Quantitative analysis and anti-inflammatory effects of Gleditsia sinensis thorns in RAW 264.7 macrophages and HaCaT keratinocytes

Seo,Chang‑Seob; Lim,Hye‑Sun; Ha,Hyekyung; Jin,Seong   Eun; Shin,Hyeun‑Kyoo

doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.3936

Quantitative analysis and anti-inflammatory effects of Gleditsia sinensis thorns in RAW 264.7 macrophages and HaCaT keratinocytes

Authors:
- Chang‑Seob Seo
- Hye‑Sun Lim
- Hyekyung Ha
- Seong Eun Jin
- Hyeun‑Kyoo Shin
View Affiliations

Affiliations: K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305‑811, Republic of Korea
Published online on: June 16, 2015 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3936
Pages: 4773-4781

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

Abstract

Gleditsia sinensis thorns have traditionally been used to treat edema and carbuncles and drain abscesses. In the present study, a simultaneous analysis of four flavonoids [(+)‑catechin, (‑)‑epicatechin, eriodictyol and quercetin] and two phenolic compounds (caffeic acid and ethyl gallate), obtained from a 70% ethanol extract of G. sinensis, was performed using high‑performance liquid chromatography‑photodiode array techniques. In addition, the inhibitory activities of the solvent fractions from a G. sinensis extract and its major constituents on the lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated production of inflammatory mediators by macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and interferon (IFN)‑γ (TI)‑stimulated production of chemokines by HaCaT keratinocyte cells were investigated. The established analytical method showed high linearity, with a correlation coefficient of ≥0.9998. The limits of detection and quantification of the six compounds were 0.037‑0.425 and 0.124‑1.418 µg/ml, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction inhibited nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in RAW 264.7 cells and the production of thymus‑ and activation‑regulated chemokine (TARC) in HaCaT cells more than did the other fractions. Furthermore, the six compounds reduced the production of TARC, macrophage‑derived chemokine and regulated on activation normal T‑cell expressed and secreted in TI‑stimulated HaCaT cells; in particular, ethyl gallate and quercetin exhibited a significant dose‑dependent inhibition. Further elucidation of the signaling pathways involved in the T‑helper cell 2 chemokine inhibition by G. sinensis is necessary to facilitate the design of therapeutic agents for the inflammatory response.

View Figures

View References

1	Damte D, Reza MA, Lee SJ, Jo WS and Park SC: Anti-inflammatory activity of dichloromethane extract of Auricularia auricula-judae in RAW264.7 cells. Toxicol Res. 27:11–14. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
2	Duffield JS: The inflammatory macrophage: A story of Jekyll and Hyde. Clin Sci (Lond). 104:27–38. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar
3	Gordon S: Alternative activation of macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol. 3:23–35. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
4	Mosser DM and Edwards JP: Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nat Rev Immunol. 8:958–969. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
5	Rossi D and Zlotnik A: The biology of chemokines and their receptors. Annu Rev Immunol. 18:217–242. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
6	Vestergaard C, Yoneyama H, Murai M, Nakamura K, Tamaki K, Terashima Y, Imai T, Yoshie O, Irimura T, Mizutani H and Matsushima K: Overproduction of Th2-specific chemokines in NC/Nga mice exhibiting atopic dermatitis-like lesions. J Clin Invest. 104:1097–1105. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
7	Hashimoto S, Nakamura K, Oyama N, Kaneko F, Tsunemi Y, Saeki H and Tamaki K: Macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC)/CCL22 produced by monocyte derived dendritic cells reflects the disease activity in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci. 44:93–99. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
8	Kozma GT, Falus A, Bojszkó A, Krikovszky D, Szabó T, Nagy A and Szalai C: Lack of association between atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome and polymorphisms in the promoter region of RANTES and regulatory region of MCP-1. Allergy. 57:160–163. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
9	Lai P, Du JR, Zhang MX, Kuang X, Li YJ, Chen YS and He Y: Aqueous extract of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. fruits improves serum and liver lipid profiles and attenuates atherosclerosis in rabbits fed a high-fat diet. J Ethnopharmacol. 137:1061–1066. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
10	Lim JC, Park JH, Budesinsky M, Kasal A, Han YH, Koo BS, Lee SI and Lee DU: Antimutagenic constituents from the thorns of Gleditsia sinensis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 53:561–564. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar
11	Zhou L, Li D, Jiang W, Qin Z, Zhao S, Qiu M and Wu J: Two ellagic acid glycosides from Gleditsia sinensis Lam. with antifungal activity on Magnaporthe grisea. Nat Prod Res. 21:303–309. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
12	Zhou L, Li D, Wang J, Liu Y and Wu J: Antibacterial phenolic compounds from the spines of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. Nat Prod Res. 21:283–291. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
13	Li WH, Zhang XM, Tian RR, Zheng YT, Zhao WM and Qiu MH: A new anti-HIV lupane acid from Gleditsia sinensis Lam. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 9:551–555. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
14	Wu J, Li J, Zhu Z, Li J, Huang G, Tang Y and Gao X: Protective effects of echinocystic acid isolated from Gleditsia sinensis Lam. against acute myocardial ischemia. Fitoterapia. 81:8–10. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar
15	Ha HH, Park SY, Ko WS and Kim Y: Gleditsia sinensis thorns inhibit the production of NO through NF-kappaB suppression in LPS-stimulated macrophages. J Ethnopharmacol. 118:429–434. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
16	Cheng PY, Lee YM, Wu YS, Chang TW, Jin JS and Yen MH: Protective effect of baicalein against endotoxic shock in rats in vivo and in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol. 73:793–804. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar
17	Kundu JK and Surh YJ: Inflammation: Gearing the journey to cancer. Mutat Res. 659:15–30. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
18	Gröne A: Keratinocytes and cytokines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 88:1–12. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
19	Sebastiani S, Albanesi C, De PO, Puddu P, Cavani A and Girolomoni G: The role of chemokines in allergic contact dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res. 293:552–559. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
20	Qi XF, Kim DH, Yoon YS, Li JH, Song SB, Jin D, Huang XZ, Teng YC and Lee KJ: The adenylyl cyclase-cAMP system suppresses TARC/CCL17 and MDC/CCL22 production through p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB in HaCaT keratinocytes. Mol Immunol. 46:1925–1934. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
21	Saeki H and Tamaki K: Thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC)/CCL17 and skin diseases. J Dermatol Sci. 43:75–84. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
22	Hino R, Kobayashi M, Mori T, Orimo H, Shimauchi T, Kabashima K and Tokura Y: Inhibition of T helper 2 chemokine production by narrowband ultraviolet B in cultured keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol. 156:830–837. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
23	Appay V and Rowland-Jones SL: RANTES: A versatile and controversial chemokine. Trends Immunol. 22:83–87. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI