Development and characterization of TrMab‑6, a novel anti‑TROP2 monoclonal antibody for antigen detection in breast cancer
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- Published online on: November 25, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11731
- Article Number: 92
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Copyright : © Sayama et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
Abstract
Introduction
Breast cancer is by far the most common malignant tumor in women. In 2018, there were 2,088,849 new breast cases (11.6% of the total cancer cases) and 626,679 deaths (6.6% of the total cancer deaths) worldwide (1). Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and molecular targeted therapies are currently used for breast cancer treatment; however, effective therapies for patients diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer [TNBC; i.e., those that are negative for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)] remain limited (2–4). TNBC accounts for ~15% of invasive breast cancers; moreover, it tends to be aggressive and is associated with a poor prognosis (2,5,6). TNBC is more common in young women than in older women and is frequently associated with invasion and metastatic disease (2,5–7). As such, highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are required to facilitate the diagnosis of and treatment decisions for this breast cancer subtype.
The trophoblast cell-surface antigen (TROP2), also known as human tumor-associated calcium signal transducer (TACSTD2), is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein originally identified in human trophoblast cells (8–10). Previously, Schon and Orfanos reported that tunicamycin treatment of living cells and N-glycanase digestion of immunopurified TROP2 revealed that the molecular heterogeneity of TROP2 is due to the different N-glycosylation in normal and transformed keratinocytes (11). In transformed keratinocytes, two distinct precursor proteins at 38 and 42 kDa were detected, whereas in normal cells the 38-kDa signal was dramatically decreased, indicating that quantitative and qualitative changes of N-glycan of TROP2 are associated with the transformation process of human keratinocytes. TROP2 is highly expressed in several cancers and may play a critical role in tumor progression in association with the pathways involving both the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (12,13). The expression of TROP2 has been reported in more than 85% of all tumors; as such, TROP2 may be a useful marker for cancer diagnosis and immunotherapy (2,14,15). It has also been identified in the stem cells of various tissues, including basal cells, all of which are capable of self-renewal, regeneration, and differentiation (2,16,17). Several mAbs targeting TROP2 are currently evaluated in clinical trials, including PF-06664178 (12,18), IMMU-132 (12,19,20), and DS-1062a (12,21).
In our previous studies, we developed the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS) method; in this method, cell lines are used exclusively for both immunization and screening (22). CBIS has been employed to develop sensitive and specific mAbs against numerous transmembrane proteins, including CD19 (23), CD20 (24), CD44 (25), CD133 (22), and PD-L1 (26). Of note, mAbs developed using this method have proven to be extremely useful in flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunohistochemical analyses.
In this study, we developed novel anti-TROP2 mAbs and evaluated their capacity to target breast cancer cells using flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunohistochemical analyses.
Materials and methods
Plasmid preparation
Human TROP2 DNA was synthesized commercially by Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). TROP2 DNA with an N-terminal PA16 tag (27) and a C-terminal RAP tag (28)/MAP tag (29) (PA16-TROP2-RAP-MAP) was subcloned into the pCAG-Ble expression vector (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation) using an In-Fusion HD Cloning Kit (Takara Bio, Inc.); the recombinant expression vector was named pCAG/PA16-TROP2-RAP-MAP. TROP2 DNA with a C-terminal PA tag (27) alone was also subcloned into the pCAG-Ble vector using an In-Fusion HD Cloning Kit; this expression vector was named pCAG/TROP2-PA. The amino acid sequences of each tag are as follows: PA16 tag, 16 amino acids (GLEGGVAMPGAEDDVV); PA tag, 12 amino acids (GVAMPGAEDDVV); RAP tag, 12 amino acids (DMVNPGLEDRIE); and MAP tag, 12 amino acids (GDGMVPPGIEDK).
Cell lines
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1, P3X63Ag8U.1 (P3U1), BT-474, Lec1, Lec2, and Lec8 cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA). MCF7 was obtained from the Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University (Miyagi, Japan).
CHO-K1 cells that overexpress TROP2-PA (CHO/TROP2-PA) and PA16-TROP2-RAP-MAP (CHO/PA16-TROP2-RAP-MAP) were generated by transfection of pCAG/TROP2-PA and pCAG/PA16-TROP2-RAP-MAP to CHO-K1 cells, respectively, using Lipofectamine LTX Reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Cell lines Lec1/TROP2, Lec2/TROP2, and Lec8/TROP2 were generated by transfection of pCAG/TROP2-PA to Lec1, Lec2, and Lec8 cells, respectively, using the Neon Transfection System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Several days after the transfection, the transfected cells were confirmed as TROP2-positive by flow cytometry (EC800, Sony Corp.) using a commercial anti-TROP2 antibody (Cat#LS-C489657, LS Bio). The transfected cells were selected by limiting dilution culture and cultivation in the medium containing 0.5 mg/ml of zeocin (InvivoGen). We confirmed the transfection efficiency using western blotting.
The TROP2 gene-deleted cell line, MCF7/TROP2-KO (BINDS-29), was generated by transfection of CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids targeting TROP2 using the Neon Transfection System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Stable transfectants were established by cell sorting using SH800 (Sony Corp.).
CHO-K1, CHO/PA16-TROP2-RAP-MAP, CHO/TROP2-PA, P3U1, MCF7, Lec1/TROP2, Lec2/TROP2, Lec8/TROP2, and BINDS-29 cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 medium (Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Kyoto, Japan); BT-474 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Nacalai Tesque, Inc.). All media were supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 µg/ml streptomycin, and 0.25 µg/ml amphotericin B (Nacalai Tesque, Inc.). Cells were grown in an incubator at 37°C with humidity and 5% CO2 and 95% air atmosphere.
Animals
Female BALB/c mice (6 weeks old) were purchased from CLEA Japan and kept under specific pathogen-free conditions. All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations in order to minimize animal suffering and distress in the laboratory. The Animal Care and Use Committee of Tohoku University approved all the animal experiments (permit no. 2019NiA-001). Mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation under inhalation anesthesia using 2% of isoflurane, and the death was verified to be respiratory and cardiac arrest.
Hybridoma production
We employed CBIS to develop new mAbs against TROP2. Two mice were immunized with CHO/PA16-TROP2-RAP-MAP cells (1×108) via the intraperitoneal route (i.p.) together with the Imject Alum (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). After several additional immunizations, a booster immunization was administered via the i.p. route 2 days before spleen cell collection. Mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation under inhalation anesthesia using isoflurane, and the death was verified to be respiratory and cardiac arrest. We chopped spleens, and collected spleen cells using serum-free RPIM-1640 medium. We further broke the red blood cells with 3 ml of Red Blood Cell Lysing Buffer Hybri-Max (Sigma-Aldrich Corp.) at 37°C for 1 min, and washed the spleen cells using serum-free RPIM-1640 medium. The collected spleen cells were fused with P3U1 mouse myeloma cells using polyethylene glycol 1500 (Roche Diagnostics) (30,31); the resulting hybridomas were selected in RPMI medium, including hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The culture supernatants were screened via flow cytometry using CHO/TROP2-PA and CHO-K1 cells.
Flow cytometry
Cells were collected following a brief exposure to 0.25% trypsin and 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA; Nacalai Tesque, Inc.). The cells were washed with 0.1% bovine serum albumin in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and treated with anti-TROP2 mAbs, such as TrMab-6 (1 µg/ml) or EPR20043 (1/60 dilution; Abcam) for 30 min at 4°C. After incubation, the cells were treated with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) or Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.). Fluorescence data were collected using SA3800 Spectral Cell Analyzer (Sony Corp.) and analyzed using FlowJo (BD Biosciences).
Determination of the binding affinity
MCF7 or BT-474 cells (2×105) were suspended in 100 µg of serially diluted TrMab-6 (6 ng/ml-100 µg/ml) for 30 min at 4°C, followed by the addition of Alexa Flour 488-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (1:200; Cell Signaling Technologies, Inc.). Fluorescence data were collected using a cell analyzer (EC800). The dissociation constant (KD) was calculated by fitting the binding isotherms to built-in, one-site binding models in GraphPad Prism 8 (GraphPad Software, Inc.).
Western blot analysis
Cell lysates (10 µg) were boiled in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sample buffer (Nacalai Tesque, Inc.). Proteins were separated on 5–20% polyacrylamide gels (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation) and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Merck KGaA). After blocking with 4% skim milk (Nacalai Tesque, Inc.) in PBS with 0.05% Tween-20, the membranes were incubated with 1 or 5 µg/ml of TrMab-6, 1/2000 dilution of EPR20043 (Abcam), 1 µg/ml of NZ-1 (anti-PA tag), or 1 µg/ml of anti-β-actin (clone AC-15; Sigma-Aldrich Corp.). This was followed by incubation with peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulins (Agilent Technologies Inc.; diluted 1:1,000) to detect TrMab-6 and anti-β-actin, peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit immunoglobulins (Agilent Technologies Inc.; diluted 1:1,000) to detect EPR20043, or anti-rat IgG (Sigma-Aldrich Corp; diluted 1:10,000) to detect NZ-1, respectively. Finally, protein bands were detected with ImmunoStar LD (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation) using a Sayaca-Imager (DRC Co. Ltd.).
Immunohistochemical analysis
Paraffin-embedded tissue sections of the breast cancer tissue array (Cat#T8235721-5, Lot#B104066; BioChain, San Francisco, CA, USA) were autoclaved in EnVision FLEX Target Retrieval Solution High pH (Agilent Technologies, Inc.) for 20 min. After blocking with SuperBlock T20 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), tissue sections were incubated with TrMab-6 (5 µg/ml) or EPR20043 (1/500 dilution; Abcam) for 1 h at room temperature and then treated with the EnVision+ Kit for mouse (Agilent Technologies Inc.) and EnVision+ Kit for rabbit (Agilent Technologies Inc.) for 30 min, respectively. Color was developed using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB; Agilent Technologies Inc.) for 2 min. Counterstaining was performed with hematoxylin (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation).
Results
Development of novel anti-TROP2 mAbs using the CBIS method
We immunized two mice with CHO/PA16-TROP2- RAP-MAP cells and anti-TROP2 mAbs were screened via flow cytometry (Fig. 1). The first screening approach identified strong signals from CHO/TROP2-PA cells and weak to no signals from CHO-K1 cells using hybridoma supernatants from 90 of the 956 wells (9.4%). The second screening approach identified strong signals from MCF7 cells from 84 of the 90 hybridoma supernatants identified in the earlier step (93.3%). After limiting dilution, we established 30 positive clones. Further screening via Western blot and immunohistochemistry led to the establishment of TrMab-6. The subclass of TrMab-6 was determined to be mouse IgG2b as shown in Fig. S1A.
Flow cytometry analysis
We developed several transfectants, such as CHO/TROP2-PA, Lec1/TROP2, Lec2/TROP2, and Lec8/TROP2, and the transfection efficiency was confirmed using an anti-PA tag mAb (NZ-1) by Western blot analysis (Fig. S1B). Then, we performed flow cytometry targeting several relevant cell lines in order to characterize antigen detection using TrMab-6 (Fig. 2). TrMab-6 detected CHO/TROP2-PA cells, but not parental CHO-K1 cells. TrMab-6 also detected endogenous TROP2 on human breast cancer cell lines, including MCF7 and BT-474. Contrarily, TrMab-6 did not react with BINDS-29 (TROP2-gene-deleted MCF7 cells). Taken together, these results suggested that TrMab-6 is specific for TROP2. As shown in Fig. S2, another anti-TROP2 mAb (clone EPR20043) weakly reacted with MCF7, but did not react with BT-474 although TrMab-6 strongly reacted with both MCF7 and BT-474, indicating that TrMab-6 is more useful for flow cytometry than EPR20043 although EPR20043 was shown to be useful in all applications, such as flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunohistochemical analyses (Table SI).
Next, we investigated whether the epitope of TrMab-6 is associated with glycans. Thus, we performed flow cytometry using TROP2-transfected glycan-deficient CHO cells, including those deficient in Lec1 (N-glycan-deficient), Lec2 (sialic acid-deficient), and Lec8 (galactose-deficient) cells. As presented in Fig. 2, TrMab-6 reacted with Lec1/TROP2, Lec2/TROP2, and Lec8/TROP2 cells to an extent indistinguishable from that observed with CHO/TROP2-PA. These results indicated that the binding epitope recognized by TrMab-6 was unlikely to be associated with glycans.
Determination of the binding affinity using TrMab-6 against breast cancers by flow cytometry
To determine the binding affinity of TrMab-6, we conducted kinetic analysis of the interaction of TrMab-6 with MCF7 and BT-474 cells via flow cytometry. The KD of TrMab-6 was determined to be 6.5×10−9 M when targeting MCF7 cells and 1.1×10−10 M for BT-474 cells (Fig. 3). These results indicated that TrMab-6 binds with high affinity to TROP2-expressing breast cancer cells.
Western blot analyses
TrMab-6 binding identified TROP2 as an immunoreactive band with an estimated 40 kDa band in lysates prepared from CHO/TROP2-PA, MCF7, and BT-474 cells; no immunoreactive bands were found in CHO-K1 and TROP2-gene-deleted MCF7 (BINDS-29) cells (Fig. 4), again confirming its specificity for TROP2. TrMab-6 also detected TROP2 of Lec1/TROP2, Lec2/TROP2, and Lec8/TROP2. Although TROP2 proteins, which were expressed in Lec1/TROP2 and Lec8/TROP2, were detected in lower molecular weight compared with CHO/TROP2-PA and Lec2/TROP2, the intensity by TrMab-6 was similar among those cell lines, indicating that the binding epitope of TrMab-6 is independent of glycans. An anti-PA tag mAb (NZ-1) also detected TROP2 bands in lysates of CHO/TROP2-PA, Lec1/TROP2, Lec2/TROP2, and Lec8/TROP2 cells. These results indicated that TrMab-6 could be used to detect TROP2 expressed by breast cancer cells via Western blot.
We compared the reactivity of TrMab-6 and another anti-TROP2 mAb (clone EPR20043) in Western blot analysis. As shown in Fig. S3, both TrMab-6 and EPR20043 strongly detected TROP2 from both MCF7 and BT-474, indicating that both TrMab-6 and EPR20043 are useful for Western blot analysis.
Immunohistochemical analyses against breast cancer
We then used TrMab-6 to target clinical specimens of human breast cancer tissue via immunohistochemical analysis (Table I). TrMab-6 detected TROP2 in 57/61 of the breast cancer specimens (93.4%; Table II). Among these specimens were 50/54 cases (93.1%) of invasive ductal carcinoma (Table II). Typical TrMab-6-associated staining patterns in the specimens of invasive ductal carcinomas are presented in Fig. 5A and B. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of invasive ductal carcinoma tissue is presented in Fig. 5C and D. Furthermore, TrMab-6 detected TROP2 in 4/4 cases (100%) of invasive lobular carcinoma, 2/2 cases (100%) of adenocarcinoma, and 1/1 case (100%) of medullary carcinoma (Table II); the typical staining patterns of invasive lobular carcinoma are presented in Fig. 5E and F, and H&E staining was performed as presented in Fig. 5G and H. Among the 61 breast cancer cases, 30/61 cases (49.2%) were stained strongly positive, 18/61 cases (29.5%) were stained moderately positive, and 9/61 cases (14.8%) were stained weakly positive by TrMab-6 (Table II). We obtained the information about ER, PR, and HER2 (Table I). To determine HER2 expression, we used an anti-HER2 mAb (clone H2Mab-77) (32). Among 61 breast cancers, 31 cases (50.8%) were determined to be triple-negative (Table III). Interestingly, 28/31 (90.3%) were stained by TrMab-6; especially, 17/31 (54.8%) were stained strongly positive by TrMab-6 (Table III), indicating that triple-negative breast cancers should be an ideal target of anti-TROP2 mAbs, including TrMab-6.
We compared the reactivity of TrMab-6 and another anti-TROP2 mAb (clone EPR20043) in immunohistochemical analysis. As shown in Table I, EPR20043 stained 60/61 (98.4%) breast cancer tissues, although TrMab-6 stained 57/61 (93.4%) breast cancer tissues, indicating that EPR20043 is more useful for immunohistochemical analysis than TrMab-6.
Discussion
Generating a mAb that can be utilized for multiple applications, including flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry, is usually difficult. Using the CBIS method, in which antigen-expressing cell lines are used for both immunization and screening (22), we have developed numerous useful mAbs that target membrane proteins, including CD19 (23), CD20 (24), CD44 (25), CD133 (22), PD-L1 (26), and podoplanin (PDPN) (33–36). Among these unique targets, CD20 has four membrane-spanning domains and only two small extracellular domains that include amino acids 72–80 and 142–182 (37,38). Although there are several commercially available mAbs that interact with amino acids 142–182 of CD20 and are specifically useful in flow cytometry, there are no available anti-CD20 mAbs that are effective not only in flow cytometry but also in Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. We recently developed clone C20Mab-11, which can detect CD20 associated with B-cell lymphoma by flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunohistochemical analyses (24).
Likewise, we herein aimed to establish one or more multipurpose anti-TROP2 mAbs because the applications of commercially available anti-TROP2 mAbs were somewhat limited (Table SI). Using the CBIS method, we successfully developed a sensitive and specific novel anti-TROP2 mAb (clone TrMab-6) that can be used in every application, including flow cytometry (Fig. 3), Western blot (Fig. 4), and immunohistochemical analyses (Fig. 5). Another anti-TROP2 mAb (clone EPR20043 from Abcam) is more sensitive than TrMab-6 in immunohistochemical analysis (Table I), but not useful in flow cytometry (Fig. S2). EPR20043 might react with intracellular region of TROP2 although the immunogen was not clearly shown in its application sheet. Clone SP293 (Abcam) was also shown to be useful for flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunohistochemical analyses in its application sheet; however, the intracellular region of TROP2 was also used as immunogen (Table SI).
We conclude that TrMab-6 is more advantageous than the other anti-TROP2 mAbs, such as EPR20043 and SP293 because TrMab-6 is useful to detect TROP2 in all applications, such as flow cytometry in non-fixed condition, Western blot, and immunohistochemical analysis. However, in this study, TrMab-6 was shown to be useful for only in vitro experiments. In the future, we will determine whether TrMab-6 would be suitable for use as targeted molecular therapy against breast cancers. The subclasses of mouse IgG, IgG2a and IgG2b, both induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) (39,40). TrMab-6 was determined to be of the mouse IgG2b subclass (Fig. S1). Although we performed ADCC reporter assay using TrMab-6, ADCC activity was not observed unexpectedly (data not shown). To promote antibody therapy using TrMab-6, we will utilize antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), radioimmunotherapy (RIT), photoimmunotherapy (PIT), or chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. About ADCs targeting TROP2, conjugation of the irinotecan metabolite, SN-38, to a humanized anti-TROP2 antibody (sacituzumab govitecan) promotes broad and potent antitumor effects in human cancer xenografts and in patients with advanced triple-negative breast, non-small-cell and small-cell lung, and urothelial cancers (14). About RIT, van Rij et al (41) previously reported that TROP2-expressing prostate cancer can be targeted efficiently with TF12 [anti-TROP2 × anti-HSG (histamine-succinyl-glycine)] and 177Lu-labeled diHSG-peptide (IMP288). Furthermore, Nishimura et al (42) selected TROP2 as a molecular target for PIT, and utilized a newly developed humanized anti-TROP2 mAb conjugated to the photosensitizer IR700 (TROP2-IR700) for the treatment of pancreatic carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Growth of tumor xenografts was significantly inhibited in response to TROP2-targeted PIT relative to controls, suggesting that TROP2-targeted PIT is also an important means for improving treatment for TROP2-expressing cancers. About CAR-T, Zhao et al (43) reported that novel bi-specific TROP2/PD-L1 CAR-T cells could target TROP2/PD-L1 and checkpoint blockade, resulting in cytotoxicity for gastric cancer cells. These results also suggested that CAR-T cell therapy featuring TROP2 can be developed to target TROP2-expressing cancers. These various modalities will allow us to explore TrMab-6-mediated antitumor activities in the mouse xenograft model of breast cancer.
Supplementary Material
Supporting Data
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Mr. Takuro Nakamura, Ms. Miyuki Yanaka, Ms. Saori Handa, Ms. Saki Okamoto, and Mr. Yu Komatsu (Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine) for technical assistance in the in vitro experiments.
Funding
The present study was supported in part by Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED; grant nos. JP20am0401013, JP20am0101078 and JP20ae0101028).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
YS performed experiments, and analyzed experimental data. YS and YK wrote the manuscript. MKK and YK designed the current study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Animal studies were approved by The Animal Care and Use Committee of Tohoku University (Permit no. 2019NiA-001).
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Glossary
Abbreviations
Abbreviations:
|
ADCC |
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity |
|
CBIS |
Cell-Based Immunization and Screening |
|
CHO |
Chinese hamster ovary |
|
DMEM |
Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium |
|
EDTA |
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid |
|
mAb |
monoclonal antibody |
|
H&E |
hematoxylin and eosin |
|
RPMI |
Roswell Park Memorial Institute |
|
TACTD2 |
tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 |
|
TROP2 |
trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 |
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