A hemagglutinin quantification method for development of an influenza pandemic vaccine using size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography
- Authors:
- Published online on: December 4, 2014 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2014.3049
- Pages: 2819-2824
Abstract
Introduction
Influenza is a respiratory disease, which is caused by an infectious virus. It can be effectively prevented by antibodies formed as a result of vaccination. An influenza vaccine can be developed using hemagglutinin (HA), present on the viral surface, which is a main antigen of the influenza virus. The HA content of an influenza virus is currently measured using a single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay, which is internationally authorized by the European Medicines Agency, Food and Drug Administration and World Health Organisation (1–5). However, this assay has the disadvantages of requiring the corresponding reference antigen and antiserum for the vaccine, and these reference factors require a longer time to develop (6–11). Due to these factors, vaccine development may be delayed, as revealed in the 2009 influenza pandemic. To overcome this issue, various methods have been investigated to develop a more rapid measurement of the HA content of an influenza vaccine. For example, Kapteyn et al (7,8) measured HA content using reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, during the 2009 influenza pandemic, Li et al (12), measured HA content using SDS-PAGE and densitometry, which resulted in an 88–122% similarity with that of the conventional SRID for four subtypes of influenza vaccine (H1N1, H3N2, H5N1 and B type). Based on this study, the authors manufactured the first vaccine for the 2009 influenza pandemic (12). In the present study, size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) was examined to develop a novel measurement method for HA content, which can be used without the preparation of reference antigen and antiserum.
Materials and methods
Influenza vaccine and reference virus samples
The 2009 pandemic A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)v NYMC-X179A (2009 H1N1; Green Cross Corp., Yongin, Korea) vaccine, the A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) NYMC-X181 (2010 H1N1, Green Cross Corp.) monovalent seasonal vaccine, the A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2) NYMC-X187 (2010 H3N2, Green Cross Corp.) monovalent seasonal vaccine, the B/Brisbane/60/2008 (2010 B, Green Cross Corp.) monovalent seasonal vaccines and the 2010 trivalent vaccine (combined 2010 H1N1, 2010 H3N2 and 2010 B monovalent vaccines, Green Cross Corp.) were assessed in the present study. Reference antigens for 2009 H1N1 [National Institute for Biological References and Control (NIBSC) code: 09/146], 2010 H1N1 (NIBSC code: 09/294), 2010 H3N2 (NIBSC code: 10/102), 2010 B (NIBSC code: 8/352) were provided by NIBSC (Potters Bar, UK). The assessed vaccines, reference antigens and antiserums are listed in Table I.
SRID
The SRID assay was conducted using reference antigens and antiserums (Table I) provided by the NIBSC, which were appropriate for the influenza vaccines used in the present study, following the standard operating procedure of the National Institute of Food and Drug Safety evaluation and the Korea Food and Drug administration (Cheongwon-gun, Korea) as previously reported by Wood and Levandowski (13).
SE-HPLC
HPLC Alliance 2695 (Waters, Co., Milford, MA, USA), Waters 2489 UV-Vis Detector (Waters, Co.) and TSK G3000SWxl 7.8 × 300 mm pore size 250Å (Tosoh, Tokyo, Japan) were used for HPLC. For the mobile phase, phosphate buffer (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The experimental condition was as follows: Sample injection volume, 20 μl; wavelength, 210 nm and temperature, 15°C.
HA chromatographic peak
Subsequent to the vaccines and the corresponding reference antigens being assessed using HPLC, elutes of each peak in the chromatogram were collected and then the accuracy of HA level in each peak was examined using ELISA and immunoprecipitation.
ELISA
Fractions of the peak from the HPLC results were plated on a Nunc-Immuno MaxiSorp™ plate (Sigma-Aldrich) and incubated for 2 h at 37°C. Following incubation of the fractions, the supernatants were removed and the plates were treated with anti-A/California/07/2009 antiserum (anti-H1N1 serum, NIBSC code: 09/152) (1:20,000 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-Tween) for 2 h at 37°C. The plates were then washed with PBS-Tween three times and secondary antibody (rabbit polyclonal secondary antibody to sheep immunoglobulin G-horseradish peroxidase; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) was applied for 2 h at 37°C. SigmaFast™ o-phenylenediamine (Sigma-Aldrich) was added and the intensity was measured at 450 nm with an ELISA reader (Spectra Max 190, Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA).
Immunoprecipitation
Protein GHP SpinTrapTM column (GE Healthcare, Amersham, UK) was washed and equilibrated with binding buffer (1X Tris-buffered saline) following removing the storage solution and reacting with 200 μl of anti-H1N1 serum for 30 min. The column was washed with 400 μl of binding buffer and 200 μl of reference antigen or the influenza vaccine was applied for 1 h. Following centrifugation at 150 × g for 1 min, the eluted solution was subjected to HPLC to verify the HA peak intensity.
Analysis of the correlation of the HA content between SRID and SE-HPLC
The SRID assessment was conducted to measure the HA content of the influenza vaccines relative to the reference antigens. In addition, the SE-HPLC chromatogram area for the HA content of the reference antigens and influenza vaccines was measured. The SE-HPLC chromatogram area/HA (1 μg) was calculated for the reference antigens and influenza vaccines, respectively. The SE-HPLC chromatogram area was calculated and compared with that of the SRID.
Results
SE-HPLC analysis: HA peak examination by SE-HPLC
To compare the HA content, vaccine samples (2009 H1N1, 2010 H1N1, 2010 H3N2 and 2010 B monovalent vaccines and 2010 seasonal trivalent vaccines) were analyzed using SE-HPLC. The result demonstrated that the patterns of chromatogram were similar among the assessed vaccines, meaning that SE-HPLC analysis revealed similar results although a different HA was applied (Fig. 1). To verify the specificity of SE-HPLC, 2009 H1N1 reference antigen was immunoprecipitated with antiserum for H1N1 and peaks for HA were compared prior to and following immunoprecipitation (Fig. 2A). The results revealed that the peaks of SE-HPLC were reduced following immunoprecipitation, suggesting that the peaks from SE-HPLC were correlated with HA antigen. The fractions from each peak were designated 1 to 7, harvested and subject to an ELISA assay (Fig. 2B). When the fractions were reacted with antiserum for H1N1, fractions between 1, 2 and 3 peaks exhibited higher absorbance than others. These results suggested that major HA contents may be present in 1, 2 and 3 peaks. To confirm the specificity of SE-HPLC, an immunoprecipitation and ELISA assay were also conducted with the 2009 H1N1 vaccine (Fig. 3A and B). A total of 7 peaks were also designated and assessed and the results were similar to those of Fig. 2.
Correlation of HA content with peak area
To examine the correlation of the HA content according to the SE-HPLC chromatogram area, different concentrations of 2009 H1N1 reference antigen were assessed. The result revealed that the chromatogram area was enhanced proportionately following the increased HA concentration from the 2009 H1N1 reference antigen (Fig. 4) and 2009 H1N1 vaccine (Fig. 5; R2>0.99). The present results revealed that the quantitative read-out from the SE-HPLC is matched with the content of HA.
Correlation of SRID with SE-HPLC analyses in the measurement of HA content
To examine the accuracy and similarity of SE-HPLC compared with SRID, 2009 H1N1 (Table II) and 2010 H1N1 (Table III) vaccines were assessed. Initially, 10 repeats of the 2009 H1N1 vaccine, together with 2009 H1N1 reference antigen were examined and the content of HA, analyzed by SRID and SE-HPLC was evaluated. To compare HA content from SRID or SE-HPLC, the peak area from SE-HPLC was applied to the following equation: HA content (μg/0.5 ml) = (vaccine SE-HPLC peak area/reference SE-HPLC peak area) × reference HA content (μg) from SRID/average of normalized HA peak area. The HA content of the 2009 H1N1 vaccines was measured by SRID using the 2009 H1N1 reference antigen. In addition, the HA peak area was measured by SE-HPLC using the same reference antigen and then converted into the HA content using the above equation. In the present results, the similarity of HA content analyzed by SRID and SE-HPLC was 99.91% (SD, 5.94), meaning that evaluation of HA content by SE-HPLC is as reliable as SRID in 99.91% of cases. The HA content of the 2010 H1N1, 2010 H3N2 and 2010 B monovalent vaccines was also measured by SE-HPLC and compared with those of SRID using the 2009 H1N1 reference antigen. The result was similar to that of the 2009 H1N1 vaccines with 100% (SD, 6.73) similarity.
 | Table IIContent of HA in pandemic influenza vaccine by SE-HPLC using the 2009 H1N1 reference antigen. |
| Table IIIContent of HA in monovalent influenza vaccines by SE-HPLC using 2009 H1N1 as a reference material. |
Discussion
The prevention of influenza through vaccination is the most effective method to control an influenza pandemic (14). This has been confirmed once again during the 2009/2010 H1N1 influenza pandemic. In addition, to maximize the preventive effect, vaccination should be performed as soon as possible following the onset of the influenza virus outbreak. For rapid vaccination, the shortening of the time required for vaccine development, including isolation of the pandemic virus, manufacturing of the vaccine virus with high yield, measurement of antigen content and clinical assessment is required (6,13).
At present, the internationally authorized measurement of the antigen content of an influenza vaccine is using SRID. This method measures HA content by comparing the areas of the reference antigen with known HA content and the vaccine. Therefore, for the measurement of the HA content, the reference antigen and antibody are essentially required. It generally takes 2–3 months to prepare the reference antigen and antibody, which is the most significant obstacle in vaccine development.
The present study was conducted to develop a simple method that measures the HA content without the reference antigen and antibody. The present study revealed a relevant similarity in data produced using SE-HPLC to that of SRID, meaning SE-HPLC may be applied to any type of influenza virus in the situation of an influenza pandemic. The results of SE-HPLC analysis on H1, H3 and B type influenza vaccines revealed similar chromatogram patterns. Furthermore, the retention time designating HA separation revealed consistent results with the chromatogram. The SE-HPLC chromatogram area was increased in proportion to HA concentration, which demonstrated a significant correlation between the HA concentration and peak area. Although the HA content, as examined using SE-HPLC did not accurately represent HA antigenicity compared with that of SRID, it exhibited a high similarity to that of SRID (99.91–100.00%) with regards to HA concentration.
During the SE-HPLC process, protease treatment for the specimens of the reference antigen and the vaccine was not applied, which differs from the SRID method. As the protease step was skipped, the results may not be as accurate as SRID. However, an experimental protocol, which excludes protease treatment saves time in the analysis of the HA content. Therefore, SE-HPLC is not a method that replaces the SRID assay, but a supplementary assessment to overcome delayed vaccine development, a disadvantage of the SRID assay. If a clinical dose of HA content is prepared using SE-HPLC prior to the development of the reference antigen and antibody for a pandemic influenza virus, a shortening of the vaccination development time against the pandemic influenza virus may be achieved. A further study on the influenza pandemic virus type H5 is required for more accurate measurement.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Green Cross for providing influenza vaccines and NIBSC for providing reference materials. The present study was supported by a grant from the Korean Food and Drug Administration (no. 10171KFDA307).
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