Involvement of reactive oxygen species and caspase-dependent pathway in berberine-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in C6 rat glioma cells

  • Authors:
    • Ting-Ching Chen
    • Kuang-Chi Lai
    • Jai-Sing Yang
    • Ching-Lung Liao
    • Te-Chun Hsia
    • Guang-Wei Chen
    • Jen-Jyh Lin
    • Hui-Ju Lin
    • Tsan-Hung Chiu
    • Yih-Jing Tang
    • Jing-Gung Chung
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: June 1, 2009     https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo_00000299
  • Pages: 1681-1690
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Abstract

The cytotoxicity of berberine on C6 rat glioma cells indicated that berberine induced morphological changes and caused cell death through G2/M arrest and apoptosis. While undergoing apoptosis, there was a remarkable accumulation of G2/M cells with the upregulatoin of Wee1 but it also inhibited cyclin B, CDK1 and Cdc25c that led to G2/M arrest. Along with cytotoxicity in C6 cells, several apoptotic events including mitochondrial cytochrome c release, activation of caspase-9, -3 and -8 and DNA fragmentation were induced. Berberine increased the levels of GADD153 and GRP 78 in C6 cells based on the examination of Western blotting and this is a major hallmark of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We also found that berberine promoted the production of reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ in C6 cells. Western blotting assay also showed that berberine inhibited the levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 but increased the levels of pro-apoptotic protein Bax before leading to a decrease in the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) followed by cytochrome c release that caused the activations of capase-9 and -3 for apoptotic occurrence. The caspase-8, -9 and -3 were activated by berberine in C6 cells based on the substrate solution (PhiPhiLux-G1D1, CaspaLux 8-L1D2, CaspaLux 9-M1D2 for caspase-3, -8 and -9, respectively) and analyzed by flow cytometer and each inhibitor of caspase-8, -9 and -3 led to increase the percentage of viable C6 cells after exposure to berberine. This finding was also confirmed by Western blot assay which showed that berberine promoted the active form of caspase-8, -9 and -3. These results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of berberine in C6 rat glioma cells is attributable to apoptosis mainly through induced G2/M-arrested cells, in an ER-dependent manner, via a mitochondria-dependent caspase pathway regulated by Bax and Bcl-2.

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June 2009
Volume 34 Issue 6

Print ISSN: 1019-6439
Online ISSN:1791-2423

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Spandidos Publications style
Chen T, Lai K, Yang J, Liao C, Hsia T, Chen G, Lin J, Lin H, Chiu T, Tang Y, Tang Y, et al: Involvement of reactive oxygen species and caspase-dependent pathway in berberine-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in C6 rat glioma cells. Int J Oncol 34: 1681-1690, 2009
APA
Chen, T., Lai, K., Yang, J., Liao, C., Hsia, T., Chen, G. ... Chung, J. (2009). Involvement of reactive oxygen species and caspase-dependent pathway in berberine-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in C6 rat glioma cells. International Journal of Oncology, 34, 1681-1690. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo_00000299
MLA
Chen, T., Lai, K., Yang, J., Liao, C., Hsia, T., Chen, G., Lin, J., Lin, H., Chiu, T., Tang, Y., Chung, J."Involvement of reactive oxygen species and caspase-dependent pathway in berberine-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in C6 rat glioma cells". International Journal of Oncology 34.6 (2009): 1681-1690.
Chicago
Chen, T., Lai, K., Yang, J., Liao, C., Hsia, T., Chen, G., Lin, J., Lin, H., Chiu, T., Tang, Y., Chung, J."Involvement of reactive oxygen species and caspase-dependent pathway in berberine-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in C6 rat glioma cells". International Journal of Oncology 34, no. 6 (2009): 1681-1690. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo_00000299