Diagnostic significance of CK19, galectin-3, CD56, TPO and Ki67 expression and BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma
- Authors:
- Published online on: January 26, 2018 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.7873
- Pages: 4269-4277
-
Copyright: © Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
It is well-known that the incidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and papillary thyroid micro-carcinoma (PTMC) is increasing each year worldwide: An ~120.85% increase in PTMC incidence and an ~58.1% increase in PTC incidence was demonstrated between 1990–2015 (1–10). PTC and PTMC are the most common types of thyroid malignancies (11–21). However, distinguishing PTC and PTMC from thyroid papillary hyperplasia is challenging due to tumor heterogeneity (22–27). Occasionally, cases of papillary thyroid hyperplasia, in particular solitary nodules with papillary change, are difficult to distinguish from PTMC (22–27). Papillary formation is frequently observed in thyroid disease (benign or malignant), but the treatment plans differ considerably (1–5,7–10). In China, nodular goiter (NG) is a common disease; it was demonstrated that the incidence of NG was 5.0–10.0% from 1990 to 2011, and it was 4 times higher in females compared with in males in 2011 (11–16). It can be difficult to distinguish papillary hyperplasia in PTMC from papillary hyperplasia nodules of NG (11–16). Therefore, it was proposed that the increasing incidence of PTC and PTMC may partly be due to misdiagnosis. Thus, in the present study, the diagnosis of cases in Wuhan Puai Hospital (Wuhan, China) and Jiangda Pathology Institute (Wuhan, China) was reviewed. The expression profiles of CK19, galectin-3, CD56 and thyroid peroxidase (TPO), as well as BRAF mutation, were used to distinguish between benign and malignant papillary formation. Although numerous previous studies have reported that CK19, galectin-3, CD56 and TPO expression, as well as BRAF mutation, are markers for PTC and PTMC diagnosis (17–49), few studies have considered them together and studied their value in the diagnosis of PTC and PTMC. In the present study, the diagnostic value of CK19, galectin-3, CD56, TPO and Ki67 expression and BRAF mutation in PTC and PTMC were investigated.
Materials and methods
Patients
A total of 246 thyroid samples from the Department of Pathology, Wuhan Puai Hospital (Wuhan, China) and the Department of Histopathology, Jiangda Pathology Institute, Jianghan University (Wuhan, China) obtained during biopsy between January 2010 and March 2016 were used in the present study. The samples included 120 cases of PTC (33 males, 87 females; mean age, 52.3 years; age range, 17–72 years), 64 cases of PTMC (22 males, 42 females; mean age, 50.7 years; age range, 21–69 years) and 62 non-malignant cases (18 males, 44 females; mean age, 47.5 years; age range, 28–65 years). The 62 non-malignant cases included 34 cases of NG and 28 cases of Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT). The diagnosis of PTC and PTMC was based on characteristic cytological features, including nuclear irregularity, nuclear groove and pseudoinclusions and psammoma bodies (Fig. 1A) (10), and immunohistochemistry results, including CK19+ and galectin-3+, which was performed using the immunohistochemistry methods described below (28). All resected specimens were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (pH 7.4) at room temperature for 24 h, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 4-µm sections. Informed consent was obtained from all patients, and all experiments were approved by the Ethics Committee of Jianghan University.
Reagents
Anti-CK19 (keratin 19) mouse monoclonal antibody (cat. no. TA500212), anti-TPO rabbit polyclonal antibody (cat. no. TA323628), rabbit polyclonal anti-Ki67 antibody (cat. no. TA314198), rabbit polyclonal anti-galectin-3 antibody anti-galectin-3 antibody (cat. no. AP54962SU-N), and mouse monoclonal anti-CD56 antibody (cat. no. TA353710) were purchased from OriGene Technologies, Inc. (Beijing, China). The biotin-streptavidin horseradish peroxidase detection systems (SP test kit; cat. no. SP-9000) and diaminobenzidine (DAB) colorization test kit (cat. no. ZLI-9017) were purchased from Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology, Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The TIANamp FFPE DNA kit (DP331) was purchased from Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The Human BRAF V600E gene mutation detection kit was from Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China).
Histology and immunohistochemistry
Standard hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed on 4-µm paraffin sections of above specimens: Tissues that were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 12 h at room temperature, the processed and embedded in paraffin wax. Sections measuring 4-µm thickness were stained in 0.5% hematoxylin staining solution (1 g haematoxylin, 15 g aluminum potassium sulfate, 10 ml absolute ethyl alcohol and 200 ml distilled water) for 10 min at room temperature. The slides were placed under running tap water at room temperature for at least 10 min following 1% hydrochloric acid alcohol differentiation for 1 min at room temperature. Then, the samples were stained in working 1% eosin Y staining solution (1 g eosin Y, 100 ml distilled water and 1 drop glacial acetic acid) for 1 min at room temperature and dehydrated at room temperature. Then, the slides were viewed with a microscope subsequent to the addition of a coverslip. Immunostaining was performed using following appropriate antibodies on 4-µm tumor sections using a ‘two-step’ method. The tissue slides were deparaffinized twice with 100% xylene for 15 min at 37°C and rehydrated gradually in an ethanol series (100, 95 and 80% ethanol) for 10 min at room temperature. The endogenous peroxidase activity was inhibited by incubation for 10 min at room temperature in a 3% hydrogen peroxide/methanol buffer. Antigen retrieval was performed by immersing the slides in an ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid buffer (pH 8.0), followed by boiling in a water bath at 100°C for 10 min. The slides were rinsed in PBS and subsequently incubated with anti-CK19 (keratin 19) mouse monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:100; cat. no. TA500212), rabbit polyclonal anti-galectin-3 antibody (dilution 1:100; cat. no. AP54962SU-N), anti-TPO rabbit polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:100; cat. no. TA323628), mouse monoclonal anti-CD56 antibody (dilution 1:100; cat. no. TA353710) or rabbit polyclonal anti-Ki67 antibody (dilution 1:100; cat. no. TA314198) (all from OriGene Technologies, Inc.) overnight at 4°C in a humidified chamber. Following this incubation, the slides were washed three times with PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20. The slides were then incubated with biotin-labeled goat anti-mouse/Rabbit IgG secondary antibodies antibody at a ready-to-use dilution (cat. no. SP-9000; Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology, Co., Ltd.) for 1 h at 37°C. The slides were then washed three times and developed with DAB chromogen. The slides were then washed gently with tap water, prior to counterstaining with hematoxylin at room temperature for 10 min, and then were observed by light microscope (magnification, ×400, BX51; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).
Evaluation of immunohistochemical staining
For staining of CK19, galectin-3, CD56 and TPO, the signals were considered positive when immunoreactivity was clearly observed in the cell membrane and/or cytoplasm by light microscope (magnification, ×400). It was scored manually, and all fields of view that included the tumor were examined. For each antibody, with the exception of Ki67, no staining or weak staining in <10% of the cells was scored as negative, and staining in ≥10% of cells was scored as positive. The known positive or negative controls were taken at the same time; the judgement of the staining was compared with the control. If the staining was the same as the negative control or only no more than 10% cells were weakly stained, it was scored as negative. While, if the staining was the same as the positive control or >10% cells were stained, it was scored as negative. The individual cells were counted. The proportion was the number of positive cells divided by the total number of cells. For Ki67 staining, the Ki67 staining in the cell nuclei was examined in ~500 cells manually and indicated as a percentage of the total nuclei. All above experiments were scored or examined by at least two pathologists.
DNA isolation from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections
DNA was isolated from 5–8 FFPE tissue sections from each patient using the TIANamp FFPE DNA kit, according to the manufacturer's instructions. The DNA was stored at −20°C.
BRAF mutation detection
BRAF mutation was detected using the Human BRAF V600E gene mutation detection kit (Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd.) with TaqMan probe, according to the manufacturer's instructions. The all primers used were included as part of the Human BRAF V600E gene mutation detection kit (Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd.). DNA amplification was performed with the StepOnePlus Real-Time PCR system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) in a total volume of 25 µl. The thermocycling conditions were as follows: An initial UNG treatment for 10 min at 37°C and pre-degeneration for 5 min at 95°C, then 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 15 sec, an annealing step at 60°C for 60 sec. After the reaction, according to the amplification curve, suitable fluorescence thresholds (threshold defined in the amplification curve of logarithmic exponential growth) were identified and Cq values were calculated (29).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 12.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. The χ2 test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare immunohistochemistry results between the experimental groups and the control groups. A one-way analysis of variance and Dunnett's test was used to compare Ki67 immunohistochemistry results between groups. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. All experiments were performed at least three times.
Results
CK19 expression
CK19 staining was detected predominantly in the cytoplasm in PTC (Fig. 1B), but was absent in NG (Fig. 1C). Positive staining of CK19 was detected in 116/120 cases of PTC, 61/64 in PTMC, 2/34 in NG and 1/28 in HT (Table I). CK19 expression was significantly more common in PTC compared with NG (P<0.001), PTC compared with HT (P<0.001), PTMC compared with NG (P<0.001) and PTMC compared with HT (P<0.001; Table I). However, no significant differences in CK19 expression were observed between PTC and PTMC, or between NG and HT (Table I).
Galectin-3 expression
Galectin-3 expression was detected predominantly in the cytoplasm and nucleus in PTC (Fig. 1D), but was absent in NG (Fig. 1E). Galectin-3-positive staining was detected in 115/120 cases of PTC, 60/64 of PTMC, 6/34 of NG and 4/28 of HT. Galectin-3 expression was significantly more common in PTC compared with NG (P<0.001), PTC compared with HT (P<0.001), PTMC compared with NG (P<0.001) and PTMC compared with HT (P<0.001; Table II). No significant differences in galectin-3 expression were observed between PTC and PTMC, or between NG and HT (Table II).
TPO expression
TPO expression was detected predominantly in the plasma membrane in PTC (Fig. 1F), but was absent in NG (Fig. 1G). TPO-positive staining was detected in 8/120 cases of PTC, 1/64 in PTMC, 30/34 in NG and 25/28 in HT. TPO expression was significantly less common in PTC compared with NG (P<0.001), PTC compared with HT (P<0.001), PTMC compared with NG (P<0.001) and PTMC compared with HT (P<0.001; Table III). However, no significant differences were observed between PTC and PTMC, or between NG and HT (Table III).
CD56 expression
CD56 expression was detected predominantly in the cytoplasm in PTC (Fig. 1H), but was absent in NG (Fig. 1I). CD56 positive staining was detected in 12/120 cases of PTC, 3/64 in PTMC, 33/34 in NG and 26/28 in HT. CD56 expression level was significantly less common in PTC compared with NG (P<0.001), PTC compared with HT (P<0.001), PTMC compared with NG (P<0.001) and PTMC compared with HT (P<0.001; Table IV). No significant differences in CD56 expression were observed between PTC and PTMC, or between NG and HT (Table IV).
Ki67 expression
Ki67 expression was detected predominantly in the cell nucleus (Fig. 1J). Ki67-positive index was 2.52±0.46% in PTC (120 cases), 2.62±0.52% in PTMC (64 cases), 2.55±0.44% in NG (34 cases) and 2.58±0.48% in HT (28 cases). Ki67-positive index was not significantly different between PTC and NG, PTC and HT, PTC and PTMC, PTMC and NG, PTMC and HT or NG and HT (Table V).
BRAF mutation rate
The BRAF mutation rate was identified to be 77.5% (93/120) in PTC, 73.4% (47/64) in PTMC, 8.8% (3/34) in NG and 7.1% (2/28) in HT. The BRAF mutation rate was significantly higher in PTC compared with NG (P<0.001), PTC compared with HT (P<0.001), PTMC compared with NG (P<0.001) and PTMC compared with HT (P<0.001; Table VI). However, no significant differences in BRAF mutation rate were observed between PTC and PTMC, or between NG and HT (Table VI).
Discussion
Papillary formation is often observed in benign and malignant thyroid diseases (30–32), meaning that it is difficult to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions (30–32). The pathological morphological characteristics, such as papillary architecture with typically complex branching, nuclear features including nuclear irregularity, nuclear groove and pseudoinclusion and psammoma bodies, are widely used in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases. However, to distinguish PTC from thyroid papillary hyperplasia and solitary nodules with papillary change is challenging due to tumor heterogeneity. Thus, immunohistochemistry is also essential in the diagnosis (30–32).
CK19 is a member of the keratin family that is an intermediate filament protein in epithelial cells (33). CK19 is highly expressed in papillary carcinoma, but not in benign follicular nodules, which is useful in diagnosis (33). In previous studies, the CK19 positive rate was reported to be 84–100% in PTC, 59–84% in PTMC, 26.80% in NG and 20% in HT (33–38). In the present study, CK19 expression was detected in 96.7% (116/120) of PTC, 95.3% (61/64) of PTMC, 5.9% (2/34) of NG and 3.6% (1/28) of HT. Thus, CK19 expression is indicated to be valuable in the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma.
Galectin-3 is a member of the β-galactoside-binding mammalian family of lectins that serves functions in metastasis, angiogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis of multiple tumor types, including thyroid carcinoma (39). In previous studies, the galectin-3 expression rate was reported to be 64.86–100% in PTC, 45.7–98% in PTMC, 0–52.6% in NG and 19–38.9% in HT (33,38,40–45). In the present study, galectin-3 positive rate was 95.8% (115/120) in PTC, 93.8% (60/64) of PTMC, 17.6% (6/34) of NG and 14.3% (4/28) in HT. Thus, galectin-3 has the potential to be used as a diagnostic marker for thyroid cancer.
TPO is a membrane-bound protein essential for the production of thyroid hormones. It catalyzes the iodination and coupling of tyrosyl residues to thyroglobulin to form thyroid hormones T3 and T4 (46). TPO expression is used as a thyroid differentiation marker (46) and is decreased in thyroid carcinoma (46). In previous studies, TPO expression rate was reported to be 3–29.4% in PTC, 9.4% in PTMC and 100% in benign thyroid disease (34,46–48). In the present study, TPO expression was 6.7% (8/120) in PTC, 1.6% (1/64) in PTMC, 88.2% (30/34) in NG and 89.3% (25/28) in HT. These results indicated that the downregulation of TPO expression may be used for diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma.
CD56 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that has five extracellular immunoglobulin domains and two fibronectin type III domains (44,45,49,50). CD56 is expressed in thyroid follicular cells (43). Downregulation or lack of CD56 expression is often observed in PTC, thyroid follicular carcinoma and thyroid anaplastic carcinoma (49). In previous studies, CD56 expression rate was reported to be 0–24.3% in PTC, 0–60% in PTMC and 91.7–100% in benign thyroid diseases (43,45,49,50). In the present study, CD56 expression was 10% (12/120) in PTC, 4.7% (3/64) in PTMC, 97.1% (33/34) in NG and 92.8% (26/28) in HT. These results indicated that the downregulation of CD56 has value in the diagnosis of thyroid tumors.
Ki67 is a widely used marker of cell proliferation and is used for differential diagnosis between malignant and benign human neoplasms (32). However, no significant difference in Ki67 labeling index was observed between malignant and benign thyroid neoplasms in a previous study (32). Ki67 labeling index was previously reported to be 0–20% in PTC, 0–20% in PTMC and 0–1% in benign thyroid disease (37,51–53). It was proposed that Ki67 may be used as a marker for cell proliferation and prognosis in PTC (54). However, in the present study, Ki67 labeling index was 2.52±0.46% in PTC (120 cases), 2.62±0.52% in PTMC (64 cases), 2.55±0.44% in NG (34 cases) and 2.58±0.48% in HT (28 cases). Thus, Ki67 labeling index has little value in the diagnosis of malignant and benign thyroid neoplasms. This is likely to be due the fact that PTC and PTMC are low proliferation tumors (37,51–53).
BRAF belongs to the family of RAF proteins and is an intracellular effector of the mitogen-activated protein kinase-signaling cascade (55). The BRAF V600E mutation is a molecular marker that has been reported in thyroid carcinoma (56–64). BRAF mutation rate was previously reported to be 29–83% in PTC, 37.5–77% in PTMC and 0.2–5.7% in benign thyroid disease (19,33–35,65–68). In the present study, BRAF mutation rate was 77.5% (93/120) in PTC, 73.4% (47/64) in PTMC, 8.8% (3/34) in NG and 7.1% (2/28) in HT. In addition, the present results suggested that BRAF mutation was associated with the expression of CK19 and galectin-3 in PTC and PTMC. These results suggested that BRAF mutation may be valuable in the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma.
The incidence of NG is high in China compared with papillary formation (11–16). However, it can be difficult to distinguish NG from malignant papillary formation (11–16). The present study presents evidence to support the view that analysis of expression patterns of CK19, galectin-3, TPO and CD56, together with BRAF mutation, will be useful in the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma. It was demonstrated that CK19 and galectin-3 were often positively expressed, and TPO and CD56 were often negatively expressed, in PTC and PTMC, and it was revealed that the BRAF mutation rate was high in PTC and PTMC. However, not all PTC and PTMC cases indicated that CK19 and galectin-3 were completely positively expressed. Therefore, these negative cases require additional analysis.
Acknowledgements
The present study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 81470110, 81272754 and 30870981) and the Science Foundation of Health Office of Hubei Province (grant no. WJ2015Z059). The authors would like to thank Professor Zhaoyi Wang for providing critical reading of this study.
References
|
Ito Y, Nikiforov YE, Schlumberger M and Vigneri R: Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer: Controversies explored. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 9:178–184. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Jung KW, Won YJ, Kong HJ, Oh CM, Seo HG and Lee JS: Cancer statistics in Korea: Incidence, mortality, survival and prevalence in 2010. Cancer Res Treat. 45:1–14. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ito Y, Fukushima M, Higashiyama T, Kihara M, Takamura Y, Kobayashi K, Miya A and Miyauchi A: Incidence and predictors of right paraesophageal lymph node metastasis of N0 papillary thyroid carcinoma located in the right lobe. Endocr J. 60:389–392. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Joshi P, Nair S, Nair D and Chaturvedi P: Incidence of occult papillary carcinoma of thyroid in Indian population: Case series and review of literature. J Cancer Res Ther. 10:693–695. 2014.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Wang J, Gao L, Song C and Xie L: Incidence of metastases from 524 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma in cervical lymph nodes posterior to the sternoclavicular joint (level VIa): Relevance for endoscopic thyroidectomy. Surgery. 159:1557–1564. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhu J, Wang X, Zhang X, Li P and Hou H: Clinicopathological features of recurrent papillary thyroid cancer. Diagn Pathol. 10:962015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Liu X, Ouyang D, Li H, Zhang R, Lv Y, Yang A and Xie C: Papillary thyroid cancer: Dual-energy spectral CT quantitative parameters for preoperative diagnosis of metastasis to the cervical lymph nodes. Radiology. 275:167–176. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhang YZ, Qin F, Han ZG, Liu Q, Zhou L and Wang YW: Prognostic significance of DLL4 expression in papillary thyroid cancer. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 19:2901–2905. 2015.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhou SF, Hu SY, Ma L, Miao L and Mao WZ: Correlations between papillary thyroid cancer and peripheral blood levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2. Chin Med J (Engl). 126:1925–1929. 2013.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhu Y, Wang C, Zhang GN, Shi Y, Xu SQ, Jia SJ and He R: Papillary thyroid cancer located in malignant struma ovarii with omentum metastasis: A case report and review of the literature. World J Surg Oncol. 14:172016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Shi RL, Qu N, Liao T, Wang YL, Wang Y, Sun GH and Ji QH: Expression, clinical significance and mechanism of Slit2 in papillary thyroid cancer. Int J Oncol. 48:2055–2062. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Shi RL, Qu N, Liao T, Wei WJ, Lu ZW, Ma B, Wang YL and Ji QH: Relationship of body mass index with BRAF (V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid cancer. Tumour Biol. 37:8383–8390. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Shi X, Liu R, Basolo F, Giannini R, Shen X, Teng D, Guan H, Shan Z, Teng W, Musholt TJ, et al: Differential clinicopathological risk and prognosis of major papillary thyroid cancer variants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 101:264–274. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Su X, Li Z, He C, Chen W, Fu X and Yang A: Radiation exposure, young age, and female gender are associated with high prevalence of RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3 in papillary thyroid cancer: A meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 7:16716–16730. 2016.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Gao B, Tian W, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Zhao J, Zhang S, Chen J and Luo D: Peri-operative treatment of giant nodular goiter. Int J Med Sci. 9:778–785. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Tan Z, Ge MH, Zheng CM, Wang QL, Nie XL and Jiang LH: The significance of Delphian lymph node in papillary thyroid cancer. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 13:e389–e393. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ma YJ, Deng XL and Li HQ: BRAF(V600E) mutation and its association with clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: A meta-analysis. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 35:591–599. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lu ZZ, Zhang Y, Wei SF, Li DS, Zhu QH, Sun SJ, Li M and Li LI: Outcome of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: Study of 1,990 cases. Mol Clin Oncol. 3:672–676. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Qu N, Zhang L, Ji QH, Chen JY, Zhu YX, Cao YM and Shen Q: Risk factors for central compartment lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: A meta-analysis. World J Surg. 39:2459–2470. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhang LY, Liu ZW, Liu YW, Gao WS and Zheng CJ: Risk factors for nodal metastasis in cN0 papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 16:3361–3363. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhang L, Liu Z, Liu Y, Gao W and Zheng C: The clinical prognosis of patients with cN0 papillary thyroid microcarcinoma by central neck dissection. World J Surg Oncol. 13:1382015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Park YJ, Kim YA, Lee YJ, Kim SH, Park SY, Kim KW, Chung JK, Youn YK, Kim KH, Park DJ and Cho BY: Papillary microcarcinoma in comparison with larger papillary thyroid carcinoma in BRAF(V600E) mutation, clinicopathological features, and immunohistochemical findings. Head Neck. 32:38–45. 2010.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Arora N, Turbendian HK, Kato MA, Moo TA, Zarnegar R and Fahey TJ III: Papillary thyroid carcinoma and microcarcinoma: Is there a need to distinguish the two? Thyroid. 19:473–477. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Batistatou A, Charalabopoulos K, Nakanishi Y, Vagianos C, Hirohashi S, Agnantis NJ and Scopa CD: Differential expression of dysadherin in papillary thyroid carcinoma and microcarcinoma: Correlation with E-cadherin. Endocr Pathol. 19:197–202. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Antonaci A, Consorti F, Mardente S, Natalizi S, Giovannone G and Della Rocca C: Survivin and cyclin D1 are jointly expressed in thyroid papillary carcinoma and microcarcinoma. Oncol Rep. 20:63–67. 2008.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kandogan T, Erkan N and Vardar E: Papillary carcinoma arising in a thyroglossal duct cyst with associated microcarcinoma of the thyroid and without cervical lymph node metastasis: A case report. J Med Case Rep. 2:422008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Barbaro D, Simi U, Meucci G, Lapi P, Orsini P and Pasquini C: Thyroid papillary cancers: Microcarcinoma and carcinoma, incidental cancers and non-incidental cancers-are they different diseases? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 63:577–581. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Schneider DF and Chen H: New developments in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 63:374–394. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Romero-Rojas A, Cuervo-Martínez J, Osorio-Arango K and Olaya N: Histological variants and prognostic factors of papillary thyroid carcinoma at the Colombian Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, 2006–2012. Biomedica. 35:429–436. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sak SD: Variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma: Multiple faces of a familiar tumor. Turk Patoloji Derg. 31 Suppl 1:S34–S47. 2015. | |
|
Lee JH, Shin JH, Lee HW, Oh YL, Hahn SY and Ko EY: Sonographic and cytopathologic correlation of papillary thyroid carcinoma variants. J Ultrasound Med. 34:1–15. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Song Q, Wang D, Lou Y, Li C, Fang C, He X and Li J: Diagnostic significance of CK19, TG, Ki67 and galectin-3 expression for papillary thyroid carcinoma in the northeastern region of China. Diagn Pathol. 6:1262011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Gong L, Chen P, Liu X, Han Y, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Li H, Li C and Xie J: Expressions of D2-40, CK19, galectin-3, VEGF and EGFR in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Gland Surg. 1:25–32. 2012.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Liu Z, Yu P, Xiong Y, Zeng W, Li X, Maiaiti Y, Wang S, Song H, Shi L, Liu C, et al: Significance of CK19, TPO, and HBME-1 expression for diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Med. 8:4369–4374. 2015.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Laco J, Ryska A, Cap J and Celakovský P: Expression of galectin-3, cytokeratin 19, neural cell adhesion molecule and E-cadhedrin in certain variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cesk Patol. 44:103–107. 2008.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Nasr MR, Mukhopadhyay S, Zhang S and Katzenstein AL: Absence of the BRAF mutation in HBME1+ and CK19+ atypical cell clusters in Hashimoto thyroiditis: Supportive evidence against preneoplastic change. Am J Clin Pathol. 132:906–912. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lamba Saini M, Weynand B, Rahier J, Mourad M, Hamoir M and Marbaix E: Cyclin D1 in well differentiated thyroid tumour of uncertain malignant potential. Diagn Pathol. 10:322015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
de Oliveira JT, Ribeiro C, Barros R, Gomes C, de Matos AJ, Reis CA, Rutteman GR and Gärtner F: Hypoxia up-regulates galectin-3 in mammary tumor progression and metastasis. PloS One. 10:e01344582015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ma H, Yan J, Zhang C, Qin S, Qin L, Liu L, Wang X and Li N: Expression of papillary thyroid carcinoma-associated molecular markers and their significance in follicular epithelial dysplasia with papillary thyroid carcinoma-like nuclear alterations in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 7:7999–8007. 2014.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Tang W, Huang C, Tang C, Xu J and Wang H: Galectin-3 may serve as a potential marker for diagnosis and prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma: A meta-analysis. OncoTargets Ther. 9:455–460. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Gweon HM, Kim JA, Youk JH, Hong SW, Lim BJ, Yoon SO, Park YM and Son EJ: Can galectin-3 be a useful marker for conventional papillary thyroid microcarcinoma? Diagn Cytopathol. 44:103–107. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Londero SC, Godballe C, Krogdahl A, Bastholt L, Specht L, Sørensen CH, Pedersen HB, Pedersen U and Christiansen P: Papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid gland: Is the immunohistochemical expression of cyclin D1 or galectin-3 in primary tumour an indicator of metastatic disease? Acta Oncol. 47:451–457. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Dunđerović D, Lipkovski JM, Boričic I, Soldatović I, Božic V, Cvejić D and Tatić S: Defining the value of CD56, CK19, galectin 3 and HBME-1 in diagnosis of follicular cell derived lesions of thyroid with systematic review of literature. Diagn Pathol. 10:1962015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Tong J, Wang Y and Da JP: Usefulness of CK19, HBME-1 and galectin-3 expressions in differential diagnosis of thyroid papillary microcarcinoma from benign lesions. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 33:599–604. 2011.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Caballero Y, López-Tomassetti EM, Favre J, Santana JR, Cabrera JJ and Hernández JR: The value of thyroperoxidase as a prognostic factor for differentiated thyroid cancer-a long-term follow-up study. Thyroid Res. 8:122015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Liu Z, Li X, Shi L, Maimaiti Y, Chen T, Li Z, Wang S, Xiong Y, Guo H, He W, et al: Cytokeratin 19, thyroperoxidase, HBME-1 and galectin-3 in evaluation of aggressive behavior of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Med. 7:2304–2308. 2014.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Yang QX, Shao CK, Feng ZY, Huang BQ, Han AJ, Xiong M, Zhao WL and Wu TT: Detection of cytokeratin 19 and thyroperoxidase expressions in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 25:678–681. 2005.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bizzarro T, Martini M, Marrocco C, D'Amato D, Traini E, Lombardi CP, Pontecorvi A, Fadda G, Larocca LM and Rossi ED: The role of CD56 in thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology: A pilot study performed on liquid based cytology. PloS One. 10:e01329392015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Scarpino S, Di Napoli A, Melotti F, Talerico C, Cancrini A and Ruco L: Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: Low expression of NCAM (CD56) is associated with downregulation of VEGF-D production by tumour cells. J Pathol. 212:411–419. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhou Y, Jiang HG, Lu N, Lu BH and Chen ZH: Expression of ki67 in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and its clinical significance. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 16:1605–1608. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lubitz CC, Economopoulos KP, Pawlak AC, Lynch K, Dias-Santagata D, Faquin WC and Sadow PM: Hobnail variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: An institutional case series and molecular profile. Thyroid. 24:958–965. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Clinckspoor I, Hauben E, Verlinden L, Van den Bruel A, Vanwalleghem L, Vander Poorten V, Delaere P, Mathieu C, Verstuyf A and Decallonne B: Altered expression of key players in vitamin D metabolism and signaling in malignant and benign thyroid tumors. J Histochem Cytochem. 60:502–511. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Huang Y, Dong W, Li J, Zhang H, Shan Z and Teng W: Differential expression patterns and clinical significance of estrogen receptor-α and β in papillary thyroid carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 14:3832014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Rossi M, Buratto M, Tagliati F, Rossi R, Lupo S, Trasforini G, Lanza G, Franceschetti P, Bruni S, Degli Uberti E and Zatelli MC: Relevance of BRAF(V600E) mutation testing versus RAS point mutations and RET/PTC rearrangements evaluation in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 25:221–228. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Koochak A, Rakhshani N, Karbalaie Niya MH, Tameshkel FS, Sohrabi MR, Babaee MR, Rezvani H, Bahar B, Imanzade F, Zamani F, et al: Mutation analysis of KRAS and BRAF genes in metastatic colorectal cancer: A first large scale study from Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 17:603–608. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Gertz RJ, Nikiforov Y, Rehrauer W, McDaniel L and Lloyd RV: Mutation in BRAF and other members of the MAPK pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma in the pediatric population. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 140:134–139. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kowalska A, Walczyk A, Kowalik A, Pałyga I, Trybek T, Kopczyński J, Kajor M, Chrapek M, Pięciak L, Chłopek M, et al: Increase in papillary thyroid cancer incidence is accompanied by changes in the frequency of the BRAF V600E mutation: A single-institution study. Thyroid. 26:543–551. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Sun Y, Shi C, Shi T, Yu J and Li Z: Correlation between the BRAF(v600E) gene mutation and factors influencing the prognosis of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Med. 8:22525–22528. 2015.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Li J, Zhang S, Zheng S, Zhang D and Qiu X: The BRAF V600E mutation predicts poor survival outcome in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: A meta analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med. 8:22246–22253. 2015.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Fu QF, Pan PT, Zhou L, Liu XL, Guo F, Wang L and Sun H: Clinical significance of preoperative detection of serum p53 antibodies and BRAF(V600E) mutation in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Med. 8:21327–21334. 2015.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kowalska A, Kowalik A, Pałyga I, Walczyk A, Gąsior-Perczak D, Kopczyński J, Lizis-Kolus K, Szyska-Skrobot D, Hurej S, Radowicz-Chil A, et al: The usefulness of determining the presence of BRAF V600E mutation in fine-needle aspiration cytology in indeterminate cytological results. Endokrynol Pol. 67:41–47. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Beiša A, Beiša V, Stoškus M, Ostanevičiūtė E, Griškevičius L and Strupas K: The value of the repeated examination of BRAF V600E mutation status in diagnostics of papillary thyroid cancer. Endokrynol Pol. 67:35–40. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Tan J: Perianal melanoma with a BRAF gene mutation in a young Portuguese Roma native. BMJ Case Rep. 2016:bcr20152127722016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zou M, Baitei EY, Alzahrani AS, BinHumaid FS, Alkhafaji D, Al-Rijjal RA, Meyer BF and Shi Y: Concomitant RAS RET/PTC, or BRAF mutations in advanced stage of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 24:1256–1266. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Henderson YC, Shellenberger TD, Williams MD, El-Naggar AK, Fredrick MJ, Cieply KM and Clayman GL: High rate of BRAF and RET/PTC dual mutations associated with recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 15:485–491. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Li F, Chen G, Sheng C, Gusdon AM, Huang Y, Lv Z, Xu H, Xing M and Qu S: BRAFV600E mutation in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: A meta-analysis. Endocr Relat Cancer. 22:159–168. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Syrenicz A, Koziołek M, Ciechanowicz A, Sieradzka A, Bińczak-Kuleta A and Parczewski M: New insights into the diagnosis of nodular goiter. Thyroid Res. 7:62014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI |
