Intracerebral schwannoma: A case report and literature review

  • Authors:
    • Yufei Gao
    • Zhigang Qin
    • Dongyuan Li
    • Weidong Yu
    • Libo Sun
    • Naijie Liu
    • Conghai Zhao
    • Butian Zhang
    • Yu Hu
    • Daju Sun
    • Xingyi Jin
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: June 11, 2018     https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8949
  • Pages: 2501-2510
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

Intracranial schwannoma accounts for between 5 and 8% of intracranial tumors, whereas intracerebral schwannoma, a rare disease, accounts for <1% of intracranial schwannomas. In addition to the present case report, a total of 84 cases reported within China and elsewhere were reviewed and summarized, and the age of the tumor onset, the site of disease, imaging results, clinical presentation, pathological classification and prognosis were analyzed. The present case report described a 12‑year‑old female with an intracerebral schwannoma in the brainstem, who was followed‑up for 5 years using magnetic resonance imaging after a surgical resection without recurrence, and clinical symptoms were reported to have completely resolved. The incidence of intracerebral schwannoma was low among cases, and the correct diagnosis was not able to be made preoperatively, and the majority of cases were diagnosed on the basis of postoperative pathology. The majority of cases analyzed were supratentorial, occurring at an age ≤40 according to previous literature. In addition, 33% of patients presented with subtentorial schwannoma, occurring at an age >40. The prognosis was classified as good (patient can live independently) for the majority of patients if surgery was able to completely resect the lesion.

Introduction

Intracranial schwannoma accounts for between 5 and 8% of intracranial tumors, whereas intracerebral schwannoma, a rare disease, accounts for <1% of intracranial schwannomas (1). Intracerebral schwannoma cannot be clearly diagnosed with preoperative clinical manifestations and/or results generated from imaging techniques. It is clearly diagnosed on the basis of postoperative pathology (14). However, no previous study, to the best of our knowledge has systematically summarized the disease characteristics, including the incidence of patients, the onset age, tumor location, clinical manifestation and prognosis. The present study not only had complied this case report, but also summarized the characteristics of intracerebral schwannoma, which will further deepen the knowledge and understanding presently available of this disease. In additional to the present case report, 84 cases reported within China and elsewhere were summarized, and the age of the tumor onset, site of disease, imaging results, clinical symptoms, pathological classification and prognosis were reviewed and analyzed. Characteristics of intracerebral schwannoma were summarized as follows: Incidence of intracerebral schwannoma was low among cases, the majority of cases had supratentorial tumors and the patients were of an age ≤40, <33% of tumors were subtentorial and onset was demonstrated in cases of an age >40; correct diagnosis was not typically achieved preoperatively and the majority of cases were definitively diagnosed on the basis of postoperative pathological analysis. Furthermore, for patients whose normal brain tissue was minimally affected by the tumor, if surgery was able to completely resect the lesion and the prognosis was good.

Case report

The present case report was carried out in accordance with the code of ethics outlined by the World Medical Association (The Declaration of Helsinki) for experiments involving humans. Informed consent was obtained for all experiments regarding human subjects.

In the present case report, written informed consent was obtained from the parents due to the age of the patient (12 years). The patient was admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University (Jilin, China). The female patient was of Han nationality and did not have a family history of this particular genetic disease. Symptoms upon presentation included dizziness (lasting for 1 year before examination), headache, nausea, vomiting and require assistance with walking. Physical examination demonstrated that binocular vision was normal, bilateral pupils were of the same size, eyes were sensitive to light reflection and eyeballs moved freely in all directions. Furthermore, facial sensation was normal, binocular horizontal nystagmus was present and the reflex of bilateral corneas was slow. Muscle tension of the four limbs was normal and the finger-nose test of the left side was positive with no pathological reflex detected. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head demonstrated an abnormal cystic signal in the cerebellar vermis, and parenchyma parts presented nodular isointensity shadows above the cystic wall; additionally, there was no obstructive dilatation in bilateral lateral ventricles or the third ventricle. Preoperatively, the patient was diagnosed with glioma in the cerebellar vermis, and therefore a cerebellar hemisphere tumor resection from the median suboccipital approach was organized for the patient. As a brainstem parenchymal tumor was not considered, and there were no obvious hydrocephalus symptoms prior to the operation, no neurophysiological monitoring or ventricular drainage was performed. However, during surgery, the tumor was revealed to have originated from the brainstem parenchyma (Fig. 1). Further analysis of the preoperative MRI film confirmed results reported during surgery.

The origin of intracerebral schwannoma and intracranial schwannoma display differences in their pathogenic sites; however, in patient's MRIs no differences were detected. The fourth ventricle was deformed due to tumor oppression. The tumor surface consisted of a layer of parenchymal tissue of the brainstem; 10 ml light yellow liquid was extracted by puncturing the cyst while the dorsal brainstem was collapsed. The left side of the cerebellar tonsils was stripped to locate the parenchymal tumor tissue above the cyst wall. The tumor tissue was revealed to be rich in blood supply, hard in texture and gray-red with calcification inside and a clear border, and the resected solid tumor was 1.5×1.5×1.5 cm in size. Notably, the cyst wall was excised completely and the patient did not develop transient post-surgery hydrocephalus. MRI of the head was reviewed 10 days after surgery and demonstrated that the tumor was completely resected and the brainstem was restored to its original position (Fig. 2). Results obtained from pathological analysis demonstrated that the patient had a schwannoma within the brainstem.

For immunohistochemistry (IHC), tissue sections were treated with 2% H2O2 in methanol for 1 h at 120°C to inactivate endogenous peroxidase. The sections were washed twice with PBS and then incubated with blocking serum (MXB Biotechnologies, Fuzhou, China; http://www.maxim.com.cn/) for 1 h. The sections were then incubated with cytokeratin 20 (cat. no. Ks20.8), carcinoembryonic antigen (cat. no. ZC23) and cell proliferation factor Ki67 (MIB-1) pre-diluted primary antibodies (all purchased from MXB Biotechnologies) for 1 h at 37°C. Then sections were then washed with PBS and incubated with a biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (ready to use dilution; Kit-0014; MXB Biotechnologies) for 1 h at 37°C. Sections were then treated with ABC solution (MXB Biotechnologies) for 1 h at 23°C, washed with PBS, and incubated with DAB (MXB Biotechnologies) for 10 min at 23°C. The IHC results were observed using a light microscope (magnification, ×100) and demonstrated that S-100 (+), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA; -), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; -), Ki-67 (1% +), epidermal growth factor receptor (−), cluster of differentiation (CD)34 (vascular +), CD31 (vascular +) and vascular endothelial growth factor (−; Fig. 3). Follow-up of the patient was carried out 6 months after surgery and revealed that the recovery of the patient was good, binocular horizontal nystagmus was significantly relieved compared with that prior to the surgery, bilateral corneal reflexes were present, outreach activity barriers existed in the left eye, the patient had no cough when drinking water, speech was smooth and limb activity was free. The 5-year follow-up demonstrated no residual tumor or recurrence, whereas the neurological dysfunction of the patient was completely improved with no dysfunction (Fig. 4).

Discussion

Demographics and prevalence

Intracranial schwannoma accounts for between 5 and 8% of intracranial tumors, whereas intracerebral schwannoma, a rare disease, accounts for <1% of intracranial schwannoma. A total of 84 cases previously reported within China and elsewhere were reviewed and summarized (Table I) (156). Gibson et al (5) reported a case of a 6-year-old male with a schwannoma in the temporal lobe that was surgically resected successfully for the first time in 1966. Erongun et al (33) summarized 35 cases (including the 1996 case), the youngest patient was 4 years old, whereas the oldest patient was 63 years old, with a median age of 21 years; the number of males and females was 18 and 17, respectively. Furthermore, brain schwannomas were predominantly identified in children and young people, including 26 patients <30 years old, accounting for 74.3% of total cases. Andrade et al (37) summarized and analyzed 55 cases reported in 2002, including 31 males and 24 females; the proportion of men was slightly higher at a male/female ratio of 1.29:1. Additionally, the median age was 21 years, and the age demonstrated a bimodal distribution, with 40 cases <30 years, accounting for 72.7% of total cases. The median age of the 36 cases with supratentorial tumors was 18 years, with a male/female ratio of 1.31:1, whereas the median age of patients with subtentorial tumors was 45 years, with a male/female ratio of 1.25:1. Patients with supratentorial intracerebral schwannomas were typically younger, whereas patients with subtentorial intracerebral schwannomas were older; however, no significant difference was identified between the incidence in men and women irrespective of supratentorial or subtentorial intracerebral schwannoma. A total of 84 cases reported within China and elsewhere were reviewed and analyzed, including 47 males and 37 females with a male/female ratio of 1.27:1. Furthermore, the youngest case was 6 months old, whereas the oldest case was 84 years old, with a median age of 23 years. Notably, the age demonstrated a bimodal distribution, including 55 cases <30 years, accounting for 65.5% of total cases. Additionally, the median age of the 61 cases with supratentorial intracerebral schwannomas was 21 years; however, the median age of patients with subtentorial intracerebral schwannomas was 48 years (Fig. 5). Therefore, this suggests that intracerebral schwannoma occurred at no specific age and demonstrated bimodality, with a peak at ~20 years; however, the age of the majority of patients was <30 years. Furthermore, the proportion of males was higher compared with females, which is consistent with the characteristics of intracranial tumors. Additionally, the incidence of supratentorial intracerebral schwannoma was increased at a younger age (median of 21 years), whereas the incidence of subtentorial intracerebral schwannoma was increased at an older age (median of 48 years). However, the present case report describes a 12-year-old female who was diagnosed with a subtentorial schwannoma in the brainstem. To the best of our knowledge, this present case report is the second to diagnose the disease in a patient ≤12 years of age.

Table I.

Data for 84 cases obtained from previous studies.

Table I.

Data for 84 cases obtained from previous studies.

Author(s)Year of diagnosisAge, yearsSexBrain locationSite(Refs.)
Gibson et al, 196619666MSupratentorialTemporal(5)
New, 197219728M Parietal(6)
Ghatak et al, 1975197563F Parietal(7)
Pialat et al, 1975197524F Frontal(8)
Rensburg et al, 1975197521M Temporal(9)
Hockley and Hendrick, 1975197511M Temporal(10)
Hahn and Netsky, 1977197726M Frontal(11)
Russel and Rubinstein, 1989197717M Frontal(1)
197717F Frontal
Kasantikul et al, 1981198121M Temporal(12)
198123M Parietal
Auer et al, 1982198215M Frontal(13)
Shalit et al, 1982198229F Parieto-occipital(14)
Gokay et al, 1984198416F Fronto-parietal(15)
Rodriguez-Salazar et al, 1984198410F Frontal(23)
Bruni et al, 1984198439M Frontal(16)
Bruner et al, 1984198418M Frontal(24)
Deng and Wu, 1985198553F Parietal(25)
Stefanko et al, 1986198615M Parieto-occipital(17)
Schwartz and Sotrel, 1988198820F Fronto-parietal(18)
Ezura et al, 1992199213F Frontal(19)
Ghosh and Chandy, 1992199227M Frontal(20)
Frim et al, 1992199211F Temporal(21)
Casadei et al, 1993199316M Temporal(2)
199317M Temporal
199321M Parietal
199323F Temporal
199349F Temporal
199384F Temporal
Di Biasi et al, 1994199419M Parietal(3)
Zhao et al, 1994199438M Occipital(32)
Sharma et al, 1996199619F Occipital(34)
19968M Temporal
19960.5F Temporal
199621M Frontal
Erongun et al, 199619964F Parieto-occipital(33)
Tsuiki et al, 1997199717M Frontal(35)
199721M Frontal
Wang et al, 2000200045M Frontal(36)
200034M Frontal
200012F Rear upper part of the optic chiasm
200010M Parietal
Andrade et al, 2002200217M Hypothalamus(37)
Xu and Wang, 2002200261F Occipital(38)
Zhong et al, 2004200426M Frontal(40)
Celikoglu et al, 2007200723F Falx, right parasagittal parietal(44)
Xu et al, 2007200731M Temporal(45)
200717F Frontal
200722F Temporal
Yi et al, 2008200843F Frontal(46)
Ishihara et al, 200920095M Occipital(47)
Zhu et al, 2010201030M Frontal(49)
Consales et al, 201020107M Parieto-occipital(50)
Paredes et al, 2012201119M Occipital(4)
201132M Occipital
Guha et al, 2012201251F Temporal(51)
Srinvias et al, 2013201316F Fronto-parietal(52)
Lee et al, 2013201325M Frontal(53)
Ma et al, 2013201324F Frontal(54)
AlBatly et al, 2014201449F Temporal(55)
Wilson et al, 2016201634M Temporal(56)
Sarkar et al, 1987198724MSubtentorialCerebellum(22)
Aryanpur and Long et al, 1988198850F Medulla oblongata(26)
Schwartz and Sotrel, 1988198848M Cerebellum(18)
Ladouceur et al, 1989198946F Brainstem(27)
Redekop et al, 199019907M Fourth ventricle(28)
Tran-Dinh et al, 1991199164F Cerebellum(29)
Casadei et al, 1993199352F Cerebellum(2)
199355M Cerebellum
199379F Cerebellar vermis
Sharma et al, 1993199373M Cerebellum(30)
Sharma and Newton, 1993199373F Cerebellum(31)
Sharma et al, 1996199614M Brainstem(34)
199614M Pontine
199645M Cerebellum
199624M Cerebellum
Tsuiki et al, 1997199764F Cerebellum(35)
Wang et al, 2000200016F Brainstem(36)
200049F Cerebellum
Lin et al, 2003200348M Medulla oblongata(39)
Maiuri et al, 2004200429F Cerebellar(42)
Zeng et al, 2005200515M Medulla oblongata(41)
Muzzafar et al, 2010201068M Brainstem(48)
Present case report201612F Medulla oblongata

[i] M, male; F, female.

Pathogenic site

The majority of intracerebral schwannomas are supratentorial, which typically occur in the superficial sections of the brain parenchyma or near the ventricle; however, previous studies have demonstrated that these are likely to occur in the frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebral hemisphere, as well as within the cerebellar hemisphere, cerebellar vermis and the fourth ventricle (4,39). Erongun et al (33) summarized that 27/35 cases (77.1%) with supratentorial intracerebral schwannomas occurred at a younger age with a distribution of 9 cases in the frontal lobe, 5 cases in the parietal lobe, 5 cases in the temporal lobe, 3 cases in the top occipital lobe, 1 case in the frontotemporal lobe and 1 case in the cerebral hemisphere. Andrade et al (37) demonstrated that 36/55 cases (65.45%) had supratentorial intracerebral schwannomas, including 13 cases in the frontal lobe, 12 cases in the temporal lobe, 9 cases in the parietal lobe, 1 case in the occipital lobe and 1 case in the cerebral hemisphere. Furthermore, of the 19 cases with subtentorial intracerebral schwannomas, 6 were located in the brainstem, and 13 were in the cerebellar hemisphere and vermis. In addition, Consales et al (50) provided further evidence for the distribution of intracerebral schwannoma and summarized 12 cases in 2010, including 3 cases in the frontal lobe, 4 cases in the temporal lobe, 1 case in the parietal lobe, 2 cases in the cerebellum, 1 case in the brainstem and 1 case in the hypothalamus. In total, 84 cases (Fig. 6) were summarized, including 61 cases of supratentorial intracerebral schwannomas (72.6%), of which 24 were in the frontal lobe, 17 were in the temporal lobe, 12 were in the parietal lobe, 6 were in the occipital lobe and 2 were in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, 15 cases with subtentorial intracerebral schwannomas were in the cerebellar hemisphere and 8 cases were in the brainstem. Therefore, it can be concluded that intracerebral schwannomas are primarily supratentorial, typically located in the frontotemporal lobe, whereas subtentorial intracerebral schwannoma accounts for <33% of the total intracerebral schwannomas, of which schwannomas within the brainstem exhibit an increased incidence. It is inferred that this part is close to the cranial nerves of the brainstem, which may be associated with the origin of intracerebral schwannoma.

Clinical manifestations

Intracerebral schwannoma has no specific clinical manifestation, and it is not classified by age. Its main clinical manifestations include epilepsy, increased intracranial pressure and local neurological dysfunction. Clinical manifestations in 84 patients were summarized and analyzed. The primary manifestations for patients <25 years old were headaches and epilepsy; however, elderly patients primarily suffered from acute local neurological dysfunction.

Imaging analysis

Results obtaining from imaging analysis demonstrated that characteristics of intracerebral schwannomas were similar to those of normal intracranial schwannomas. A typical imaging feature (57) of intracranial schwannomas was cystic masses with a clear boundary. Tumors were primarily located in the superficial part of the brain parenchyma, or the brain parenchyma near the ventricle with calcification. Additionally, edema was observed in the surrounding brain tissue, and the solid part of the tumor was homogeneously enhanced. However, not all intracranial schwannomas presented with cystic degeneration. It has been previously reported that 25.7% of tumors presented with cystic degeneration; however, calcification was rare (33). Results obtained from imaging analysis of the 12-year-old female included cystic mass lesions in the brainstem parenchyma, in which MRI T1 sequence and MRI T2 sequence mixed signal solid signal shadows were observed on the posterior capsule wall, and long T1 and short T2 signal shadows were observed in the tumor parenchyma. A combination of the aforementioned imaging results with high-density head computer tomography results demonstrated calcified shadow, deformation of the brainstem and cerebellar tissues around the tumor due to compression and mild edema. Parenchyma was strengthened following enhancement. Thus, no significant difference was reported between intracerebral schwannoma and ordinary schwannoma in MRI; however, there was a difference in the pathogenic site of origin (57).

Origin

The origin of the intracerebral nerve sheath remains unclear. It is well-documented that Schwann cells do not exist in the brain parenchyma; they are primarily in the choroidal tissues of the subarachnoid space, and the intracranial peripheral vascular plexus of the ventricle. Certain researchers believe that specific soft membrane cells have the potential to transform into Schwann cells, which are the origin of intracerebral schwannomas (58). Although the development of intracerebral schwannomas remains unclear, the majority of researchers claim that intracerebral schwannomas originate from the subarachnoid space and peripheral venous plexus (59). Nerve fibers of the trigeminal nerve that dominate the dura mater are considered to be the origin of intracerebral schwannomas near to the dural convexity; however, certain intracerebral schwannomas are located deep in the brain parenchyma and peripheral vascular plexus of the cerebral arteries. This is because the majority of intracerebral schwannomas are located in superficial sections of the brain surface or near the ventricle adjacent to the brain surface. Therefore, Schwann cells in the peripheral venous plexus of the subarachnoid space may proliferate inward and further transform into intracerebral schwannomas (60,61). Several previous studies have investigated molecular markers and confirmed that Schwann cells originate from neural crest cells. SRY-related HMG-box 10 (SOX10) exists throughout the maturation process, activator protein 2α (AP2α) exists in the precursor stage prior to neural crests transforming into Schwann cells and cadherin-19 exists only in the precursor stage of Schwann cells. Brain fatty acid-binding protein and P0 markers exist in the precursor stage and later stages of Schwann cell maturation. GFAP and S-100 are expressed in the immature stage of Schwann cells but not in Schwann cell precursors. Early developmental markers including paired box (PAX)3 and PAX7 are often associated with malignancy, whereas AP2α and markers of late SOX10 are present in relatively benign tumors including schwannomas and gangliomas. Notably, PAX3 and PAX7 are present in the mesoderm, whereas AP2α and SOX10 are expressed in the ectoderm. However, IHC staining of intracerebral schwannomas revealed S-100 (+), GFAP (−) and EMA (−). Neural crest cells directly differentiate into Schwann cell precursors that further transform into immature Schwann cells, which at the stage of fetal birth differentiate into medulla or demyelinated Schwann cells (6063). Therefore, it has been suggested in previous studies that neural crest cells trapped in the brain at the stage of embryonic development are the cause of the occurrence of intracerebral schwannomas (64). Russel and Rubinstein (1) considered that mesenchymal cells with a soft membrane and Schwann cells exhibit tissue similarity, and the histological transformation may lead to schwannomas of the central nervous system.

Pathology

Intracranial schwannoma accounts for ~8% of intracranial tumors and is not age-specific; however, previous results suggest a peak incidence at an age between 40 and 60 years, without sex orientation in the incidence rate. However, intracerebral schwannoma is a rare disease and accounts for <1% of intracranial schwannomas. In addition, the number of males is greater compared with the number of females, which may be due to the fact that, overall, more male patients are diagnosed with intracranial tumors compared with females. Typical schwannomas have two types of tissue conformations: The dense Antoni A and the loose Antoni B (65). Histopathological analysis of the 12-year-old case revealed a staggered arrangement of sparse and dense areas of the Schwann cell, which was associated with local focal calcification. Tumor cells were oval with small nuclei; however, the mitotic figure was difficult to observe. IHC staining demonstrated that S-100 was expressed in tumor cells, negative expression of EMA and GFAP was able to distinguish meningiomas and gliomas, and the proliferation index of Ki-67 was not increased (1% of positive expression) indicating that tumor cell proliferation was slow.

Prognosis

The prognosis for the majority of cases reviewed in the present case report was classified as being good; however, 3 cases (23,33,42) demonstrated a markedly high level of malignancy (spread to other organs) and Rodriguez et al (23) reported 1 case of moderate malignancy (intracranial relapse), and, despite reoccurrence of the tumor, the prognosis was good following a second round of surgery. Bruner (24) reported a patient who succumbed 5 months after surgery due to postoperative secondary meningitis. Erongun et al (33) reported a 4-year-old female who presented with a tumor in the left parietal lobe and a high level of malignancy, as demonstrated using postoperative pathological analysis. Furthermore, the patient received surgery three times within an 8-month period and died from complications generated from having multiple surgeries 1 month after the last operation. The 5-year follow-up on the 12-year-old female revealed no reoccurrence of the tumor and also the neurological dysfunction of the patient had improved.

Conclusion

The incidence of intracerebral subtentorial schwannoma is low, with the majority of cases being supratentorial and primarily occurring at a young age. In total, 33% of patients exhibit subtentorial schwannoma, occurring predominantly at an older age; however, the 12-year-old female described in the present case report exhibited a very rare condition: Subtentorial schwannoma located in the brainstem. Usually, a correct diagnosis cannot be achieved prior to the operation because intracerebral schwannoma is a rare disease. Therefore, subtentorial schwannoma is typically diagnosed on the basis of postoperative pathological analysis. If the tumor can be completely removed, the prognosis of the patient is good.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

XJ conceived and designed the study. YG, ZQ, DL, WY, LS and NL acquired the data, acquired and managed the patients and provided the radiology images. CZ, BZ, YH and DS contributed to the study design and analyzed and interpreted the data. XJ supervised the study.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University. The patient provided written informed consent for the present study.

Patient consent for publication

The patient and his father consented to contribute his radiology images, hematology and pathological sections to medical research, for copyright and ethics without controversy.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Glossary

Abbreviations

Abbreviations:

EMA

epithelial membrane antigen

GFAP

glial fibrillary acidic protein

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

References

1 

Russel DS and Rubinstein LJ: Pathology of tumors of the nervous system. Edward Arnold; London: 1989, 1.

2 

Casadei GP, Komori T, Scheithauer BW, Miller GM, Parisi JE and Kelly PJ: Intracranial parenchymal schwannoma. A clinicopathological and neuroimaging study of nine cases. J Neurosurg. 79:217–222. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Di Biasi C, Trasimeni G, Iannilli M, Polettini E and Gualdi GF: Intracerebral schwannoma: CT and MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 15:1956–1958. 1994.PubMed/NCBI

4 

Paredes I, Jimenez Roldán L, Ramos A, Lobato RD and Ricoy JR: Intraparenchymal schwannomas: Report of two new cases studied with MRI and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 114:42–46. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Gibson AA, Hendrick EB and Conen PE: Case reports. Intracerebral schwannoma. Report of a case. J Neurosurg. 24:552–557. 1966. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

New PF: Intracerebral schwannoma. Case report. J Neurosurg. 36:795–797. 1972. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Ghatak NR, Norwood CW and Davis CH: Intracerebral schwannoma. Surg Neurol. 3:45–47. 1975.PubMed/NCBI

8 

Pialat J, Sindou M, Courjon J, Tommasi M and Mansuy L: Un cas de neurinome intracerebral frontal. Lyon Med. 234:129–134. 1975.(In French).

9 

Van Rensburg MJ, Proctor NS, Danziger J and Orelowitz MS: Temporal lobe epilepsy due to an intracerebral Schwannoma: Case report. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 38:703–709. 1975. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Hockley AD and Hendrick EB: Unilateral proptosis and intracranial schwannoma. Surg Neurol. 4:509–512. 1975.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Hahn J and Netsky M: Brain tumors of mixed tissue origin: Staining procedures to distinguish glial from connective tissue. South Med J. 70:539–542. 1977. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Kasantikul V, Brown WJ and Cahan LD: Intracerebral neurilemmoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 44:1110–1115. 1981. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Auer RN, Budny J, Drake CG and Ball MJ: Frontal lobe perivascular schwannoma. Case report. J Neurosurg. 56:154–157. 1982. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Shalit MN, Toledo E and Sandbank U: Intracerebral schwannoma. Acta Neurochir (Wein). 64:253–258. 1982. View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Gokay H, Izgi N, Barlas O and Erseven G: Supratentorial intracerebral schwannomas. Surg Neurol. 22:69–72. 1984. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Bruni P, Esposito S, Greco R and Oddi G: Solitary intracerebral schwannoma in von Recklinghausen's disease. Surg Neurol. 22:360–364. 1984. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Stefanko SZ, Vuzevski VD, Maas AI and van Vroonhoven CC: Intracerebral malignant schwannoma. Acta Neuropathol. 71:321–325. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Schwartz AM and Sotrel A: Intracerebral and intracerebellar neurilemoma. South Med J. 81:385–388. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Ezura M, Ikeda H, Ogawa A and Yoshimoto T: Intracerebral schwannoma: Case report. Neurosurgery. 30:97–100. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Ghosh S and Chandy MJ: Solitary ectopic intracerebral schwannoma. Br J Neurosurg. 6:163–166. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Frim DM, Ogilvy CS, Vonsattal JP and Chapman PH: Is intracerebral schwannoma a developmental tumor of children and young adults? Case report and review. Pediatr Neurosurg. 18:190–194. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Sarkar C, Mehta VS and Roy S: Intracerebellar schwannoma. Case report. J Neurosurg. 67:120–123. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Rodriguez-Salazar A, Carrillo R and de Miguel J: Intracerebral schwannoma in a child: Report of a case. Childs Brain. 11:69–72. 1984.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Bruner JM, Hunphreys JH and Armstrong OL: Intracerebral nerve sheath tumor. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 43:2961984. View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Deng C and Wu P: Intracranial ectopic neurilemoma: Report of two cases. J Nantong University. 1:46–47. 1985.

26 

Aryanpur J and Long DM: Schwannoma of the medulla oblongata. Case report. J Neurosurg. 69:446–449. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Ladouceur D, Bergeron D, Lamarche JB and Lamontagne L: Cystic schwannoma of the brainstem. Can J Neurol Sci. 16:357–360. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Redekop G, Elisevich K and Gilbert J: Fourth ventricular schwannoma. Case report. J Neurosurg. 73:777–781. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Tran-Dinh HD, Soo YS, O'Neil P and Chaseling R: Cystic cerebellar schwannoma: Case report. Neurosurgery. 29:296–299; discussion 299–300. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Sharma RR, Gurusinghe NT, Lynch PG, Parekh HC and Bertolis G: Intraparenchymatous schwannoma of the cerebellum. Br J Neurosurg. 7:83–89. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Sharma V and Newton G: Schwannoma of the medulla oblongata. Br J Neurosurg. 7:427–429. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Zhao X, Wang Y and Duan M: Mixed brain cysticercosis with intracerebral schwannoma: A case study. Chin J Neurosurg. 10:2801994.(In Chinese).

33 

Erongun U, Ozkal E, Acar O, Uygun A, Kocaoğullar Y and Gungor S: Intracerebral schwannoma: Case report and review. Neurosurg Rev. 19:269–274. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Sharma MC, Karak AK, Gaikwad SB, Mahapatra AK, Mehta VS and Sudha K: Intracranial intraparenchymal schwannomas: A series of eight cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 60:200–203. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Tsuiki H, Kuratsu J, Ishimaru Y, Nakahara T, Kishida K, Takamura M, Marubayashi T and Ushio Y: Intracranial intraparenchymal schwannoma: Report of three cases. Acta Neurochir (Wein). 139:756–760. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Wang H, Shi J, Tan Q and Sun K: Case report: Intracerebral schwannoma without the relationship of the brain nerve trunk. JiangSu Med J. 26:869–870. 2000.(In Chinese).

37 

Andrade GC, Neto Paiva MA and Braga FM: Thalamic intracerebral schwannoma: Case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 60:308–313. 2002.(In Portuguese). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Xu J and Wang Y: One case of intracerebral schwannoma. Chin J Neurosurg. 18:862002.(In Chinese).

39 

Lin J, Feng H, Li F, Zhao B and Guo Q: Intraparenchymal schwannoma of the medulla oblongata. Case report. J Neurosurg. 98:621–624. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Zhong Q, Zhang X and Zhang Y: A case of schwannoma in brain parenchyma. Chin J Radiol. 38:1119–1120. 2004.(In Chinese).

41 

Zeng E, Yuan X, Jiang W and Chen F: Brainstem schwannoma: One case report. Chin J Minima Invas Neurosur. 10:4732005.

42 

Maiuri F, Colella G, D'Acunzi G and De Caro Mdel B: Malignant intracerebellar schwannoma. J Neurooncol. 66:191–195. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Anton T, Guttierez J and Rock J: Tentorial schwannoma: A case report and review of the literature. J Neurooncol. 76:307–311. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Celikoğlu E, Hakan T and Bozbuğa M: Cystic schwannoma of the falx cerebri. J Clin Neurosci. 14:589–592. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Xu D, Chen D and Zhang Y: Magnetic resonance imaging of schwannoma in brain parenchyma (report of 3 cases). J Rare Uncom Dis. 14:7–10. 2007.

46 

Yi Y, Zhou J and Lv S: A case of schwannoma in brain parenchyma. 19:300–301. 2008.

47 

Ishihara M, Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Nakashima Y, Haga H, Takahashi JA and Manabe T: Intracerebral schwannoma in a child with infiltration along perivascular spaces resembling meningioangiomatosis. Pathol Int. 59:583–587. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Muzzafar S, Ketonen L, Weinberg JS and Schellingerhout D: Imaging and clinical features of an intra-axial brain stem schwannoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 31:567–569. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Zhu Q, Jiang X and Ren Z: Schwannoma in brain parenchyma and literature review. Anhui Med J. 31:156–158. 2010.(In Chinese).

50 

Consales A, Rossi A, Nozza P, Ravegnani M, Garrè ML and Cama A: Intracerebral schwannoma in a child. Br J Neurosurg. 24:306–308. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Guha D, Kiehl TR, Krings T and Valiante TA: Intracerebral schwannoma presenting as classic temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurosurg. 117:136–140. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Srinivas R, Krupashankar D and Shasi V: Intracerebral schwannoma in a 16-year-old girl: A case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2013:1714942013.PubMed/NCBI

53 

Lee S, Park SH and Chung CK: Supratentorial intracerebral schwannoma: Its fate and proper management. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 54:340–343. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Ma L, Yang SX and Wang YR: Intracerebral schwannoma mimicking parasagittal meningioma. J Craniofac Surg. 24:e541–e543. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

AlBatly AA, Zakzouk RS and Alhaidey AK: An atypical case of intracerebral schwannoma. Pan Afr Med J. 18:3422014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Wilson BR, Steinberg JA, Snyder V, Jiang MN and Carter BS: Histologic evidence for arteriovenous malformation-like vasculature occurring within an intracerebral Schwannoma: A case report and review of the literature. World Neurosurg. 92:582 e589–582, e513. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Osborn AB and Salzman K: Diagnostic imaging: Brain Amirsys. Salt Lake City: 2007

58 

Feigin I and Ogata J: Schwann cells and peripheral myelin within human central nervous tissues: The mesenchymal character of Schwann cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 30:603–612. 1971. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Nelson E and Rennels M: Innervation of intracranial arteries. Brain. 93:475–490. 1970. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Scherer SS: The biology and pathobiology of Schwann cells. Curr Opin Neurol. 10:386–397. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Woodhoo A and Sommer L: Development of the Schwann cell lineage: From the neural crest to the myelinated nerve. Glia. 56:1481–1490. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Mirsky R, Woodhoo A, Parkinson DB, Arthur-Farraj P, Bhaskaran A and Jessen KR: Novel signals controlling embryonic Schwann cell development, myelination and dedifferentiation. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 13:122–135. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Trotter J: The development of myelin-forming glia: Studies with primary cell cultures and immortalized cell lines. Perspect Dev Neurobiol. 1:149–154. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

64 

Iu Chelyshev A and Saitkulov KI: The development, phenotypic characteristics and communications of Schwann cells. Usp Fiziol Nauk. 31:54–69. 2000.(In Russian).

65 

Li Q and Xu Z: Nervous system tumor pathology and genetics. People's Medical Publishing House Co., LTD.;

Related Articles

Journal Cover

August-2018
Volume 16 Issue 2

Print ISSN: 1792-1074
Online ISSN:1792-1082

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Gao Y, Qin Z, Li D, Yu W, Sun L, Liu N, Zhao C, Zhang B, Hu Y, Sun D, Sun D, et al: Intracerebral schwannoma: A case report and literature review. Oncol Lett 16: 2501-2510, 2018
APA
Gao, Y., Qin, Z., Li, D., Yu, W., Sun, L., Liu, N. ... Jin, X. (2018). Intracerebral schwannoma: A case report and literature review. Oncology Letters, 16, 2501-2510. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8949
MLA
Gao, Y., Qin, Z., Li, D., Yu, W., Sun, L., Liu, N., Zhao, C., Zhang, B., Hu, Y., Sun, D., Jin, X."Intracerebral schwannoma: A case report and literature review". Oncology Letters 16.2 (2018): 2501-2510.
Chicago
Gao, Y., Qin, Z., Li, D., Yu, W., Sun, L., Liu, N., Zhao, C., Zhang, B., Hu, Y., Sun, D., Jin, X."Intracerebral schwannoma: A case report and literature review". Oncology Letters 16, no. 2 (2018): 2501-2510. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8949