The prognosis for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unsatisfactory. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and/or hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) have been reported to be useful options. However, there are few reports of salvage therapies for patients without a curative response to initial chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to elucidate the efficacy of additional TACE as salvage therapy in cases of advanced HCC which failed to respond to HAIC. Of 43 patients with advanced HCC who did not show a complete response (CR) to HAIC, 12 were treated with additional TACE as salvage therapy (Group A). The rest were enrolled as disease control subjects (Group B). Response rates and prognosis were compared. For HAIC, cisplatin (10 mg/body on days 1-5) was administered. Subsequent treatment was the infusion of 5-fluorouracil (250 mg/body on days 1-5), which was scheduled for 4 serial courses. For TACE, carboplatin (150 mg/body) or epirubicin (30 mg/body) was administered mixed with 3 ml of ethiodized oil every 4 weeks. A CR or PR, ST and PD were observed in 6, 3, and 3 patients in Group A and 13, 18 and 0 patients in Group B, respectively. The difference in response between the two groups was significant (P=0.0074). The 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rates were 83.3, 75.0 and 44.4% in Group A and 83.9, 41.5 and 11.3% in Group B, respectively. Patients in Group A had a better prognosis than did those in Group B (P=0.018). Median survival was 31.9 months (5.8-41.1) in Group A and 16.2 months (3.3-53.2) in Group B. Consequently, TACE as salvage therapy after HAIC may improve the prognosis for patients with advanced HCC.

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