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Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
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Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
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October-2026 Volume 32 Issue 4

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International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

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International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

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Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

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Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

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Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

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International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

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International Journal of Epigenetics

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Review Open Access

Biological mechanisms underlying the effects of low‑magnitude mechanical stress in osteoporosis (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Zhi Liu
    • Dan Han
    • Yanfei Wang
    • Hongfan Li
    • Xuedong Pei
    • Zhijing Song

  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Clinical College of Chinese Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China, College of Acupuncture‑Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 282
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    Published online on: August 28, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13277
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Abstract

Osteoporosis is characterized by reduced bone strength and an increased risk of fracture. Low‑magnitude mechanical stress (LMMS) has been investigated as a non‑invasive stimulus capable of modulating mechanotransduction in bone cells. This review synthesizes evidence concerning integrin‑cytoskeletal signaling, linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton‑mediated nuclear force transmission, connexin 43‑mediated intercellular communication and the downstream regulation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Preclinical studies indicate that LMMS can activate the Wnt/β‑catenin, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT and receptor activator of nuclear factor‑κB ligand/osteoprotegerin pathways in a context‑dependent manner. However, clinical responses to whole‑body vibration remain heterogeneous, vary according to the applied dose and skeletal site, and have not yet demonstrated fracture‑prevention efficacy. Pulsed electromagnetic fields and therapeutic exercise are therefore discussed as related biophysical or mixed‑magnitude interventions rather than as forms of LMMS itself. The present review highlights the gap between simplified cellular models and the three‑dimensional bone microenvironment and proposes priorities for reporting standards and trial design to facilitate clinical translation.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Liu Z, Han D, Wang Y, Li H, Pei X and Song Z: Biological mechanisms underlying the effects of low‑magnitude mechanical stress in osteoporosis (Review). Exp Ther Med 32: 282, 2026.
APA
Liu, Z., Han, D., Wang, Y., Li, H., Pei, X., & Song, Z. (2026). Biological mechanisms underlying the effects of low‑magnitude mechanical stress in osteoporosis (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 32, 282. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13277
MLA
Liu, Z., Han, D., Wang, Y., Li, H., Pei, X., Song, Z."Biological mechanisms underlying the effects of low‑magnitude mechanical stress in osteoporosis (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32.4 (2026): 282.
Chicago
Liu, Z., Han, D., Wang, Y., Li, H., Pei, X., Song, Z."Biological mechanisms underlying the effects of low‑magnitude mechanical stress in osteoporosis (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32, no. 4 (2026): 282. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13277
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Liu Z, Han D, Wang Y, Li H, Pei X and Song Z: Biological mechanisms underlying the effects of low‑magnitude mechanical stress in osteoporosis (Review). Exp Ther Med 32: 282, 2026.
APA
Liu, Z., Han, D., Wang, Y., Li, H., Pei, X., & Song, Z. (2026). Biological mechanisms underlying the effects of low‑magnitude mechanical stress in osteoporosis (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 32, 282. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13277
MLA
Liu, Z., Han, D., Wang, Y., Li, H., Pei, X., Song, Z."Biological mechanisms underlying the effects of low‑magnitude mechanical stress in osteoporosis (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32.4 (2026): 282.
Chicago
Liu, Z., Han, D., Wang, Y., Li, H., Pei, X., Song, Z."Biological mechanisms underlying the effects of low‑magnitude mechanical stress in osteoporosis (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32, no. 4 (2026): 282. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13277
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