Correlation between CT features and liver function and p53expression in hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
- Authors:
- Published online on: July 12, 2018 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.9144
- Pages: 4297-4302
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Copyright: © Hu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
At present, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in China, and the incidence of HCC in recent several years has shown an increasing trend (1,2). The mortality rate of HCC is high. Hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer belong to the trilogy of liver disease, and most patients with HCC often have varying degrees of cirrhosis (3,4).
The key factor for the high mortality rate of HCC is the immature early diagnosis of HCC. HCC in early stages usually shows no specific symptoms, and most patients are diagnosed at advanced stages, leading to the high mortality rate (5,6). Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment remain crucial in the treatment of HCC. Previous findings showed that hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC are accompanied with different changes in liver volume (7). In addition, the occurrence of HCC is directly related to the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and abnormal cell proliferation (8). p53 is a major tumor suppressor gene associated with most malignancies, including HCC (9,10).
In the present study, the volume of whole liver, left lateral lobe and caudate lobe was measured by 16-slice spiral CT and the correlations between those features and liver function were examined. Expression of p53 in liver tissue of patients with hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC was detected. The specificity and sensitivity of diagnosis of liver cancer were improved by combining the two different indexes.
Materials and methods
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Patients with HCC, cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis at the Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University (Henan, China) were selected between December, 2015 and December, 2016. The patients were diagnosed by pathological examinations according to the diagnostic criteria established by WHO. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University (Henan, China), and all patients signed written informed consent.
Inclusion criteria for the study were: patients received surgical treatment; patients received no radiotherapy or chemotherapy before surgery; patients with primary HCC; patients with complete clinical record. Exclusion criteria for the study were: patients without accurate pathological diagnosis; patients treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy before surgery; patients with metastatic liver cancer; patients with contraindications for surgery.
Clinical data
Clinical data of those patients were collected. These patients were selected using the Hospital Information System (HIS), diagnosed by Pathematology and conformed to the standard. There were 40 patients with HCC, 30 patients with cirrhosis and 30 patients with chronic hepatitis. At the same time, normal liver tissues collected from 30 patients with hepatic hemangioma were used as the normal control group. All normal liver tissues were observed under a microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), and no inflammatory cell infiltration, fibrosis and regeneration nodules and hemangioma lesions were observed.
Methods
Measurement of liver volume
Siemens Sensation 16 spiral CT scanner was used for conventional double-phase scanning. The area from the top of the diaphragm to the lower edge of liver and spleen was scanned within a breath-hold. During scanning, bolus injection of 80–100 ml non-ionic contrast agent elixir was performed at a speed of 2.5–3.0 ml/sec. Spiral collimation was 1.5 mm, moving speed was 12 mm/sec, scanning layer thickness was 7.00 mm and reconstruction interval was 5.00 mm. After scanning, the original data were subjected to 5 mm portal venous phase reconstruction, and were imported into Volume software. Edge of the liver lobes was identified from top of the septum to the lower edge of the liver and gallbladder and inferior vena cava were avoided. The volume of the liver was calculated with the threshold of 30–300 HU (Fig. 1).
Observation index
Before CT examination, the patient's height and weight were recorded to calculate body surface area. In order to avoid individual differences, volume of the whole liver, left outer lobe and caudate lobe per unit body surface was calculated.
Liver function test
Biochemical indexes of liver function were tested using TBA-120FR automatic biochemical analyzer (Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan).
Immunohistochemical detection of p53 expression
Tissues were fixed in 10% neutral formalin, followed by paraffin-embedding and slicing. Tissue sections were transferred to glass slides and baked at 70°C overnight. The slides were deparaffinized 3 times using xylene, and passed a graded concentrations ethanol for hydration. Citric acid buffer was used for antigen retrieval. After washing 3 times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), sections were incubated with 3% H2O2 for 15 min at room temperature. The sections were incubated with primary rabbit anti-human P53 monoclonal antibody (1:700; cat. no. 2527; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA) overnight at 4°C in a wet box. After washing 3 times with PBS, sections were incubated with secondary goat anti-rabbit monoclonal antibody (1:1,000; cat. no. 8114; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) for 30 min at room temperature. After washing 3 times with PBS, DAB color development was performed in a wet box, and color development was stopped by rinsing with tap water. The sections were soaked in hematoxylin for 1–3 min, and after washing, the sections were soaked in hydrochloric acid alcohol for 10–20 sec. The sections were rinsed, dehydrated, vitrificated and sealed with neutral resin.
Statistical analysis
SPSS 20.0 statistical software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for the statistical analysis. Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and subjected to one-way ANOVA with LSD as the post hoc test. Intragroup comparisons were performed using t-test. Countable data were expressed as a percentage (%), and comparisons were performed using a χ2 test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Changes in liver volume and correlations with liver disease
Calculated body surface area of each group was substituted into the formula for the calculation of standard liver volume. No significant differences in calculated liver volume were found between patient groups and control group (P>0.05). However, liver volume and volume index measured by CT in HCC groups were significantly lower than those in other group. Liver volume change rate in HCC group was 33.79 ± 5.04%, which was significantly higher than that in other three groups (P<0.05) (Table I).
Comparison of liver lobe between patient groups and control group
No significant differences in total liver volume and unit surface area were found between the hepatitis, cirrhosis and control groups (P>0.05), but significantly reduced values were found in the HCC group (P<0.05). Left outer lobe volume and unit surface area volume in the hepatitis, HCC and cirrhosis groups were significantly larger than those in the control group (P<0.05). Caudate lobe volume and unit surface area volume in the hepatitis group were significantly larger than those in the remaining groups, and no significant differences were found among the cirrhosis, HCC and control groups (P>0.05). No significant differences in the proportions of left outer lobe and caudate lobe to the whole liver were found among the groups (P>0.05) (Tables II and III).
Liver function-related indicators in each group
Liver function-related indicators in the HCC and cirrhosis groups were significantly different from those in the control group (P<0.05). The results showed that the liver function of hepatitis patients was normal. However, with the aggravation of liver damage, liver dysfunction became more and more obvious (Table IV).
p53 expression in each group
Positive rate of p53 expression was 45.00% (18/22) in the HCC group and 3.33% (1/29) in the cirrhosis group. The positive rate of p53 expression in cirrhosis and hepatitis was not significantly different from that in control group (P>0.05), but there were significant differences between HCC group and control group (P<0.05) (Table V).
Correlations between hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC CT features and liver function index ALB
Hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC CT features showed a high degree of consistency with the expression level of liver function indicator ALB, and they were positively correlated (Table VI).
Table VI.Correlations between hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC CT features and liver function index ALB. |
Correlations between hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC CT features and p53 expression
Hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC CT features showed a high degree of consistency with the expression level of p53, and they were negatively correlated (Table VII).
Diagnostic accuracies of liver diseases by using CT
Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive rate and negative predictive rate of CT were 50.80, 98.90, 98.30 and 62.30%, respectively, while the values of p53 were 78.30, 77.80, 81.10 and 74.50%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive rate and negative predictive rate of CT combined with p53 was 33.60, 98.90, 97.40 and 54.92%, respectively. The data suggest that the accuracy of diagnosis of liver disease by both using p53 and CT was higher than the use of p53 or CT alone (Table VIII).
Discussion
In China, 110,000 patients succumb to HCC, making this disease the leading cause of death in patients with chronic liver disease, especially those with cirrhosis (11,12). The inhibition of hepatitis or cirrhosis remains a major issue for the clinical treatment of HCC that needs to be resolved (13). Early diagnosis is the most effective way to improve prognosis and increase the survival rate of patients with HCC (14,15). HCC is directly related to cirrhosis; thus, it is crucial to detect chronic liver disease (16).
Liver volume can directly reflect the number of hepatocytes, which can be used to assess the conditions of liver diseasess. Liver volume now has been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic liver diseases (17,18). In this study, in the stage of hepatitis and cirrhosis, the volume of whole liver was not significantly reduced compared with that in the control group, but significantly decreased in the HCC group. In addition, the proportion of left outer lobe to whole liver was increased in each patient group compared with that in control group, and no significant differences were found among the patient groups. The data suggest that enlargement of left outer lobe can be observed in both hepatitis and cirrhosis; thus, the proportion of left outer lobe to whole liver was absolutely increased. The whole liver volume was decreased in HCC group, thus, the proportion of left outer lobe to whole liver was relatively increased. Whole liver volume was not decreased in the stages of hepatitis or cirrhosis, but left outer lobe volume was increased to maintain normal compensatory function. With the development of disease, whole liver volume was decreased and compensatory function was not needed. Thus, left outer lobe volume was not be further increased.
p53 protein dysfunction and the development of human tumors are closely correlated with each other. The occurrence and development of HCC are directly related to the abnormal expression of p53 (19,20). In this study, it was found that p53 expression level in the control group and chronic liver disease groups was relatively low, but the expression level was significantly increased in the HCC group, indicating that p53 may serve as a diagnostic marker for HCC. p53 was combined with CT to increase diagnostic accuracy. It was found that a parallel combination of p53 and HSP70 increased specificity and reduced sensitivity, while serial combination played an opposite role. Therefore, the reasonable combination of p53 and CT can be used to diagnose HCC, which is more reliable and accurate than the use of p53 or CT alone.
Therefore, the rational use of p53 and HSP70 in series or in parallel can increase both sensitivity and specificity, which is conducive to the early diagnosis of HCC.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
YH recorded and analyzed the clinical data of patients. JW was involved in data acquisition. SL was responsible for indicator index. YH and XZ analyzed liver function. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University (Henan, China), and all patients signed written informed consent.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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