This article is mentioned in:

Introduction

Normal growth and differentiation of the breast are largely known to be under endocrine control. The sex steroid hormone, estrogen, participates in the growth of normal breast tissue (1). Estrogen exerts its biological effects through two different pathways. On the one hand, estrogen could combine to the classical estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) to regulate target gene expression for the downstream cascades (2). In addition, estrogen could bind to the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 30 (GPER1/GPR30) on the membrane with high affinity to mediate non-genomic responses (3). The imbalance of estrogen results in the occurrence of breast cancer (4). Breast cancer is one of the most common female cancers (5), and several studies have shown the close relationship between estrogen-activated non-genomic signaling and breast cancer. The membrane receptor GPR30 is widely expressed in breast cancer lines and breast primary tumors (6), and it is involved in estrogen-induced cell proliferation and migration (7).

Estrogen-induced non-genomic responses include cyclic-AMP (cAMP) generation, intracellular calcium mobilization and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Ca2+ homeostasis is linked with the modulation of Ca2+, Ca2+ channels and Ca2+-related proteins. In vascular smooth muscle cells, L-type Ca2+ channel blocker reduced intracellular Ca2+ induced by 17β-estradiol through GPR30 (8). 17β-estradiol-induced Ca2+ influx via L-type calcium channels activates the Src/ERK/cAMP signal pathway in rat neurons (9). These findings show that Ca2+ channels have attracted interest, particularly L-type Ca2+ channels in estrogen signaling pathway. The L-type Ca2+ channel α 1D subunit Cav1.3 was identified and belongs to voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Cav1.3 is highly expressed in prostate cancer tissues, and induces androgen-mediated cell growth mediated (10). In endometrial cancer cells, estrogen regulates Cav1.3 expression through GPR30, and initiates calcium influx via Cav1.3 to promote cell proliferation and migration by activating the ERK1/2/CREB pathway (10). However, the function of Cav1.3 in breast cancer is not clear. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which estrogen regulates Cav1.3 expression and indicated the roles of Cav1.3 in breast cancer.

Ca2+ channels are important therapeutic targets. Gene therapy using RNA interference can be directed against tumors, however, the enhancement of the transfection efficiency and specificity would be an important step for small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery. To date ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) is shown to be a valid method for gene transfection (11). In the present study, we investigated the effect of UTMD of Cav1.3 siRNA on tumor size and survival rate in breast cancer.

In the present study, we found that estrogen upregulated Cav1.3 expression in dosage- and time-dependent manner. Estrogen induced the calcium influx through GPR30 and Cav1.3. The increase of intracellular Ca2+ promoted the expression of p-ERK1/2 to enhance cell proliferation. UTMD of Cav1.3 siRNA resulted in the inhibition of tumor volume and the increase of survival rate.

Materials and methods

Cell culture and transfections

Human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was obtained from laboratory stocks and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (both from Gibco-Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 37°C in humidified incubator with 5% CO2. The siRNA sequences against Cav1.3, GPR30 and GFP were commercially obtained (HanBio, Shanghai, China).

MCF-7 cells were seeded into 6-well plates at 50% confluency. Cav1.3 siRNA, GPR30 siRNA or GFP siRNA (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) was diluted into 250 µl Opti-MEM medium at the concentration of 50 nM, and 5 µl Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) was added into 250 µl Opti-MEM medium at room temperature. After 10 min, diluted siRNA and Lipofectamine 2000 were mixed well for another 10 min, and then dispensed into plates. Fresh medium was added 6 h after transfection, and experiments were conducted for 48 h after transfection.

Western blotting

Proteins were isolated from the cells administered different treatments. Thirty micrograms protein was subjected to SDS-PAGE and transfected into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). The membranes were blocked in 2% non-fat milk in Trisbuffered saline (TBS) (20 mM Tris and 140 mM NaCl; pH 7.5) at room temperature, rinsed three times with TBS + 0.2% Tween-20 (TBST), then incubated with Cav1.3 (1:1,000 dilution) or phospho-ERK1/2 (1:1,000 dilution) antibody overnight at 4°C, followed by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody. The ECL substrate was used to detect their expression. The band intensities were determined using the Bio-Rad imaging system (Hercules, CA, USA).

Calcium measurements

MCF-7 cells were seeded in glass bottom fluorescence measurement dishes (Corning, Corning, NY, USA), and then pretreated with Cav1.3 siRNA, GPR30 siRNA or GFP siRNA for 48 h, respectively. After being loaded with 10 µM Fluo-3/AM (Invitrogen), cells were bathed in medium until treatment with E2 for 15 min. The concentration of intracellular calcium was measured using a confocal laser scanning microscope Carl Zeiss LSM 700 (Thornwood, NY, USA). Data were analyzed using the Image-Pro Plus software.

5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) detection

Cell proliferation was measured by EdU assay kit (Invitrogen). Cells were seeded into 96-well plates and transfected with Cav1.3 siRNA or GFP siRNA, respectively. After 48 h, cells were exposed to 50 µM of EdU for 4 h at 37°C and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min at room temperature. After being washed with a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 140 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM Na2HPO4 and 1.8 mM KH2PO4) and permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS at 37°C for 30 min at room temperature. After washing with PBS twice for 5 min, cells were reacted with 100 µl of 1X Apollo reaction cocktail for 30 min, and were stained with 100 µl of Hoechst 33342 (5 µg/ml) for 30 min. The nuclear was stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (10 mg/ml) and visualized under a fluorescent microscope.

siRNA-microbubble preparation

Cationic lipid microbubbles were prepared by sonicating an aqueous dispersion of 1 mg/ml polyethylene glycol 2000 stearate (PEG2000), 2 mg/ml distearoylphophatidyl choline (DSPC) and 0.4 mg/ml 1,2-distearoyl-3-trimethyl ammonium propane (DOTAP) (all from Avanti, Germany) with perfluoropropane gas (12). Cav1.3 siRNA was added into cationic lipid microbubbles, and the mixture was incubated on a flat rocker to facilitate siRNA-microbubble interaction for 30 min. MCF-7 cells were transfected with Cav1.3 siRNA-microbubbles in combination with ultrasound.

Tumor xenografting and ultrasound

Female athymic BALB/c nude mice (4–6 weeks old) were purchased from Shanghai Experimental Animal Centre, Chinese Academy of Science. For investigation in vivo, breast tumor xenografts were obtained by subcutaneously injecting 4×106 MCF-7 cells suspended in 0.2 ml 0.9% NaCl into the nude mice. Once palpable tumors were established and reached 190 mm3, the mice were divided into groups for different treatments. G1, the group injected with 0.2 ml 0.9% NaCl; G2, the group injected with GFP siRNA; G3, the group injected with Cav1.3 siRNA; G4, the group injected with Cav1.3 siRNA-microbubbles. After being injected, mice were treated with ultrasound for 20 min. A single-element transducer with a 1/2-inch diameter aperture with 1 MHz ultrasound was used in the experiments. An acoustic pressure of 1 MPa at the focus with a 50% duty cycle and a sonication intensity of 0.9w/cm2 were employed. The animal study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong University.

Statistical analysis

The results are expressed as mean ± SD. Means of different treatment groups were tested for statistical difference compared to the untreated control group using a Student's t-test and considered significantly different at p<0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA).

Results

Cav1.3 is highly expressed in breast cancer tissues

It has been reported that Cav1.3 functions in tumor development (10,13). We analyzed the expression of Cav1.3 in benign lesion breast and breast cancer tissues by qRT-PCR and western blotting. The mRNA level of Cav1.3 in breast cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in benign lesion breast tissues (Fig. 1A). Similar results were seen in the protein level (Fig. 1B). These results show that Cav1.3 may play a role in breast cancer development.

Figure 1 Cav1.3 is highly expressed in breast cancer tissues. Cav1.3 was overexpressed in the breast cancer tissues in the (A) mRNA and (B) protein levels. The mRNA and proteins from benign lesion breast tissues or breast cancer tissues were isolated and analyzed by qRT-PCR and western blotting. GAPDH was used as the interval control. Benign lesion, benign lesion breast tissues; breast cancer, breast cancer tissues; *p<0.05.

E2 upregulates Cav1.3 expression through GPR30 in MCF-7 cells

The progression of breast cancer is reported to be associated with estrogen (14). In order to examine the effect of estrogen on Cav1.3 expression, we treated MCF-7 cells at different concentration of E2 and analyzed the protein level of Cav1.3. E2 upregulated Cav1.3 expression gradually in dosage-dependent manner (Fig. 2A). A time-course experiment was performed for 0–60 min with 1 µM E2 chosen for subsequent analysis. Concerning the expression of Cav1.3, a distinct response was observed within 30 min (Fig. 2B). These results revealed that E2 may upregulate Cav1.3 expression through the membrane non-genomic pathway. We found GPCR antagonist PTX, but not ER antagonist ICI 182780 inhibited Cav1.3 expression in MCF-7 cells (Fig. 2C), showing that some GPCR is involved in estrogen-induced Cav1.3 expression. In endometrial cancer HEC-1A cells, estrogen modulated Cav1.3 expression rapidly through GPR30 (13). To confirm the function of GPR30, we knocked down GPR30 and examined the protein level of Cav1.3 after E2 induction. The silencing of GPR30 suppressed the expression of Cav1.3 (Fig. 2D). These results show that E2 upregulates Cav1.3 expression through GPR30 on the membrane in MCF-7 cells.

Figure 2 E2 upregulates the expression of Cav1.3 through GPR30 in MCF-7 cells. (A) E2 upregulated Cav1.3 expression in dosage-dependent manner analyzed by western blotting. MCF-7 cells were treated with E2 at the concentration of 0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 µM for 1 h, respectively. (B) Cav1.3 expression rapidly responded to E2 within 30 min. MCF-7 cells were incubated with 1 µM E2 for 0, 5, 15, 30 and 60 min, respectively. The proteins were extracted for western blotting with Cav1.3 antibody. GAPDH was used as the internal control; *p<0.05. (C) The GPCR antagonist PTX suppressed the expression of Cav1.3 upregulated by E2. MCF-7 cells were pretreated with ER antagonist ICI 182780 (1 µM) or GPCR antagonist PTX (200 ng/ml), respectively. After 30 min, cells were incubated with E2 at 1 µM for 30 min. Proteins were extracted for western blotting. (D) GPR30 siRNA inhibited the induction of Cav1.3 by E2. MCF-7 cells were transfected with GFP siRNA or GPR30 siRNA for 48 h, respectively. After 1 µM E2 incubation, proteins of different treatments were extracted for western blotting. GAPDH was used as the interval control; *p<0.05.

Estrogen modulates calcium mobilization and activated p-ERK1/2 expression via Cav1.3 to promote cell proliferation

In MCF-7 cells, we found estrogen stimulated the increase of intracellular Ca2+ signal. After E2 induction, the Ca2+ level showed two peaks. The first peak appeared at 280 sec, and the second at 720 sec (Fig. 3A). When GPR30 was blocked, the two waves were inhibited (Fig. 3B). In order to investigate the effect of Cav1.3 on Ca2+ signal, we knocked down Cav1.3. The silencing of Cav1.3 significantly affected E2-induced second peak (Fig. 3B), showing that Cav1.3 is involved in E2-stimulated Ca2+ influx. Various studies have shown that the Ca2+ signal is closely related to cell proliferation (15). Cell proliferation was detected by EdU staining to examine the role of Cav1.3. The silencing of Cav1.3 significantly blocked cell proliferation (Fig. 3C and D) and the expression of p-ERK1/2 (Fig. 3E). These results revealed that E2 induces Ca2+ influx via Cav1.3 to increase the expression of p-ERK1/2 and promote cell proliferation.

Figure 3 E2 promotes the cell proliferation through Cav1.3/Ca2+/p-ERK1/2 signaling pathway in MCF-7 cells. (A) E2 increased the level of intracellular Ca2+ determined by laser scanning confocal microscope. Cells were pretreated with 10 µM Fluo-3/AM for 30 min. After washing, cells were treated with 1 µM E2, and then the Ca2+ level was detected with confocal microscopy. (B) E2 induced the Ca2+ influx via Cav1.3. Cells were transfected with GPR30 siRNA or Cav1.3 siRNA for 48 h. After being loaded with Fluo-3/AM, E2 was added and the signal of Ca2+ was detected. GFP siRNA was used as the internal control. (C) E2 regulated the cell proliferation through Cav1.3. Cells were transfected with Cav1.3 siRNA for 48 h. After E2 induction, cells were stained with EdU. GFP siRNA was used as the internal control. Scale bar, 100 µM. (D) Is the statistical analysis of C. (E) The silencing of Cav1.3 suppressed the expression of p-ERK1/2. Cells were transfected with Cav1.3 siRNA or GFP siRNA, respectively. After E2 treatment, proteins were isolated for western blotting with p-ERK1/2 antibody. GAPDH was used as the control; *p<0.05.

Cav1.3 siRNA-microbubble with ultrasound improves the interference efficiency

In order to determine whether or not UTMD is a good method for siRNA delivery, UTMD of Cav1.3 siRNA was used in MCF-7 cells in vitro and in mice in vivo. The time of Cav1.3 silencing by UTMD of Cav1.3 siRNA was longer than that only by Cav1.3 siRNA tranfection (Fig. 4A). Cav1.3 siRNA injection diminished the tumor volume. Moreover, the tumor size in the mice treated with Cav1.3 siRNA-microbubbles was smaller than that in the Cav1.3 siRNA injected mice (Fig. 4B). The Cav1.3 siRNA delivery increased the survival rate and delayed the day of first death (Fig. 4C). Compared with the Cav1.3 siRNA injection, the effect of Cav1.3 siRNA-microbubble delivery on tumor growth and survival rate was more significant (Fig. 4D). These results reveal that UTMD of Cav1.3 enhances the efficiency of RNA interference. The signaling pathway initiated by estrogen in MCF-7 cells is shown in Fig. 5.

Figure 4 The silencing of Cav1.3 significantly suppresses the tumor growth and improves the survival rate. (A) Cav1.3 siRNA-MB prolonged the silencing time of Cav1.3. MCF-7 cells were transfected with Cav1.3 siRNA or Cav1.3 siRNA-MB with ultrasound. Approximately 48 or 120 h later, cells were treated with E2 and total RNA was isolated for qRT-PCR analysis. GFP siRNA was the control siRNA. GAPDH was used as the internal control. Human breast cancer xenografts were injected with Cav1.3 siRNA or Cav1.3 siRNA-MB, and then were treated with ultrasound for siRNA delivery. The tumor sizes and survival rate of mice with different treatments were determined. (B) UTMD of Cav1.3 siRNA suppressed the tumor growth. (C) Cav1.3 siRNA improved the survival rate. (D) UTMD of Cav1.3 siRNA increased the survival rate compared to Cav1.3 siRNA. Cav1.3 siRNA-MB, Cav1.3 siRNA-microbubbles; *p<0.05.

Figure 5 The signaling pathway initiated by estrogen in MCF-7 cells. Estrogen upregulated the expression of Cav1.3 through the membrane GPR30. The activation of Cav1.3 promoted the Ca2+ influx, then the increase of Ca2+ induced the expression of p-ERK1/2 pathway to initiate the cell proliferation.

Discussion

E2 rapidly upregulates Cav1.3 expression through GPR30 in MCF-7 cells

Cav1.3, as a type of L-type Ca2+ channel, exists in many tissues, including brain, nervous system and kidney. Although Cav1.3 is overexpressed in endometrial (13) and prostate cancers (10), the relationship between Cav1.3 and breast cancer is not clear. In the present study, Cav1.3 was highly expressed in the breast cancer tissues, revealing Cav1.3 functions in tumor development. E2 rapidly stimulated Cav1.3 expression within 30 min in MCF-7 cells. The ER antagonist ICI 182780 did not inhibit the upregulation of Cav1.3 induced by E2, but GPCR antagonist PTX did, indicating that E2 modulated the Cav1.3 expression ER-independently. It has been shown that E2-induced non-genomic pathway via the membrane receptor GPR30 is associated with tumor development (16). 17β-estradiol induced migration, adhesion and invasion of breast cancer through GPR30 (17). The expression of GPR30 is prognostic in primary breast cancer (18). When GPR30 was knocked down, the activation of Cav1.3 was blocked, showing that E2 upregulated Cav1.3 expression via GPR30. These results indicated the function of Cav1.3 in breast cancer and showed a new mechanism by which estrogen regulated Cav1.3 expression.

Ca2+-mediated signaling plays roles in various cellular processes, including cancer initiation, tumor progression and invasion (19). E2 could either activate (20) or inhibit (21) Ca2+ influx via Ca2+ channels (22). In the present study, E2 induced two peak of Ca2+ at 280 and 720 sec in MCF-7 cells. When Cav1.3 was silenced, the second wave was blocked, revealing that E2 induced Ca2+ flux through Cav1.3. Transfection of Cav1.3 siRNA suppressed the cell proliferation of MCF-7 cells and the expression of p-ERK1/2. It has been shown that E2 activated the ERK1/2/CREB signaling by the rapid Ca2+ influx via L-type Ca2+ channel (9), which provided a link between Ca2+ flux and gene transcription. In endometrial cancer, Cav1.3 was necessary for the expression of p-ERK1/2 and CREB (13). In addition, in MCF-7 cells, E2 induced Ca2+ influx via Cav1.3 to activate the expression of p-EKR1/2 to promote the cell proliferation. Taken together, these findings showed the mechanism of Cav1.3 involving in the progression of breast cancer.

Cav1.3 siRNA-MB delivered by ultrasound suppresses the tumor growth and improves the survival rate

The above results have revealed that Cav1.3 may be a new target for the treatment of breast cancer. SiRNAs have become useful tools to inactivate target gene expression, however the efforts on the delivery efficacy and specificity in the clinic need further attention (23). Various studies have shown that UTMD could be a powerful technology for gene therapy (24), including plasmid (25), siRNA (26) and different drugs delivery (27). In the present study, we found that the UTMD of Cav1.3 siRNA prolonged the time of Cav1.3 silencing than Cav1.3 siRNA, revealing that the microbubble of Cav1.3 siRNA maintained the stability of siRNA. In vitro, the tumor volume of the mice treated with the UTMD of Cav1.3 siRNA was significantly reduced, and the first death day of these mice was obviously delayed. Therefore, Cav1.3 siRNA in combination with UTMD enhanced the efficacy of gene therapy, and UTMD is a promising method for breast cancer therapy.

In conclusion, in the present study, Cav1.3 was highly expressed in breast cancer. E2 activated the expression of Cav1.3 via the membrane receptor GPR30 in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, E2 induced Ca2+ influx through Cav1.3 to activate the expression of p-ERK1/2 for cell proliferation. These results revealed the biological basis of E2-inducing Cav1.3 expression and the function of Cav1.3 in breast cancer. We employed the UTMD method to deliver Cav1.3 siRNA into cells and mice to show that UTMD of Cav1.3 siRNA is a useful tool for breast cancer therapy.

References