Long non‑coding RNA DLX6‑AS1 silencing inhibits malignant phenotypes of gastric cancer cells
- Authors:
- Published online on: April 23, 2019 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7521
- Pages: 4715-4722
Abstract
Introduction
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common cancer worldwide (1,2). GC originates from the mucosal epithelium of the stomach and causes a significant number of mortalities worldwide (1,2). GC is difficult to diagnose at an early stage and thus the majority of patients with GC present with advanced disease or tumor metastasis, making the disease difficult to treat (3). In recent decades, although great progress has been made in GC treatment, including surgical resection combined with chemotherapy, the survival of patients with advanced GC has not improved (1–3). It is therefore necessary to assess the molecular mechanisms underlying GC development and progression, which may help identify novel and promising therapeutic targets for this disease.
The human genome produces coding and non-coding RNAs, the latter of which is the predominant RNA species (4,5). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs that are comprised of >200 nucleotides, often exhibit spatial and temporal-specific expression patterns (4,5). It has been widely reported that lncRNAs serve important roles in regulating a variety of cellular biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and tumourigenesis (6–9). Furthermore, a large number of lncRNAs are dysregulated during the development or progression of certain types of human cancer, including GC (10–14). For instance, the lncRNA X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) is significantly upregulated in GC cell lines and the knockdown of XIST inhibits the growth of GC cells (15). Small Nucleolar RNA Host Gene 12 (SNHG12), which is associated with tumor size and metastasis, is overexpressed in GC (16). The inhibition of SNHG12 reduces GC cell growth, colony formation, proliferation and invasion (16).
Distal-less homeobox 6 antisense 1 (DLX6-AS1), a lncRNA localized at the 7q21.3 chromosomal region, has been revealed to be frequently upregulated, serving an oncogenic role in several types of common cancer, including lung adenocarcinoma (17), renal cell carcinoma (18) and hepatocellular carcinoma (19). For instance, DLX6-AS1 levels are significantly higher in lung adenocarcinoma tissues than in adjacent healthy lung tissues and its overexpression is closely associated with poor histological differentiation and advanced TNM stage (17). However, to the best of our knowledge, the expression and function of DLX6-AS1 in GC has not been previously studied.
The present study therefore aimed to assess DLX6-AS1 expression in GC tissues and cell lines and to examine the association between DLX6-AS1 expression and GC clinical characteristics. Furthermore, the function of DLX6-AS1 in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion was assessed in GC in vitro.
Materials and methods
Clinical tissue samples
The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xiangya Hospital (Changsha, China). A total of 62 GC tissue and matched adjacent healthy tissue samples (3 cm from the tumor edge) were collected from 62 primary patients with GC admitted to Xiangya Hospital (Changsha, China) between March 2015 and June 2017 (Table I). Written informed consent had been previously obtained. None of the patients involved in the current study underwent chemotherapy or radiotherapy prior to surgery. After surgical resection, tissues were frozen using liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until further use.
Table I.Association between DLX6-AS1 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with gastric cancer. |
Cell culture
Normal human gastric mucosa epithelial GES-1 cells and GC cell lines (including HGC27, BGC823, SGC7901 and AGS cells) were purchased from the Cell Bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Cell lines were cultured in DMEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with 10% FBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2.
Cell transfection
AGS and BGC823 cells (1×106 cells/well) were seeded in six-well plates and cultured at 37°C to ~80% confluence. Cells were subsequently transfected with 100 nM DLX6-AS1 small interfering RNA (siRNA; siDLX6-AS1) or 100 nM negative control siRNA (siNC; both Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd.) using Lipofectamine® 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's protocol. Following 48-h transfection, cells were used in further experimentation.
Reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q) PCR
Total RNA was extracted from tissues or cell lines using TRIzol® reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Total RNA (1 µg) was reverse transcribed into cDNA using the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to manufacturer's protocol. qPCR was performed using SYBR Green Reverse Transcription PCR Master mix (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) on an Applied Biosystems 7300 plus reverse transcription PCR system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The following primer pairs were used for the qPCR: DLX6-AS1 forward, 5′-AGTTTCTCTCTAGATTGCCTT-3′ and reverse, 5′-ATTGACATGTTAGTGCCCTT-3′; GAPDH forward, 5′-CTGGGCTACACTGAGCACC-3′ and reverse, 5′-AAGTGGTCGTTGAGGGCAATG-3′. The following thermocycling conditions were used for the qPCR: Initial denaturation at 95°C for 30 sec; 40 cycles of 95°C for 5 sec and 60°C for 30 sec. Expression levels were quantified using the 2−∆∆Cq method and GAPDH was used as an internal reference gene (20).
Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay
AGS and BGC823 cells (5×103 cells/well) were plated into 96-well plates and incubated at 37°C for 0, 24, 48 or 72 h. CCK-8 reagent (10 µl; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) was then added to each well. After incubation at 37°C for 2 h, the optical density absorbance at 450 nm was measured using a microplate reader.
Colony formation assay
Transfected AGS and BGC823 cells (1.5×102 cells/well) were seeded into six-well plates and cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS at 37°C for 10 days. Cells were then washed with DPBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 5 min at room temperature. The number of colonies consisting of >50 cells were counted under a light microscope (magnification, ×40; Olympus Corporation).
Flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis
Transfected AGS and BGC823 cells were washed with PBS and fixed in 75% ethanol overnight at 4°C. Cells were subsequently washed three times with PBS and stained with 500 µl eBioscience™ propidium iodide staining solution (cat. no. 00-6990-50; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at room temperature for 15 min. Cell cycle distribution was examined using a FACScan flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and BD Accuri C6 system software (version 1.0; BD Biosciences).
Wound healing assay
Transfected AGS and BGC823 cells (1×106 cells/well) were seeded into six-well plates and cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS at 37°C at ~24 h to ~90% confluence. Wounds were created using a 200 µl pipette tip. Wound healing within the scrape line was observed and imaged at 0 and 24 h using a light microscope (magnification, ×400; Olympus Corporation).
Transwell cell invasion assay
A transwell assay was performed using a 24-well transwell chamber (8 mm pore size; Corning, Inc.) pre-coated with Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix (BD Biosciences). Transfected cells (3×103 cells/well) in 300 µl DMEM without serum were added to the upper chamber, while 500 µl DMEM with 10% FBS was added to the lower chamber. Cells were then incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Cells inside the insert were removed using a cotton-tipped swab. Cells that had invaded were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) for 30 min at room temperature. Fixed cells were subsequently stained with 0.5% crystal violet (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) for 10 min at room temperature. Invading cells were observed under a light microscope (magnification, ×400; Olympus Corporation).
Western blot analysis
Transfected AGS and BGC823 cells were lysed using RIPA buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Protein concentration was determined using the Pierce BCA Protein Assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's protocol. Protein samples (50 µg) were separated via SDS-PAGE on a 10% gel. The separated proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes (EMD Millipore) and blocked with 5% non-fat dry milk overnight at 4°C. The membranes were incubated with primary antibodies against E-cadherin (1:500; ab133597), N-cadherin (1:500; ab245117), Vimentin (1:200; ab16700) and GAPDH (1:500; ab9485; all Abcam) for 3 h at room temperature. Following primary incubation, membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit second antibody (1:5,000; ab6721; Abcam) for 1 h at room temperature. Protein bands were visualized using the SuperSignal West Femto Maximum Sensitivity substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Protein expression was quantified using ImageJ software (version 1.46; National Institutes of Health).
Statistical analysis
Data presented as the mean ± standard deviation. SPSS version 22.0 for windows (IBM Corp.) was used for all analyses. A Student's t-test was used for analysing the differences between two groups. One-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey's post-hoc test was used for the comparison of >2 groups. A Chi-square test was used to analyse the association between DLX6-AS1 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with GC. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were analysed with a log-rank test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Upregulation of DLX6-AS1 in GC
To assess the biological function of DLX6-AS1 in GC, RT-qPCR analysis was performed to determine its expression in a total of 62 primary GC tissues and their matched adjacent normal tissues. The data revealed that DLX6-AS1 expression was significantly increased in GC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues (Fig. 1A). The expression of DLX6-AS1 was also observed to be higher in advanced GC tissue samples (III/IV) compared with early-stage samples (I/II; Fig. 1B), indicating that the upregulation of DLX6-AS1 was associated with GC progression. To further clarify whether DLX6-AS1 expression was associated with the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with GC, patients were divided into DLX6-AS1 low expression and high expression groups using the median level of DLX6-AS1 as a cut-off (2.67). As indicated in Table I, high DLX6-AS1 expression was not associated with sex, age, tumor size or differentiation, but was significantly associated with metastasis and advanced TNM stage. The results indicate that patients with GC and a high DLX6-AS1 expression exhibit a lower percentage survival than those with a low DLX6-AS1 expression (Fig. 1C). These results indicate that DLX6-AS1 expression may be used as a predictive marker for GC prognosis and as such, further study should be conducted to explore the function of DLX6-AS1 in GC. The expression of DLX6-AS1 was subsequently examined in a normal human gastric mucosa epithelial cell line, GES-1 and several GC cell lines, including HGC27, BGC823, SGC7901 and AGS. As presented in Fig. 1D, DLX6-AS1 expression was significantly higher in GC cell lines compared with GES-1 cells. AGS and BGC823 cell lines were subsequently selected to perform in vitro experiments, as they exhibited the highest levels of DLX6-AS1 expression.
Inhibition of DLX6-AS1 suppresses GC cell proliferation, colony formation and cell cycle progression
To examine the function of DLX6-AS1 in GC in vitro, AGS and BGC823 cells were transfected with DLX6-AS1 siRNA to downregulate its expression. At 48 h after transfection, RT-qPCR was performed to assess DLX6-AS1 expression. As presented in Fig. 2A, the expression of DLX6-AS1 was significantly reduced in the siDLX6-AS1 group compared with the siNC group. A CCK-8 assay was then performed in order to assess cell proliferation. The results revealed that the proliferation of AGS and BGC823 cells was significantly inhibited at 48 and 72 h in the siDLX6-AS1 group compared with the siNC group (Fig. 2B and C). These results indicate that DLX6-AS1 may serve a growth-promoting role in GC. To confirm this, a colony formation assay was performed, the results of which indicated that the colony formation capacity of cells was significantly reduced in the siDLX6-AS1 group compared with the siNC group (Fig. 2D). Cell cycle regulation serves a key role in cell proliferation (21). Therefore, flow cytometry was performed to assess the function of DLX6-AS1 in the regulation of cell cycle progression. As presented in Fig. 2E and F, the knockdown of DLX6-AS1 caused significant G1 and G2-M stage arrest compared with siNC cells in AGS and BGC823 cells. The aforementioned data indicates that DLX6-AS1 may promote cell proliferation, colony formation and cell cycle progression in GC.
Silencing of DLX6-AS1 inhibits GC cell migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
Tumor cell migration and invasion are essential for tumor metastasis (22). Wound healing and transwell assays were performed to assess the function of DLX6-AS1 in GC cell migration and invasion. As presented in Fig. 3A and B, wound healing assay data revealed that compared with cells in the siNC group, the migratory capacity of DLX6-AS1 inhibited AGS and BGC823 cells was significantly reduced. Similarly, fewer invasive cells were observed in the siDLX6-AS1 group than in the siNC group, indicating that DLX6-AS1 silencing inhibits GC cell invasion (Fig. 3C and D). These data indicate that DLX6-AS1 serves a promoting role in the migration and invasion of GC cells, which may contribute to GC metastasis.
As EMT serves a key role during tumor cell migration and invasion (23), the expression of EMT markers in AGS and BGC823 cells were assessed with or without DLX6-AS1 inhibition. The results of western blot analysis demonstrated that DLX6-AS1 silencing expression caused the significant upregulation of E-cadherin (an epithelial marker) and the marked downregulation of N-cadherin and Vimentin (mesenchymal markers) in AGS and BGC823 cells compared with the cells in the siNC group (Fig. 4). The results indicate that the knockdown of DLX6-AS1 suppresses GC cell migration and invasion by inhibiting EMT.
Discussion
Although non-protein coding RNAs occupy >90% of the human genome's transcriptional output (7), the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs underlying cancer development and progression remain largely unknown. The current study revealed that the expression of DLX6-AS1 was significantly increased in GC tissues and cell lines and that its upregulation was associated with advanced clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with GC. The knockdown of DLX6-AS1 inhibited GC cell proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle progression, migration, invasion and EMT in vitro.
In recent years, a large number of lncRNAs have been identified as key regulators during cancer development and progression (24,25). The poor prognosis of patients with advanced GC is primarily thought to be due to rapid tumor metastasis (26). This therefore reveals that furthering understanding into the underlying mechanisms of GC may be beneficial for the development of novel and effective therapies (27,28). Previous studies have reported that certain lncRNAs, including Small nuclear RNA host gene 20 (SNHG20) (29), terminal differentiation-induced ncRNA (30), nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) (31) and XIST (15) are aberrantly expressed in GC and regulate tumour growth and metastasis. For instance, NEAT1 is an unfavourable prognostic factor in GC and serves a promoting role in cell migration and invasion (31). SNHG20 promotes GC progression via the downregulation of p21 expression and the upregulation of the glycogen synthase kinase 3 β/β-catenin signalling pathway (29). The results of the present study indicated that DLX6-AS1 is significantly upregulated in GC tissues and cell lines, compared with adjacent normal tissues and non-tumor GES-1 cells. In addition, it was revealed that the expression of DLX6-AS1 was higher in advanced GC tissue samples (III/IV) compared with early-stage samples (I/II). It was also demonstrated that a high DLX6-AS1 expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and advanced TNM stage. Patients with GC and a high DLX6-AS1 expression exhibited decreased survival times compared with those with a low DLX6-AS1 expression. These results indicate that the upregulation of DLX6-AS1 may serve a key role in GC progression.
To further assess the function of DLX6-AS1 in GC growth and metastasis, loss-of-function assays were performed using AGS and BGC823 cells by transfecting DLX6-AS1-specific siRNA. It was demonstrated that silencing DLX6-AS1 expression caused a significant reduction in GC cell proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle progression, migration and invasion. Similarly, Zeng et al (18) revealed that DLX6-AS1 expression was also upregulated in renal cell carcinoma cells, which was significantly associated with tumour progression. In addition, Zhang et al (19) demonstrated that DLX6-AS1 promotes the proliferation, invasion and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro, as well as tumor growth in vivo. EMT, characterized by the loss of an epithelial phenotype and the acquisition of mesenchymal properties, serves a central role in cell migration and invasion and is closely associated with tumor metastasis (32). Many lncRNAs have been suggested to regulate EMT in various cancers (33–35). For instance, the overexpression of lncRNA colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed facilitates EMT and is associated with a poor prognosis of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (33). However, to the best of our knowledge, the detailed role of DLX6-AS1 in EMT regulation in GC cells has not previously been studied. The results of the present study revealed that the knockdown of DLX6-AS1 significantly promotes E-cadherin protein expression and suppresses N-cadherin and vimentin protein expression in GC cells, indicating that EMT was inhibited. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the suppressive effects of DLX6-AS1 downregulation in GC cell invasion and migration may occur via the inhibition of EMT.
In summary, the present study demonstrated that the lncRNA, DLX6-AS1, is upregulated in GC and serves an oncogenic role, indicating that DLX6-AS1 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for GC treatment.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
All datasets used and/or generated during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
XF and YT collected clinical tissues, designed the study and wrote the manuscript. XF, WG, SW and WK performed the clinical and cell experiments.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The current study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xiangya Hospital (Changsha, China). All written informed consents have been obtained.
Patient consent for publication
All participants provided written informed consent for publication.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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