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International Journal of Oncology
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Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
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July-2026 Volume 69 Issue 1

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Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

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Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

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Review Open Access

Circulating proteins as biomarkers of response to cancer immunotherapy (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Celeste Pinard
    • Angeline Ginzac
    • Catherine Abrial
    • Xavier Durando
    • Nina Radosevic‑Robin

  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: University Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1240 ‘Molecular Imaging and Theragnostic Strategies (IMOST)’, Centre Jean Perrin, 63011 Clermont‑Ferrand, France
    Copyright: © Pinard et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 76
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    Published online on: May 6, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5889
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Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer management; however, durable benefit is observed only in a minority of patients. To overcome the limitations of currently approved tumour tissue‑based biomarkers of response, several approaches based on liquid biopsy are currently being developed. Among them, circulating proteins, such as soluble immune checkpoint regulators, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and cellular modulators, are being increasingly assessed by multiplex technologies that use a low volume of biofluids and offer rapid results. Serum/plasma programmed death‑ligand 1, cytotoxic t‑lymphocyte‑associated protein 4, T‑cell immunoglobulin and mucin‑domain containing‑3, lymphocyte activation gene‑3, interleukin (IL)‑6 and IL‑8 have emerged as potentially useful indicators of early response or resistance to ICIs, particularly when quantified during treatment. However, the optimal timing of on‑treatment blood sampling remains to be determined. The current review aimed to present the most important findings on the association between circulating proteins and response to ICIs in solid tumours, and to discuss the position of this biomarker class in the current landscape of biomarkers for ICI therapy.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Pinard C, Ginzac A, Abrial C, Durando X and Radosevic‑Robin N: Circulating proteins as biomarkers of response to cancer immunotherapy (Review). Int J Oncol 69: 76, 2026.
APA
Pinard, C., Ginzac, A., Abrial, C., Durando, X., & Radosevic‑Robin, N. (2026). Circulating proteins as biomarkers of response to cancer immunotherapy (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 69, 76. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5889
MLA
Pinard, C., Ginzac, A., Abrial, C., Durando, X., Radosevic‑Robin, N."Circulating proteins as biomarkers of response to cancer immunotherapy (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 69.1 (2026): 76.
Chicago
Pinard, C., Ginzac, A., Abrial, C., Durando, X., Radosevic‑Robin, N."Circulating proteins as biomarkers of response to cancer immunotherapy (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 69, no. 1 (2026): 76. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5889
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Pinard C, Ginzac A, Abrial C, Durando X and Radosevic‑Robin N: Circulating proteins as biomarkers of response to cancer immunotherapy (Review). Int J Oncol 69: 76, 2026.
APA
Pinard, C., Ginzac, A., Abrial, C., Durando, X., & Radosevic‑Robin, N. (2026). Circulating proteins as biomarkers of response to cancer immunotherapy (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 69, 76. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5889
MLA
Pinard, C., Ginzac, A., Abrial, C., Durando, X., Radosevic‑Robin, N."Circulating proteins as biomarkers of response to cancer immunotherapy (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 69.1 (2026): 76.
Chicago
Pinard, C., Ginzac, A., Abrial, C., Durando, X., Radosevic‑Robin, N."Circulating proteins as biomarkers of response to cancer immunotherapy (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 69, no. 1 (2026): 76. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5889
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