cascade.
Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 71:281–299. 2011.PubMed/NCBI
|
32
|
Hayashi M, Ueyama T, Nemoto K, Tamaki T
and Senba E: Sequential mRNA expression for immediate early genes,
cytokines, and neurotrophins in spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma.
17:203–218. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
33
|
Beattie MS: Inflammation and apoptosis:
linked therapeutic targets in spinal cord injury. Trends Mol Med.
10:580–583. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
34
|
Zhang YK, Liu JT, Peng ZW, Fan H, Yao AH,
Cheng P, Liu L, Ju G and Kuang F: Different TLR4 expression and
microglia/macrophage activation induced by hemorrhage in the rat
spinal cord after compressive injury. J Neuroinflammation.
10:1122013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
35
|
Wang CX, Nuttin B, Heremans H, Dom R and
Gybels J: Production of tumor necrosis factor in spinal cord
following traumatic injury in rats. J Neuroimmunol. 69:151–156.
1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
36
|
Yune TY, Chang MJ, Kim SJ, Lee YB, Shin
SW, Rhim H, Kim YC, Shin ML, Oh YJ, Han CT, et al: Increased
production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces apoptosis after
traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. J Neurotrauma. 20:207–219.
2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
37
|
Zhang L, Zhang J, Yang L, Dong Y, Zhang Y
and Xie Z: Isoflurane and sevoflurane increase interleukin-6 levels
through the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway in neuroglioma cells. Br
J Anaesth. 110 Suppl 1:i82–i91. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
38
|
Gonzalez H, Elgueta D, Montoya A and
Pacheco R: Neuroimmune regulation of microglial activity involved
in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. J
Neuroimmunol. 274:1–13. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
39
|
Cao Y, Mao X, Sun C, Zheng P, Gao J, Wang
X, Min D, Sun H, Xie N and Cai J: Baicalin attenuates global
cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in gerbils via anti-oxidative
and anti-apoptotic pathways. Brain Res Bull. 85:396–402. 2011.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
40
|
Graumann U, Reynolds R, Steck AJ and
Schaeren-Wiemers N: Molecular changes in normal appearing white
matter in multiple sclerosis are characteristic of neuroprotective
mechanisms against hypoxic insult. Brain Pathol. 13:554–573. 2003.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
41
|
Schmid T, Zhou J and Brune B: HIF-1 and
p53: Communication of transcription factors under hypoxia. J Cell
Mol Med. 8:423–431. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
42
|
Kyotani Y, Ota H, Itaya-Hironaka A,
Yamauchi A, Sakuramoto-Tsuchida S, Zhao J, Ozawa K, Nagayama K, Ito
S, Takasawa S, et al: Intermittent hypoxia induces the
proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cell with the increases
in epidermal growth factor family and erbB2 receptor. Exp Cell Res.
319:3042–3050. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
43
|
Jiang T, Yu JT, Zhu XC, Wang HF, Tan MS,
Cao L, Zhang QQ, Gao L, Shi JQ, Zhang YD and Tan L: Acute metformin
preconditioning confers neuroprotection against focal cerebral
ischaemia by pre-activation of AMPK-dependent autophagy. Br J
Pharmacol. 171:3146–3157. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
44
|
Urbanek T, Kuczmik W, Basta-Kaim A and
Gabryel B: Rapamycin induces of protective autophagy in vascular
endothelial cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Brain Res.
1553:1–11. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
45
|
Nakahira K, Haspel JA, Rathinam VA, Lee
SJ, Dolinay T, Lam HC, Englert JA, Rabinovitch M, Cernadas M, Kim
HP, et al: Autophagy proteins regulate innate immune responses by
inhibiting the release of mitochondrial DNA mediated by the NALP3
inflammasome. Nat Immunol. 12:222–230. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
46
|
Rubinsztein DC, DiFiglia M, Heintz N,
Nixon RA, Qin ZH, Ravikumar B, Stefanis L and Tolkovsky A:
Autophagy and its possible roles in nervous system diseases, damage
and repair. Autophagy. 1:11–22. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
47
|
Erlich S, Alexandrovich A, Shohami E and
Pinkas-Kramarski R: Rapamycin is a neuroprotective treatment for
traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis. 26:86–93. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
48
|
Sarkar S, Ravikumar B, Floto RA and
Rubinsztein DC: Rapamycin and mTOR-independent autophagy inducers
ameliorate toxicity of polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin and
related proteinopathies. Cell Death Differ. 16:46–56. 2009.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
49
|
Clarke PG: Developmental cell death:
Morphological diversity and multiple mechanisms. Anat Embryol
(Berl). 181:195–213. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
50
|
Larsen KE and Sulzer D: Autophagy in
neurons: A review. Histol Histopathol. 17:897–908. 2002.PubMed/NCBI
|
51
|
Kabeya Y, Mizushima N, Ueno T, Yamamoto A,
Kirisako T, Noda T, Kominami E, Ohsumi Y and Yoshimori T: LC3, a
mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p, is localized in autophagosome
membranes after processing. EMBO J. 19:5720–5728. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
52
|
Kitanaka C and Kuchino Y:
Caspase-independent programmed cell death with necrotic morphology.
Cell Death Differ. 6:508–515. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
53
|
Scarlatti F, Granata R, Meijer AJ and
Codogno P: Does autophagy have a license to kill mammalian cells?
Cell Death Differ. 16:12–20. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
54
|
Liang XH, Jackson S, Seaman M, Brown K,
Kempkes B, Hibshoosh H and Levine B: Induction of autophagy and
inhibition of tumorigenesis by Beclin 1. Nature. 402:672–676. 1999.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
55
|
Kanno H, Ozawa H, Sekiguchi A and Itoi E:
Spinal cord injury induces upregulation of Beclin 1 and promotes
autophagic cell death. Neurobiol Dis. 33:143–148. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
56
|
Pais TF, Szegő ÉM, Marques O,
Miller-Fleming L, Antas P, Guerreiro P, De Oliveira RM, Kasapoglu B
and Outeiro TF: The NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 2 is a
suppressor of microglial activation and brain inflammation. EMBO J.
32:2603–2616. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
57
|
Green DR, Galluzzi L and Kroemer G:
Mitochondria and the autophagy-inflammation-cell death axis in
organismal aging. Science. 333:1109–1112. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|