Preliminary experiences of PET/MRI in predicting complete response in patients with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy
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- Published online on: December 24, 2021 https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2021.2483
- Article Number: 50
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Copyright: © Sekine et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is a well-established treatment for early breast cancer. NAC allows for breast conserving surgery by reducing the size of the tumor and provides an evaluation of real time sensitivity to therapy. This is very essential in determining the effectiveness of treatment. Preoperative assessment via imaging is important for surgical planning. It is also necessary to understand the characteristics of each imaging modality for diagnosis.
Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been widely used in breast cancer screening, determining the extent of disease, monitoring response to NAC, evaluating for rupture or cancer detection in patients with implants because of its high spatial resolution. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) has also been used in whole-body examination, assessing distant metastasis during initial staging and later surveillance. However, MRI with the breast extended in the supine position are more useful for diagnosing the condition inside the breast in detail.
In predicting pathological complete response (pCR) to NAC, MRI of the breast is more accurate compared with other imaging modalities, such as mammography (MG) and ultrasound (US) (1-5). FDG PET/CT is known to be an accurate imaging modality for response evaluation of NAC in breast cancer (6-8). Recently, PET/MRI, which can obtain images by combining metabolic analysis with PET and morphologic and vascularity analysis with contrast enhanced MRI simultaneously, has attracted attention as a new imaging modality. While several studies have reported the use of PET/MRI in breast cancer (9-11), the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of PET/MRI in the assessment of NAC.
Materials and methods
Patient selection and NAC regimen
This study protocol was approved by the local institutional review board, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Patients were not required to give informed consent to this study because the analysis used anonymous clinical data and images obtained after each patient agreed to treatment by written consent. We also applied the opt-out method to obtain consent for this study.
A total of 74 patients with stage II-III invasive breast cancer treated with NAC and surgery from September 2016 to March 2019 were enrolled, and the data were analyzed retrospectively. All patients underwent preoperative imaging evaluation with PET/MRI, MG, and US. Prior to NAC, 59 patients also underwent the same examinations before NAC while 15 patients underwent MRI, MG, and US. All the patients received anthracycline followed by a taxane regimen, except for two patients who received a platinum regimen followed by a taxane regimen. In addition, all patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive disease were treated with trastuzumab, and one of them was also treated with pertuzumab.
Imaging assessment through mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis
Clinical image data were acquired in the mediolateral-oblique and cranio-caudal positions using an a-Se full-field digital mammography (FFDM) system with a spatial resolution of 85 µm (MAMMOMAT Inspiration, Siemens). In 63 patients (85.1%), two-view digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) was performed with the same compression angle and compression pressure as the FFDM. With one-view DBT, the radiation dose was 1.5 times of that with one-view FFDM. The radiation dose with ACR 156 was 1.2 mGy with FFDM. FFDM and reconstructed 1mm slice images from DBT were reviewed at a dedicated workstation. Complete response (CR) was defined as undetectable lesions or disappearance of density after NAC. Cases with only residual calcification were also defined as CR in this study.
Imaging assessment through ultrasound
Whole-breast US was performed with an 8 MHz wide-band high-resolution transducer (aplio™ XV, Toshiba Medical Systems). The longest diameter of the hypoechoic part of the lesion was measured. Undetectable lesions were defined as CR.
Imaging assessment through PET/MRI
The images of PET/MRI that we evaluated in this study were organized from whole body PET/MRI images and breast PET/MRI images. Patients were instructed to fast for at least 4 h before the scan. Blood glucose levels were required to be <350 mg/dl.
Whole body PET/MRI
Whole body PET/MRI images were obtained using a PET scanner with 3T MRI (SIGNA; GE Healthcare). All PET images were acquired after intravenous injection of body weight-adapted 18F-FDG doses (4 MBq/kg) followed by a resting period of 55-65 min in a supine position as the early phase. The data were recorded in 5-6 bed positions, for 2 min per bed position, and 2.8 mm imaging slices were obtained. The display field of view (DFOV) and matrix size were 50x35 cm and 256x256, respectively. Images were reconstructed using the time-of-flight method (VUE Point) with four iterations and 32 subsets.
MR-based sequence for attenuation correction of PET images was performed using T1 weighted image (T1WI) with axial 3D-spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) sequence (LAVA-FLEX: FA/TR/TE: 5 degree/4 ms/1.7 ms, FOV: 50x50 cm, matrix size: 256x128, slice thickness: 5.2 mm). Regarding whole body MRI, T1WI with axial 3D-SPGR sequence (LAVA: FA/TR/TE: 12 degree/5400 ms/2.6 ms, FOV: 50x37.5 cm, matrix size: 512x512, slice thickness: 2 mm) and T2 weighted image (T2WI) with single shot fast spin echo (SSFSE: FA/TR/TE: 90 degree/1600 ms/80 ms, FOV: 50x37.5 cm, matrix size: 512x512, slice thickness: 6 mm) without fat suppression were obtained.
Breast PET/MRI
Late phase breast PET images were obtained 75-95 min after patients were given injections in a prone position. The DFOV and matrix size were 30 cm and 256x256. The images were reconstructed using the time-of-flight method (VUE Point) with four iterations and 32 subsets. The data were acquired for 10 min in a single bed position (89 slices, 249 mm). Breast MRI was performed utilizing the 8-channel breast coil with fat suppression methods. The sequences consisted of axial T2WI (FSE-XL and IDEAL; FOV: 320x320, FA/TR/TE: 111 degree/5400 ms/80 ms, matrix size: 224x320, bandwidth: 90 kHz, slice thickness: 4 mm), axial DWI (EPI and CHESS; FOV: 320x320, FA/TR/TE: 249 degree/6300 ms/67 ms, matrix size: 96x128, bandwidth: 250 kHz, slice thickness: 4 mm). Dynamic contrast-enhanced axial T1WI consisted of pre-contrast and three post-contrast enhanced phases (90, 180, and 270 sec) of T1WI (VIBRANT and CHESS; FOV: 320x320, FA/TR/TE: 12 degree/5.3 ms/2.4 ms, matrix size: 400x400, bandwidth: 83 kHz, slice thickness: 3 mm). Moreover, early contrast at 30 sec after contrasted images (VIBRANT and CHESS; FOV: 320x320, FA/TR/TE: 12 degree/5.3 ms/2.1 ms, matrix size: 224x320, bandwidth: 90 kHz, slice thickness: 3 mm) were obtained. Meglumine gadoterate (Magnescope, Guerbet) was used as contrast agent, and it was automatically injected in the antecubital vein at 0.2 ml/kg bodyweight.
The breast PET and MR images were evaluated independently; the fusion images of early phase (90 sec) dynamic contrast-enhanced T1WI and late phase PET were also assessed. The frequency of fusion of the images was organized from PET by 30% and MRI by 70%. The data were analyzed by experienced radiologists.
Undetectable MRI enhancements without meaningful maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) of the tumor lesion of PET were defined as CR. Significant FDG uptake (SUV values) was defined as those values that were higher than that for whole body average FDG uptake. The tumor shapes on early phase (90 sec) dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI were classified into the ‘mass type’ and ‘non-mass type’. The relationships between tumor shapes or molecular subtypes and pCR were also evaluated. The imaging data and diagnoses were analyzed by two experienced radiological specialists and breast surgeons with consensus.
Pathological assessment
Pathologic examination and immunohistochemistry were performed by dedicated breast pathologists. The histologic type of the tumor, tumor size, and histologic grade were determined from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor sections cut at a thickness of 4 µm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The status of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), and HER2 were analyzed with specimens of core needle biopsy before starting NAC. ER and PgR expressions were scored as positive or negative with a nuclear immunostaining cut-off of 1%. ER and/or PgR positive tumors were defined as hormone receptor (HR) positive. HER2 was considered as positive if expression was scored at 3+ in immunohistochemistry or if expression was scored at 2+ with HER2 gene amplification by fluorescent in situ hybridization. pCR was defined as the absence of residual invasive cancer cells in the breast.
Statistical analysis
Cases with missing data were excluded. The characteristics among patients with invasive breast cancer were compared using Fisher's exact test. The sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of NAC effect were calculated for each modality. All data analyses were performed using Stata version 14 (Stata Corp.). All tests were two-sided, and P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
Patient and tumor characteristics
All patient and tumor characteristics are listed in Table I. A total of 74 women with stage II or III breast cancer were included in the study. Their mean age was 48 years (range, 30-78 years). Most of the tumors (95.9%) were invasive ductal carcinomas. There was one case of invasive lobular carcinoma and two cases of metaplastic carcinomas. Four tumors were classified as histological grade 1 and 69 tumors as histological grade 2 or 3. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that 30 patients had HR+/HER2- disease, 16 had HR+/HER2+ disease, 10 had HR-/HER2+ disease, and 18 had HR-/HER2- disease. According to the MRIs obtained before NAC, 27 (36.5%) of the tumors were ‘mass’ type lesions and 40 (54.1%) were ‘non-mass’ type lesions.
Identification by each modality
All the lesions were visually detectable using PET/MRI and US. Two lesions were difficult to identify using MG; these patients received only FFDM, and their data were excluded from the assessment of CR using MG.
pCR rate and tumor characteristics
Eighteen patients (24.3%) achieved pCR. HR negative and HER2 positive cases demonstrated a significant correlation with pCR compared with HR positive cases and triple negative cases (P=0.017). Furthermore, patients with ‘mass’ type lesions who underwent MRI before NAC experienced pCR at a higher frequency than those with ‘non-mass’ type lesions (Table II). Typical responses to NAC are shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
pCR prediction with PET/MRI
The overall sensitivity and specificity of pCR prediction with PET/MRI were 72.2 and 78.6%, respectively. Among the 74 cases, 20 had undetectable enhancement on MRI and 51 cases did not demonstrate substantial SUV uptake on PET after NAC. Therefore, the accuracy of pCR prediction with PET/MRI depended more on the MRI than on the PET. Among pCR patients, 13 (72.2%) showed undetectable enhancement of MRI and 17 patients (94.4%) showed lack of meaningful SUVmax.
Sensitivity and specificity of pCR prediction with each modality based on receptor status
The overall sensitivity and specificity of MG and US were 70.6 and 80.4%, and 16.7 and 91.1%, respectively (Fig. 3). In HR positive tumors, the sensitivity of PET/MRI was 100%. In addition, in HR negative tumors, the specificity of PET/MRI was 100% (Fig. 4). None of the HR negative and HER2 positive patients were predicted to have achieved pCR with US.
Discussion
NAC is a standard therapy for locally advanced breast cancer as it allows tumor downstaging and facilitates breast conserving surgery. In addition, some trials have been reported wherein surgery was avoided in patients who achieved CR after NAC (12-14). Furthermore, the efficacy of six months of capecitabine administration after surgery for non-pCR patients has also been reported (15). At present, the accurate assessment of the effect of NAC is more important for the management of successful therapy than it was before.
MRI and PET/CT have been reported to be more accurate modalities for predicting pCR than both MG and US (16-19). The sensitivity and specificity of the pCR prediction were reported to be 65 and 88%, respectively, for MRI, and 86 and 72%, respectively, for PET/CT (20). PET/MRI is considered as a new modality that can make use of the advantages of both PET and MRI. In this study, the utility of PET/MRI for predicting pCR was assessed.
The overall sensitivity and specificity of PET/MRI were found to be acceptable. In particular, this study found that the sensitivity of PET/MRI in HR-positive tumors and the specificity in HR negative tumors were excellent; HER2 status did not affect the results. This meant that tumor disappearance was easily identified in HR positive tumors while the residual tumor was easily detected in HR negative tumors. This finding could be attributed to the association between the HR status and the morphological tumor features after NAC. HR positive tumors have an infiltrative shrinkage pattern and lower cellularity, whereas HR negative tumors are more likely to have a homogeneous tumor composition with centripetal shrinkage pattern and have significantly higher cancer cellularity than HR positive tumors (21).
Previous studies showed that the pCR prediction accuracy of MRI was higher in those with HR negative tumors than in those with HR positive tumors (22,23). Lee et al (21) explained this distinction as the difference in sensitivity to NAC. We also demonstrated that pCR was significantly more often observed among HR negative patients. Hence, the difference in prediction accuracy between this study and previous studies cannot be explained by the therapy effect alone. This difference may be attributed to improvements in PET and MRI accuracy or the technical difference between PET/MRI and PET/CT. Although former studies operated with a 1.5T MRI systems, we used a 3.0T MRI system which has higher spatial resolution. While CT attenuation correction was based on the tissue density information provided by plain CT, MRI does not rely on tissue density. MRI contributes to soft-tissue contrast and vascularity information in detail. Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI allows measurement of the kinetic parameters related to permeability and perfusion. Moreover, advanced sequences, such as diffusion or apparent diffusion coefficient, which can provide helpful information, are available from MRI data. In addition, compared to PET/CT, PET/MRI in the prone position can be advantageous since clinicians can collect morphologic and metabolic imaging information simultaneously, and this might contribute to precision improvement.
When the response was analyzed according to the tumor shape on MRI, mass-type lesion was significantly related to pCR. Although HR-/HER2-tumors showed unifocal masses at the baseline more often (24), this cohort did not demonstrate obvious relationships between shapes on MRI and tumor subtypes. One explanation for this is provided by Loo et al (22), who showed that the earlier reported correlation between subtype and morphology of the tumor on MRI was valid for relatively large tumors selected for NAC (22).
During NAC, metabolic reduction within a tumor occurs much earlier than reduction in vascularity and shrinkage of tumor volume (25). Similarly, in our study, metabolic CR cases of PET were observed more frequently than cases with disappearance of enhancement on MRI. Metabolic analysis might investigate only the initial effect of NAC; therefore, by integrating it with morphology and vascularity analysis, a more accurate prediction may be possible.
In a previous assessment of each modality in pCR prediction, the sensitivity and specificity of MG were reported to be 48 and 81%, respectively (26). The sensitivity of MG in the cohort of the current study was improved compared with that in this previous report. Although there are few studies on the efficacy of DBT in determining NAC effect, previous studies have demonstrated that DBT was also a useful modality like MRI (3,27). Consistent with these findings, our result of pCR prediction with MG was appropriate because most of the tumors were evaluated via DBT. In addition, the pCR criteria for MG included residual microcalcification which explains the optimum results obtained. We considered that microcalcification without density on MG was from cancer treated previously, although residual calcification could be due to both treated cancer and a residual tumor. Therefore, DBT was more useful in detecting the density around areas of calcification compared to conventional MG.
In contrast, the sensitivity of US was insufficient. Croshaw et al (26) also reported low sensitivity (33%) and high specificity (90%) for US. We found that US could detect fibrosis and edema that was associated with complete response to NAC. When the US images of pCR patients diagnosed as non-pCR were reviewed, all of the detected lesions were described as hypoechoic areas and did not form mass shapes. With careful observation using US, the specificity was extremely good.
Although our study identified the usefulness of PET/MRI in the prediction of response to NAC, it has several limitations. First, we defined pCR as having no residual invasive disease. Consequently, our results might not be relevant to cases that do not include surgery as an option for patients with expected pCR. Despite this, there is no evidence that residual in situ carcinoma increases future distant relapse risk (28-31). Second, this was a retrospective study with a small sample size. Third, most of patients were treated with anthracycline-based regimens. Therefore, our findings may not be applicable to patients who received other regimens. Further large trials should be performed to confirm the results of our study.
In conclusion, PET/MRI provides a different diagnostic approach consisting of a multi-modality system. Although the diagnostic accuracy of the responses to NAC was similar to previous imaging modalities, under specific conditions, the usefulness of PET/MRI was confirmed.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
Funding: No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
CS and NU conceived and designed the present study. CS wrote the manuscript with support from NU, HK, TK and AS. NU, HK, TK, CW, TM, SS, KJ, EI, ST and AS acquired imaging data. CW, TM, SS, KJ, EI, ST, TK and AS analyzed and interpreted the patient data regarding breast cancer and imaging features. KS and MY performed the histological examination of the breast cancer tissues. CS and NU confirm the authenticity of all the raw data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study protocol was approved (approval no. 2017-278) by the local institutional review board of the National Cancer Center (Tokyo, Japan). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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