Open Access

IGF axis and other factors in HPV-related and HPV-unrelated carcinogenesis (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Julia Durzyńska
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: September 19, 2014     https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2014.3505
  • Pages: 2295-2306
  • Copyright: © Durzyńska . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY_NC 3.0].

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis promotes the growth of cells, tissues and organs. IGF-1 is mainly produced in the liver but is also secreted from local tissues. In the circulation, IGF-1 is bound to insulin-like binding proteins (IGFBPs), and when released it activates the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R). The signal is further transmitted by intracellular signaling pathways leading to gene expression that regulates, among others, cell proliferation and survival. This review presents the IGF axis in the context of cell transformation and cancer development. Aspects involving IGF-1 deficiency and protection from cancer are also briefly described. Furthermore, human papillomaviruses (HPVs) interplaying with IGF axis components in cervical cancer development are described. These small dsDNA viruses are divided into low-risk and high-risk HPVs with regard to the potency of their oncogenic actions; they mainly infect epithelial or mucosal cells. Special attention is drawn to expression of two major HPV oncogenes (E6 and E7) initiating and maintaining cervical carcinogenesis, which is a multistep and multifactorial process; therefore, involvement of additional factors such as mitochondrial DNA changes, sex hormones, retinoic and folic acids are also discussed. Finally, IGF axis components and HPV oncogenes as targets in anticancer treatment are presented which include IGF-1R downregulation, RNA interference and anti-HPV therapeutic vaccines. The review concludes that despite an enormous advancement in research on IGF and HPV-related cancers, more molecular studies and clinical trials are needed before commercialized therapies are widely available for oncology patients.
View Figures
View References

Related Articles

Journal Cover

December-2014
Volume 32 Issue 6

Print ISSN: 1021-335X
Online ISSN:1791-2431

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Durzyńska J: IGF axis and other factors in HPV-related and HPV-unrelated carcinogenesis (Review). Oncol Rep 32: 2295-2306, 2014
APA
Durzyńska, J. (2014). IGF axis and other factors in HPV-related and HPV-unrelated carcinogenesis (Review). Oncology Reports, 32, 2295-2306. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2014.3505
MLA
Durzyńska, J."IGF axis and other factors in HPV-related and HPV-unrelated carcinogenesis (Review)". Oncology Reports 32.6 (2014): 2295-2306.
Chicago
Durzyńska, J."IGF axis and other factors in HPV-related and HPV-unrelated carcinogenesis (Review)". Oncology Reports 32, no. 6 (2014): 2295-2306. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2014.3505