Primary Castleman's disease in the liver: A case report and literature review

Introduction

Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) was first reported in the lung (1). LCNECs have since been reported in several locations, including the mediastinum, head and neck, pancreas, gallbladder, intestine and gynecological organs (2,3). Among gynecological organs, LCNECs more frequently occur in the uterine cervix rather than the uterine corpus. To the best of our knowledge, after the first such case was reported in 2004 (4), only 18 cases of LCNEC arising in the uterine corpus have been published to date (5–8). Due to the small number of reported cases, LCNECs may be difficult to diagnose. We herein present a case of LCNEC arising in the endometrium, with aim to describe the histological characteristics of this tumor and emphasize its rapid progression and poor prognosis.

Case report

A 52-year-old woman (gravida 6, para 4), with no history of gynecological disorders, was referred to Toyooka Hospital (Toyooka, Japan) due to genital bleeding in February 2016. The patient had been taking a low-dose contraceptive pill for 18 months prior to the consultation to control functional bleeding. Regular gynecological physical examinations 3 months prior to the consultation failed to identify any abnormalities. The patient consulted her primary care doctor due to continuous genital bleeding for 50 days. The doctor diagnosed the patient with anemia [hemoglobin (Hb) level, 8.8 g/dl] and detected a uterine cervical polyp; the patient was subsequently referred to Toyooka Hospital. Upon pelvic examination at the Department of Gynecology, a cauliflower-shaped tumor, ~80 mm in diameter, was identified in the vaginal cavity. Continuous bleeding from the tumor surface was observed. Anemia was also observed on blood examination. The tumor appeared to develop from the uterine os, suggesting that it originated in the uterine cavity and extended into the vaginal cavity. Examination using ultrasound revealed a tumor occupying the entire uterine cavity and was attached to the fundus through a stalk. Magnetic resonance imaging examination revealed a homogeneous tumor, sized 16.9×8.4×7.8 mm, in the endometrial cavity, protruding into the vaginal cavity. A coronal contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan revealed a heterogeneously enhanced uterine tumor and enlargement of the paraaortic lymph nodes, external iliac lymph nodes, and partially necrotic internal iliac lymph nodes, suggesting lymph node metastasis. There was no detectable invasion of the tumor into the bladder or rectum on diagnostic imaging (Fig. 1). Laboratory data on admission included Hb 8.7 g/dl, C-reactive protein 8.73 mg/dl, creatinine 0.77 mg/dl, lactate dehydrogenase 814 U and carbohydrate antigen-125 36.5 U/ml. Histological examination of a biopsy sample from the tumor revealed atypical cells and necrotic tissue. The tumor cells were medium-large in size, with abundant cytoplasm and prominent nucleoli (Figs. 2A and B). Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for CD56 and synaptophysin (Figs. 2C and D), and negative for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, chromogranin A, P40, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), S100, CD10 and CD34. The Ki-67 index was ~85% (Fig. 2E). Based on the histological characteristics and results of the immunochemical staining, the tumor was diagnosed as LCNEC. The blood levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and proGRP was measured, and revealed that the level of proGRP was normal, but the level of NSE was extremely high (240.4 ng/ml; normal range, ≤10 ng/ml). Due to the poor condition of the patient and extent of tumor spread, palliative care using morphine hydrochloride (600 µg/kg/day) was administered in an attempt to alleviate the symptoms. However, the tumor rapidly progressed and the patient succumbed to the disease 36 days after admission.

Figure 1. Diagnostic imaging of the tumor. (A) Sagittal T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without fat saturation and (B) T2-weighted MRI of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a sizeable homogeneous tumor in the endometrial cavity, which protruded into the vaginal cavity. (C) Coronal contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan revealed a heterogeneously enhanced uterine tumor (*) with enlargement of multiple para aortic and external iliac lymph nodes, and partially necrotic internal iliac lymph nodes (arrows).

Figure 2. Histological findings from tumor biopsy. The biopsy sample was composed of medium-large atypical tumor cells with prominent nucleoli, and of necrotic tissue: Original magnification of objective lens, (A) ×20 and (B) ×60. On immunohistochemical staining, the tumor cells were positive for (C) CD56 and (D) synaptophysin; (E) the Ki-67 index was ~85% (original magnification of objective lens, × 40).

Discussion

Erhan et al first reported LCNEC arising in the endometrium in 2004 (4). To the best of our knowledge, only 18 cases (excluding the present case) have been reported in the literature to date. In 2013, Nguyen et al summarized 13 cases of endometrial LCNEC (5), and Kobayashi et al (6) reviewed 16 cases in 2017. While reviewing the relevant literature, 2 additional reports were identified (7,8). Thus, including the case presented herein, there are a total of 19 reported cases of endometrial LCNEC in patients aged 40–88 years [mean, 62 years; standard deviation (SD), 14.8 years].

Cases of LCNEC arising in the cervix have also been reported. Gilks et al reported 12 cases of LCNEC arising in the uterine cervix (cervical LCNEC) in patients aged 21–62 years (mean, 34 years) (9). Wang et al reported a mean age of 42 years and a SD of 11.3 years across 4 cases (10). Therefore, the mean age of patients with endometrial LCNEC appears to be higher compared with that of patients with cervical LCNEC.

The mean age at diagnosis of endometrioid carcinoma of the endometrium (the most common type of endometrial carcinoma) is ~63 years, while the majority of patients with microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) arising in the uterine cervix are aged 35–46 years (11). Microinvasive SqCC of the uterine cervix represents the early stage of SqCC, which is the most common type of carcinoma in the uterine cervix. These results suggest that the susceptible age range for LCNEC is similar to that of endometrioid carcinoma of the endometrium and SqCC of the uterine cervix. Of the 19 cases of endometrial LCNEC, 2 cases, including our patient, were diagnosed by biopsy only. Therefore, it remains unclear whether the tumors were composed purely of LCNEC cells, or incorporated other histological type(s). Of the 17 resected tumors, 6 contained an adenocarcinoma component, 5 contained endometrioid carcinoma and 1 contained serous carcinoma (8,12,13). These results suggest that adenocarcinoma of the endometrium may transform into LCNEC in a proportion of the cases. Even if the histological diagnosis is pure LCNEC, this may be the result of LCNEC cells overwhelming any other type of carcinoma and dominating the entire tumor. As LCNEC has a high Ki-67 index and exhibits rapid growth, the prognosis of endometrial LCNEC is poor. Of the 19 patients, 8 (42%) succumbed to the disease during the follow-up period. The mean period of follow-up of the 8 patients was 7 months (SD, 7.7 months). The survival rate was 46% at 1 year and 11% at 5 years after the diagnosis of LCNEC. In the present case, the patient succumbed to rapid tumor growth ~1 month after the hospital consultation. Similar rapidly progressing cases of endometrial LCNEC have been reported by Nguyen et al (5) and Makihara et al (14).

For diagnosis of LCNEC, histological examination is necessary. However, it has been reported that neuroendocrine carcinomas, including small-cell carcinoma and LCNEC, do not always express cytokeratin AE1/AE3, which is commonly used as an epithelial marker (15). In the present case, the tumor was negative for cytokeratin AE1/AE3. Therefore, sarcoma was first suspected and staining with anti-a-SMA, anti-S100 and anti-CD10 antibodies was performed; the tumor was negative for all three. Thereafter, staining for neuroendocrine markers was performed and the blood levels of NSE and proGRP were measured, which confirmed the diagnosis of LCNEC. If endometrial LCNEC had been considered earlier in the differential diagnosis, the patient may have been diagnosed sooner. Therefore, when a rapidly growing tumor is detected, even if that tumor is negative for cytokeratin, the possibility of LCNEC should be taken into consideration.

In conclusion, we herein present a rare case of LCNEC with rapid growth and poor prognosis. When the tumor is cytokeratin-negative, it must be carefully examined before a definitive diagnosis is reached. Other cytokeratin-negative carcinomas in addition to neuroendocrine tumors, such as sarcoma and hematopoietic tumors, should also be considered.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Ms. H. Ogaki, Mr. K Nagaoka, Mr. T. Kuge and Mr. H. Takenaka of the Toyooka Hospital for their expert technical assistance.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

JO, YA, KYas, AO, HN, KK, KYam, KS, TK and SI designed the study. JO, KYas, HN, KK, KYam, KS, TK and YA analyzed and interpreted the patient data. JO and YA were major contributors in writing the manuscript. AO, SI and YA performed the histological examination of the tumor and performed histological diagnosis.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The Ethics Committee of the Toyooka Hospital (Toyooka, Japan) approved the present study and the patient provided written informed consent.

Consent for publication

The patient approved the publication of their data within this case report.

Competing interests

The authors confirm that they have no competing interests.

References