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Introduction

Lung cancer has the highest morbidity and mortality rates among all malignant tumors worldwide (1). Lung cancer accounts for ~13% of all new cancer cases each year (2,3). In China, ~600,000 people succumb to lung cancer every year (4,5), and therefore early prevention and diagnosis of lung cancer is important. The current treatment strategy for lung cancer is mainly surgery and chemoradiotherapy; targeted therapy is an emerging treatment strategy (6).

MicroRNAs (miRNA or miR) is a class of small, non-encoding RNA molecules (7). miRNAs serve important roles in several biological and pathological processes by promoting mRNA degradation or inhibiting mRNA translation, to negatively regulate target gene expression (8). Certain miRNA molecules can function as oncogenes or tumor-suppressors and, together with their target genes, can serve important roles in the occurrence and development of several types of cancer (7). Previous studies identified the important role of miRNAs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as several aberrantly expressed miRNAs were identified in NSCLC tissue samples (9,10). Previous studies demonstrated that miR-182-5p may serve different roles in different types of cancer, including renal cell carcinoma and liver cancer (11,12). However, the functional role of miR-182-5p in NSCLC remains unknown.

Caspase 2 (CASP2) may function in stress-induced cell death pathways, cell cycle maintenance and tumor suppression (13). CASP2 can induce apoptosis, and overexpression of CASP2 was previously demonstrated in several types of cells (14,15). CASP2 is regulated by several miRNAs, such as miR-183 in ovarian cancer (16). In the case of a calorie-restricted diet, CASP2 in liver cells has been shown to be precisely regulated by miR-125a-5p, which delays aging (17). The aforementioned studies shown that the regulation of CASP2 by miRNAs has become one of the important factors affecting the expression of CASP2.

In the current study, bioinformatics analysis was used to identify CASP2 as a potential target gene of miR-182-5p, however the association between CASP2 and miR-182-5p has not yet been reported. The current study demonstrated that miR-182-5p expression is upregulated, while CASP2 expression is downregulated in NSCLC tissue and peripheral blood samples from patients with NSCLC. Therefore, miR-182-5p may regulate NSCLC cell proliferation and apoptosis via direct interaction with CASP2.

Materials and methods

Patient samples

NSCLC tissue and adjacent normal tissue samples were collected from 33 patients (male, n=21 and female, n=12; age range, 36–68 years; median age, 51 years) who had undergone surgical resection surgery at Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zibo Zhoucun People's Hospital Affiliated to Qilu Medical University (Zibo, China) between December 2013 and December 2017. None of the patients received any prior treatment with hormones, Chinese medicines or chemoradiotherapy. In addition, 26 healthy control patients (male, n=16 and female, n=10; age range, 35–72 years; median age, 52 years) who had undergone physical examinations at Zibo Zhoucun People's Hospital Affiliated to Qilu Medical University between December 2013 and December 2017 were included in the study. Peripheral blood was collected from patients with NSCLC and healthy controls. The current study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Qilu Medical University and written informed consent was obtained from all patients or their families.

Cell culture and transfection

The NSCLC cell line H1299 was purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China), and cultured in high-glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Hyclone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Little Chalfont, UK) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Hyclone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences), 100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 IU/ml streptomycin. Cells were maintained at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator with 70% humidity. The cells were passaged every 4 days, and log-phase cells were collected for further experimentation.

H1299 cells were seeded into 24-well plates at a density of 3×105 cells/well and cultured in antibiotic-free DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS until 70% confluent. In a vial, 1 µl miR-182-5p inhibitor (20 pmol/ml; 5′-AAACCGUUACCAUCUUGAGUGUGA-3′) with CASP2 small interfering (si)RNA (siCASP2; forward, 5′-ACAGCUGUUGUUGAGCGAAdTdT-3′; reverse, 5′-UUCGCUCAACAACAGCUGUdTdT-3′) or siNC (forward, 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUdTdT-3′; reverse, 5′-ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAAdTdT-3′; both 20 pmol/µl; Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) were mixed with 50 µl Opti-MEM medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). In a second vial, 1 µl Lipofectamine® 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was mixed with 50 µl Opti-MEM medium. Following 5 min incubation at room temperature, the two vials were combined and incubated for a further 20 min at room temperature. The transfection mixture was subsequently added to cells and following 6 h incubation at 37°C, the medium was replaced with F12/DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS. Following 48-h transfection, cells were collected and used in further experimentation.

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)

Tissue samples (100 mg) were ground into powder in liquid nitrogen. Total RNA was extracted from powdered tissue samples, plasma (100 µl) or cells (3×106) using 1 ml TRIzol® reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's protocol and RNA quality and concentration was detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometry (NanoDrop™ 2000; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). To detect the mRNA expression level of CASP2, total RNA (1 µg) was reverse transcribed into cDNA using the TIANScript II cDNA First Strand Synthesis kit (Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). qPCR was subsequently performed using the SuperReal PreMix (SYBR Green) kit (Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd.) with the following primer pairs: CASP2 forward, 5′-GCAAACCTCAGGGAAACATTC-3′ and reverse, 5′-TGTCGGCATACTGTTTCAGCA-3′; and GAPDH forward, 5′-AGGAGCGAGACCCCACTAACAT-3′ and reverse, 5′-GTGATGGCATGGACTGTGGT-3′. The following thermocycling conditions were used for the qPCR: Initial denaturation at 95°C for 5 min; 46 cycles of 95°C for 20 sec, 55°C for 20 sec and 72°C for 30 sec which was performed using an iQ5 Real-Time PCR system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). CASP2 mRNA levels were quantified using the 2−ΔΔCq method and normalized to the internal reference gene GAPDH (18). To detect the expression level of miR-182-5p, miRNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using the miRcute miRNA cDNA First Strand Synthesis kit (Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd.). qPCR was performed using the miRcute miRNA qPCR Detection kit (Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd.) and the following primer pairs: miR-182-5p forward, 5′-ACACTCCAGCTGGGTTTGGCAATGGTAGAACT-3′ and reverse, 5′-TGGTGTCGTGGAGTCG-3′; and U6 forward, 5′-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3′ and reverse, 5′-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3′. The following thermocycling conditions were used for qPCR: Initial denaturation at 95°C for 5 min; 46 cycles of 95°C for 10 sec, 56°C for 25 sec and 72°C for 30 sec which was performed using an iQ5 Real-Time PCR system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). miR-182-5p expression levels were quantified using the 2−ΔΔCq method and normalized using U6 as an internal reference (18,19). Each experiment was performed in triplicate.

MTT assay

Following transfection, cells were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 2×103 cells/well and cultured for 24, 48 and 72 h. Following incubation, 20 µl MTT (5 g/l; cat. no. JRDC000003; JRDUN Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) was added to each well and further incubated for 4 h at 37°C. Each condition was assessed in triplicate. Following incubation, the culture medium was aspirated and dimethyl sulfoxide (150 µl/well) was added to dissolve the purple formazan crystals. The absorbance of each well was measured at 490 nm using a microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) and cell proliferation curves were plotted. Each experiment was performed in triplicate.

Flow cytometry

Following transfection, cells (1×106) from each group were washed twice with pre-cooled PBS twice and cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry using the FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), according to the manufacturer's protocol. Annexin V-positive staining were early apoptotic cells, those with propidium iodide-positive staining were necrotic cells and those with double positive staining were late apoptotic cells. Each experiment was performed in triplicate. CFlow Plus software (v1.0.264.15; BD Biosciences) was used to analysis the results.

Bioinformatics analysis

Bioinformatics prediction is a powerful tool for the study of miRNAs. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using miRanda (www.microrna.org/microrna/home.do), TargetScan (www.targetscan.org), PiTa (genie.weizmann.ac.il/pubs/mir07/mir07_data.html), RNAhybrid (bibiserv.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/rnahybrid) and PICTA (pictar.mdc-berlin.de) to predict potential target genes of miR-182-5p.

Western blot analysis

Prior to lysis, tissue samples were ground into powder in liquid nitrogen, and cells were trypsinized and collected. Subsequently, total protein was extracted from tissue samples or cells using pre-cooled radioimmunoprecipitation assay lysis buffer (600 µl; 50 mM Tris-base, 1 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 1% TritonX-100, 1% sodium deoxycholate; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Haimen, China) for 30 min on ice. The lysates were centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C and the supernatant was used to quantify protein concentration using a bicinchoninic acid protein concentration determination kit (cat. no. RTP7102; Real-Times Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). The samples were mixed with 5X SDS loading buffer prior to denaturation in a water bath at 100°C for 5 min. Following denaturation, 20 µg protein/lane was separated at 100 V via SDS-PAGE on a 10% gel. The separated proteins were transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (100 V, 2 h) and blocked with 5% skimmed milk at room temperature for 1 h. The membranes were incubated with primary antibodies: Rabbit anti-human CASP2 (1:1,000; cat. no. ab182657) or β-actin (1:5,000; cat. no. ab129348; both Abcam, Cambridge, UK) overnight at 4°C. The membranes were washed three times for 15 min with PBS containing Tween®−20. The membranes were incubated with goat anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody (1:3,000; cat. no. ab6721; Abcam) for 1 h at room temperature. The membranes were washed three times for 15 min with PBS containing Tween®−20. Protein bands were developed using the ECL Western Blotting Substrate kit (cat. no. ab65623; Abcam). Protein expression was quantified using Image Lab v3.0 software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) with β-actin as the loading control. Each experiment was performed in triplicate.

ELISA

Peripheral blood was centrifuged at 1,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C. The CASP2 Human ELISA kit (cat. no. KA2636; Abnova, Taipei, Taiwan) was used for the quantitative detection and measurement of CASP2 in serum. Briefly, standards (50 µl) and samples (10 µl serum and 40 µl diluent) were added to predefined wells and blank wells were left empty. In each well, for HRP-labeled conjugates (100 µl) were added to each well and the plates were sealed and incubated at 37°C for 1 h. Plates were washed 5 times and substrates A (50 µl) and B (50 µl) were added to each well and incubated at 37°C for 15 min. Following incubation, stop solution (50 µl) was added to each well and the absorbance was measured within 15 min at 450 nm using a Multiskan FC (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Each experiment was performed in triplicate.

Dual-luciferase reporter assay

The wild-type (WT) and mutant 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of CASP2 containing the seed regions of miR-182-5p were chemically synthesized in vitro and cloned into the pMIR-REPORT luciferase reporter plasmid (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) between the Spe-1 and Hind III restriction sites. 293T cells (Cell Bank, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China) were subsequently co-transfected with agomiR-182-5p (100 nM; forward, 5′-UUUGGCAAUGGUAGAACUCACACU-3′; reverse, 3′-AAACCGUUACCAUCAAGAGUGUGA-5′; Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd.) and the WT or mutant 3′-UTR CASP2 luciferase reporter plasmids (0.8 µg). 293T cells were transfected with agomiR-negative control (NC; forward, 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3′; reverse, 3′-TTAAGAGGCUUGCACAGUGCA-5′; Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd.) as a control. Following 24-h transfection, cells were lysed and luciferase activities were measured using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay system (Promega Corporation) according to the manufacturer's protocol and luciferase activity was detected using a GloMax 20/20 luminometer (Promega Corporation). Firefly luciferase activity was normalized to Renilla luciferase activity and each experiment was performed in triplicate.

Statistical analysis

Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistical software (version 20.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Data were tested for normality and statistical analysis among multiple groups was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test. Comparison between NSCLC and adjacent normal tissue samples from patients with NSCLC was performed using a paired Student's t-test, while comparison between the experimental and control groups was carried out using an unpaired Student's t-test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

miR-182-5p expression is upregulated in NSCLC

To examine the expression pattern of miR-182-5p in NSCLC, the miR-182-5p expression level was determined by RT-qPCR. The miR-182-5p expression level was significantly increased in NSCLC tissue samples compared with adjacent normal tissue samples (P<0.01; Fig. 1A). Similarly, the miR-182-5p expression level was significantly increased in peripheral blood samples from patients with NSCLC compared with healthy controls (P<0.05; Fig. 1B). These results suggest that miR-182-5p expression is upregulated in NSCLC, and therefore miR-182-5p may exert its biological function in NSCLC.

Figure 1. miR-182-5p expression in NSCLC tissue samples and peripheral blood. (A) The relative expression level of miR-182-5p in NSCLC and adjacent normal tissue samples from patients with NSCLC. **P<0.01 vs. tumor-adjacent. (B) The relative expression level of miR-182-5p in peripheral blood samples obtained from patients with NSCLC and healthy controls. *P<0.05 vs. control. miR, microRNA; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer.

Inhibition of miR-182-5p expression suppresses cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis in NSCLC cells

To examine the effect of miR-182-5p on NSCLC cell proliferation, the MTT assay was performed in the NSCLC cell line H1299 following transfection with miR-182-5p inhibitor. The miR-182-5p level was significantly decreased in H1299 cells following transfection with miR-182-5p inhibitor compared with the NC (P<0.01; Fig. 2A). MTT assay demonstrated that cell proliferation was significantly decreased in H1299 cells following 48 and 72-h transfection with miR-182-5p inhibitor compared with the NC (P<0.05; Fig. 2B). Flow cytometry demonstrated that the rate of apoptosis was significantly increased in H1299 cells following transfection with miR-182-5p inhibitor compared with the NC (P<0.05; Fig. 2C). These results suggest that inhibition of miR-182-5p expression suppresses cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis in NSCLC cells and therefore miR-182-5p may serve a role in NSCLC progression.

Figure 2. Effect of miR-182-5p on NSCLC cell proliferation and apoptosis. (A) The relative expression level of miR-182-5p was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the NSCLC cell line H1299 following transfection with miR-182-5p inhibitor or NC. (B) MTT assay was used to examine cell proliferation of H1299 cells transfected with NC or miR-182-5p inhibitor for 24, 48 and 72 h. (C) Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis in H1299 cells transfected with NC or miR-182-5p inhibitor. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 vs. NC. miR, microRNA; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; NC, negative control.

CASP2 is a direct target gene of miR-182-5p in NSCLC cells

To further investigate the role of miR-182-5p in NSCLC, potential targets of miR-182-5p were examined. Bioinformatics analysis showed that CASP2 was identified as a potential target gene of miR-182-5p (Fig. 3). The dual-luciferase reporter assay was used verify the interaction between miR-182-5p and the 3′-UTR of CASP2. The current study demonstrated that agomiR-182-5p overexpression significantly decreased pMIR-REPORT-WT luciferase activity compared with the NC (P<0.05; Fig. 4). By contrast, co-transfection with agomiR-182-5p and the pMIR-REPORT-mutant luciferase reporter plasmid had no significant effect on luciferase activity. These results indicate that miR-182-5p can directly bind with the 3′-UTR of CASP2.

Figure 3. CASP2 is a direct target gene of miR-182-5p. Bioinformatics was used to predict the miR-182-5p binding site in the wild-type 3′-untranslated region of CASP2. CASP2, caspase 2; miR, microRNA.

Figure 4. Direct interaction between miR-182-5p and CASP2. Luciferase activity of WT or mutant CASP2 3′-UTR. The dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-182-5p inhibited the activity of wild-type CASP2 3′-UTR in 293T cells. **P<0.05 vs. NC. miR, microRNA; CASP2, caspase 2; NC, negative control; WT, wild-type; UTR, untranslated region.

CASP2 expression is downregulated in NSCLC tissue and peripheral blood samples from patients with NSCLC

To investigate CASP2 expression in NSCLC, the mRNA and protein expression levels of CASP2 were determined by RT-qPCR, and western blotting and ELISA, respectively. The mRNA and protein expression levels of CASP2 were significantly decreased in NSCLC tissue samples compared with adjacent normal tissue samples from patients with NSCLC (P<0.05; Fig. 5A and B). Similarly, RT-qPCR and ELISA demonstrated that the mRNA and protein expression levels of CASP2 were significantly decreased in peripheral blood samples from patients with NSCLC compared with healthy controls (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively; Fig. 5C and D). These results suggest that CASP2 expression is downregulated in patients with NSCLC.

Figure 5. CASP2 expression in NSCLC tissue samples and peripheral blood. The relative (A) mRNA and (B) protein expression level of CASP2 in NSCLC and adjacent normal tissue samples from patients with NSCLC. *P<0.05 vs. tumor-adjacent. The relative (C) mRNA and (D) protein expression of CASP2 in peripheral blood samples obtained from patients with NSCLC and healthy controls. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 vs. control. CASP2, caspase 2; NCSLC, non-small cell lung cancer.

miR-182-5p regulates NSCLC cell proliferation and apoptosis through regulation of CASP2 expression

To investigate the underlying mechanism of miR-182-5p on NSCLC cell proliferation, the MTT assay was performed in the NSCLC cell line H1299 following transfection with miR-182-5p inhibitor with or without CASP2. Initially, transfection efficiency was examined in H1299 cells. The mRNA and protein expression levels of CASP2 were significantly decreased following transfection with CASP2 siRNA compared with siNC (P<0.05; Fig. 6A and B). In addition, inhibition of miR-182-5p significantly increased CASP2 mRNA and protein expression levels compared with NC (P<0.01; Fig. 6C and D). Furthermore, co-transfection with miR-182-5p inhibitor and CASP2 siRNA significantly decreased CASP2 mRNA and protein expression levels compared with miR-182-5p inhibitor alone (P<0.05; Fig. 6C and D). MTT assay demonstrated that cell proliferation was significantly decreased in H1299 cells following 48-and 72-h transfection with miR-182-5p inhibitor compared with the NC (P<0.05; Fig. 6E); however, cell proliferation was significantly increased following 72-h co-transfection with CASP2 siRNA compared with miR-182-5p inhibitor alone (P<0.05; Fig. 6E). Flow cytometry demonstrated that the rate of apoptosis was significantly increased in H1299 cells following transfection with miR-182-5p inhibitor compared with the NC (P<0.01; Fig. 6F), however the rate of apoptosis was significantly decreased following co-transfection with CASP2 siRNA compared with miR-182-5p inhibitor alone (P<0.05; Fig. 6F). Taken together, these results suggest that miR-182-5p may regulate H1299 cell proliferation and apoptosis by directly binding with the 3′-UTR of CASP2 to regulate CASP2 expression.

Figure 6. Effect of miR-182-5p on CASP2 expression and NSCLC cell proliferation. The relative (A) mRNA and (B) protein expression level of CASP2 in H1299 cells following transfection with siNC or CASP2 siRNA. *P<0.05 compared with siNC group. The relative (C) mRNA and (D) protein expression level of CASP2 in H1299 cells following transfection with NC, miR-182-5p inhibitor or miR-182-5p inhibitor and CASP2 siRNA. **P<0.01 vs. NC; #P<0.05 vs. miR-182-5p inhibitor. (E) MTT assay was used to examine cell proliferation of H1299 cells transfected with NC, miR-182-5p inhibitor or miR-182-5p inhibitor and CASP2 siRNA for 24, 48 and 72 h. *P<0.05 vs. NC; #P<0.05 vs. miR-182-5p inhibitor. (F) Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis in H1299 cells transfected with NC, miR-182-5p inhibitor or miR-182-5p inhibitor and CASP2 siRNA. **P<0.01 vs. NC; #P<0.05 vs. miR-182-5p inhibitor. miR, microRNA; CASP2, caspase 2; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; siNC, negative control siRNA; siRNA, small interfering RNA; NC, negative control.

Discussion

Lung cancer can be divided into two histologic classes: small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and NSCLC (20,21). NSCLC accounts for ~80–85% of all lung cancer cases, with a 5-year survival rate of 16% (22). In the early (occult) stage, lung cancer is difficult to diagnose and most patients with lung cancer are diagnosed with late stage lung cancer (23). Although surgery and/or chemoradiotherapy can prolong the survival time of patients with lung cancer, prognosis remains poor (24). In recent years, the development of molecular targeted drugs has improved the survival rates of patients with advanced lung cancer, however due to the relatively small subset of NSCLC patients and high drug resistance, the application of molecular targeted drugs has had limited success (25–28). It is therefore important to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of lung cancer, and identify novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets with high specificity.

Several studies have demonstrated the important roles of miRNAs in the initiation and progression of NSCLC (22,29,30). In addition, previous studies revealed that miR-182-5p may serve different roles in different types of cancer, including renal cell carcinoma, neuroblastoma, liver cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and bladder cancer (11,12,31–37). The expression of miR-182-5p is associated with cell proliferation and prognosis in renal cell carcinoma (11,32), as well as cell differentiation and apoptosis in neuroblastoma (31). In prostate cancer, the expression of miR-182-5p is associated with cancer cell proliferation and invasion (33). In addition, the expression of miR-182-5p is known to have a carcinogenic effect in bladder cancer (36). In the present study, miR-182-5p expression was upregulated in tumor tissue and peripheral blood samples from patients with NSCLC and the MTT assay demonstrated that inhibition of miR-182-5p decreased NSCLC cell proliferation. These results suggest that miR-182-5p may be involved in NSCLC progression.

Bioinformatics analysis was used to identify CASP2 as a potential target gene of miR-182-5p. CASP2 serves important roles in stress-induced apoptosis, and CASP2 activation occurs in response to apoptosis-stimulating factors, which include tumor necrosis factor-α (38,39), Fas (40) and growth factor deficiency (41,42). In the current study, CASP2 expression is downregulated in tumor tissue and peripheral blood samples from patients with NSCLC, which suggests that CASP2-mediated apoptosis may be involved in the pathogenesis of NSCLC. In addition, the current study demonstrated that miR-182-5p may regulate NSCLC cell proliferation and apoptosis via the regulation of CASP2 expression, as decreased cell proliferation induced by the inhibition of miR-182-5p was partially restored by CASP2 siRNA, possibly due to transfection efficiency and cell type (18). The dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-182-5p interacts directly with the 3′-UTR of CASP2 mRNA to regulate CASP2 expression.

In the current study, both tumor tissue and peripheral blood samples were examined, and the results demonstrated the potential diagnostic application of blood sample collection when screening patients for NSCLC (31,32). The present study demonstrated that upregulated miR-182-5p expression in tumor tissue and peripheral blood samples from patients with NSCLC may be associated with the downregulation of CASP2 expression. In addition, miR-182-5p may regulate NSCLC proliferation via CASP2, however future studies are required to further clarify the association between miR-182-5p and CASP2 in NSCLC.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

The present study was supported by a grant from the Science and Technology Project of Shandong Education Department (grant no. J17KB088).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

LY, YD and MX designed the study. LY, YD, ZS, HC, XL, QW PG and YQ performed the experiments. LY, YD, ZS and HC analyzed the data. All authors collaborated to interpret the results and prepare the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethical approval and consent to participate

The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Qilu Medical University (Zibo, China). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients or their families.

Patient consent for publication

Written informed consents for publication of any associated data and accompanying images were obtained from all patients or their parents, guardians or next of kin.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References