XRCC1 polymorphism and lung cancer risk in relation to tobacco smoking

DNA repair plays a critical role in protecting the genome of the cell from carcinogens or ionising radiation. Reduced DNA-repair capacity can increase susceptibility to occupational-induced cancer. Three coding polymorphisms at codons 194, 280, and 399 in X-ray cross complementing group 1 (XRCC1) DNA-repair gene have been identified, and it is possible that these polymorphisms may affect DNA- repair capacity and thus modulate cancer susceptibility. In the current German study, we investigated the role of XRCC1-polymorphisms as a genetic modifier of risk for individuals with lung cancer as susceptible genotypes, especially in relation to tobacco smoking. Three polymorphisms; XRCC1 Arg194Trp, XRCC1 Arg280His and XRCC1 Arg399Gln, were determined by real-time PCR analysis in 446 lung cancer patients and 622 controls. The observed allele frequencies in the population were within the range described for Caucasians. Multivariate analyses of lung cancer patients who carried at least one mutant variant allele of XRCC1 Arg194Trp (OR=1.03; 95%-CI: 0.66-1.61), XRCC1 Arg280His (OR=0.95; 95%-CI: 0.57-1.60), or XRCC1 Arg399Gln (OR=0.99 CI: 0.73-1.34), did not show any elevated risks. When analysed by histology, no individual subtype of lung cancer was significantly associated with the polymorphisms. Lung cancer risk rose significantly with higher cumulative cigarette consumption. Stratified analysis between tobacco smoking and variant genotypes revealed increasing risks for heavy smokers (>60 pack-years), with the presence of at least one copy of the XRCC1 Arg194Trp variant allele (OR=79.29; 95%-CI: 8.53-737.04) and the XRCC1 Arg399Gln (OR=61.87; 95%-CI: 15.65-244.67). By analysing the interaction between tobacco smoking and the genotypes, combined smoking and having the susceptible genotypes did not show a joint effect. In this study, the XRCC1 Arg194Trp, XRCC1 Arg280His, and XRCC1 Arg399Gln-polymorphisms, had no relevant modifying effect on lung cancer risk and cumulative smoking dose.