This article is mentioned in:

Introduction

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent endocrine metabolic disorders affecting 5–10% women of reproductive age globally (1,2). It is generally characterized by hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries and anovulation; however, it is also associated with metabolic dysfunction, cardiovascular disease risk, abnormal granulosa cell (GC) proliferation and the arrest of follicle growth (3,4). The clinical symptoms and signs of PCOS include an absent or irregular menstruation, difficulty in becoming pregnant, acne, and thick, dark and smooth skin patches (5). Genetic and environmental factors play a major role in the pathogenesis of PCOS; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated (6).

MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate protein-coding gene expression through RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation (7,8). Studies have demonstrated that the aberrant expression of miRNAs is associated with the pathological progression of various diseases, including cancer, metabolic diseases, inflammation and reproductive disorders (8–10). However, the function and underlying molecular mechanisms of miRNAs in follicular development and in the development of PCOS have not yet been fully elucidated.

miR-132, located in the intron of a non-coding gene on chromosome 17 in humans, has been reported to play differential roles in various diseases, such as vascular endothelial inflammation, gestational diabetes mellitus and periodontitis (9–11). Recently, it was demonstrated that miR-132 can mediate tumor initiation and development by regulating cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration (12,13). Furthermore, Wu et al (14) revealed that miR-132 promoted estradiol synthesis in ovarian GCs via the translational repression of nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2. However, the role and underlying mechanisms of miR-132 in PCOS remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine whether miR-132 is involved in the abnormal viability of GCs from patients with PCOS and to elucidate the potential underlying mechanisms.

Materials and methods

Patients and samples

The study population consisted of women referred to the Reproductive Medicine Center of Shanxi Women and Infants Hospital (Taiyuan, China) between June 2016 and December 2016. All subjects were Han ethnic, from the Shanxi Province, in North China. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanxi Women and Infants Hospital Ethics (approval no. 201922021), and all the participants signed written informed consent for participation in this study. The blood and follicular fluid samples were obtained from 26 patients with PCOS and 30 healthy controls. Diagnosis of PCOS was based on the Rotterdam Criteria (15), including oligo-ovulation and/or anovulation, excess androgen activity, and ultrasound image of polycystic ovaries. Patients with endometriosis, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypothyroidism, androgen-secreting tumors, Cushing's syndrome and other systemic diseases were excluded from the study. The controls were patients with regular menstrual cycles who were infertile as a result of tubal factors (primarily tubal obstruction and abnormal tubal peristalsis) and/or male factors (including severe oligospermia and severe asthenospermia). All participants consented to endocrine tests and other routine checks, and the results are listed in Table I.

Table I. Characteristics of patients with PCOS (n=26) and the controls (n=30).

Table I.

Characteristics of patients with PCOS (n=26) and the controls (n=30).

Characteristics	PCOS group	Control group	P-value
Age, years	29.86±2.81	30.11±2.95	0.75
BMI	23.74±3.36	21.84±3.02	0.03
Infertility duration, years	4.42±2.76	4.78±2.99	0.64
FSH, mIU/ml	6.79±2.18	6.96±1.92	0.76
LH, mIU/ml	9.53±6.48	4.37±2.11	<0.001
E2, pg/ml	51.12±14.77	47.96±19.98	0.51
PRL, ng/ml	14.13±6.48	14.41±6.26	0.87
TES, ng/dl	1.14±0.39	0.44±0.17	<0.001

[i] All data are expressed as the mean ± SD. BMI, body mass index; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; E₂, estradiol; TES, testosterone; PRL, prolactin; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome.

Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation protocol

Both patients with PCOS and control patients received in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer treatments, following standard operation procedure. All women underwent controlled ovarian hyper-stimulation with gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist long protocol commenced pituitary suppression with leuprolide acetate (Diphereline 0.1 mg; GenSci Company) at a dose of 0.05 mg/d, during the mi-luteal phase of the preceding cycle. Complete pituitary suppression was confirmed by a serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level <5 mIU/ml, luteinizing hormone (LH) level <5 mIU/ml, estradiol (E2) level <50 pg/ml, bilateral antral follicle diameter <5 mm, endometrial thickness ≤5 mm. Urofollitropin (LIVZON) were used at doses ranging between 75 IU/day and 300 IU/day in accordance with patient age, body mass index, size and number of antral follicles, and serum basic FSH level. The dosage of urofollitropin was adjusted according to ovarian response, which was assessed by ultrasound and serum E2 levels. Recombinant human choriogonadotropin-alfa solution (hCG; Merck Serono SpA) was administered subcutaneously at the 250 µg dosing level when at least two follicles with ≥18 mm average diameter were detected. Oocyte retrieval was performed under the guidance of transvaginal ultrasounds 34 to 36 h after the hCG injection. Human GCs were obtained from follicular fluid at the same time.

Cell culture

After oocyte retrieval, all follicular fluids from each patient were pooled and stored in a tube. The GCs were prepared and cultured as described previously (16). Briefly, the aspirated follicular fluid was centrifuged at 1,000 × g for 10 min at 37°C after removal of oocytes. The cell pellet was resuspended in 1 ml phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Then, the suspension was overlayed on 1 ml Ficoll, and centrifuged at 800 × g for 30 min at 37°C. GCs were aspirated from the interface and washed a few times with PBS. Next, the isolated and purified GCs (1×105) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/nutrient mixture F12 Ham medium (DMEM/F12; Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; TBD), 100 µg/ml penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin (MRC) at 37°C with 5% CO2 and 95% humidity.

Cell transfection

Human granulosa-like tumor cell line, KGN cells, which have the physiological characteristics of ovarian cells, were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection. GCs (1×105) were grown in DMEM/F12 with 10% FBS at 37°C with 5% CO2 and 95% humidity. The miR-132 mimics (cat. no. 219600), inhibitor (cat. no. 219300) and negative control (NC; cat. no. 1022076) were designed and synthesized by Qiagen, Inc. Forkhead box protein A1 (Foxa1)-small interfering (si)RNA (cat. no. A10001), control siRNA (si-NC; cat. no. A06001) were designed and synthesized by Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. Cells were seeded in 6-well plates (2×105 cells/well) 1 day before transfection to reach a confluency of 90%, and then the medium was replaced with serum- and antibiotic-free medium. Then, miR-132 mimic, miR-132 inhibitor, and si-Foxa1 were transfected at a final concentration of 50 nM using Lipofectamine® 2000 reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) following the manufacturer's protocols. At 36 h after transfection, cells were collected for the following assays.

Cell viability assay

Cell viability was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method. To explore the effect of miR-132 and Foxa1 on viability, cells transfected with miRNAs or siRNAs were plated in 96-well plates at 5×103 cells/well. Cell viability was detected at 24, 48 and 72 h after transfection using CCK-8 at 45 nm according to the manufacturer's instructions (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) at 37°C for 4 h.

TUNEL assay

Apoptosis of GCs was determined by TUNEL staining using a TUNEL cell apoptosis detection kit (Nanjing KeyGen Biotech Co., Ltd.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. GCs (1×104) were cultured directly on coverslips. Subsequently, GCs were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4°C for 25 min and then washed thrice in PBS. The cells were incubated in 50 µl permeabilisation solution (0.2% Triton X-100) for 5 min at room temperature. GCs were then transferred into 50 µl TUNEL reaction mixture (45 µl equilibrium buffer + 5 µl nucleotide mixture + 1 µl TdT enzyme) and incubated in a humidified chamber for 60 min in the dark at 37°C. The reaction was terminated by incubating the GCs in 2X SSC buffer for 15 min at room temperature. The cells were then washed three times with PBS/PVP. Subsequently, cells were treated with 0.5 µg/ml of DNase-free RNase. Images were captured using a BX40 microscope (BX40; Olympus Corporation). The buffy (faint yellow) nucleus indicated TUNEL-positive cells. A total of five fields (magnification, ×200) were taken randomly for each sample. Data are reported as the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells among the total number of cells. Each experiment was performed in triplicate. Negative control cells were subjected to the TUNEL assay without the addition of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in the reaction mixture. Positive control cells were incubated with 100 µl DNase I solution prior to the TUNEL assay to induce DNA strand degradation.

RNA isolation and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay

Total RNA of GCs was extracted using the RNeasy/miRNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen Benelux BV), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Total RNA (2 ng) was used for reverse transcription using the OneStep RT-PCT kit (Qiagen Benelux BV), following the manufacturer's instructions. The primers for miR-132 were the exact sequence of mature miR-132. U6 was used as the internal control. The primers were purchased from Qiagen Benelux BV. The thermocycling conditions for miRNA were as follows: 95°C for 15 min, followed by 95°C for 15 sec, and 60°C for 1 min (40 cycles). For the mRNA expression of Foxa1, GAPDH was used as the internal control. The primer sequences for Foxa1 and GAPDH were as follows: Foxa1 sense, 5′-AGGGCTGGATGGTTGTATTG-3′ and antisense, 5′-GCCTGAGTTCATGTTGCTGA-3′; GAPDH sense, 5′-GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC-3′ and antisense, 5′-GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC-3′. The thermocycling conditions for Foxa1 were as follows: 95°C for 5 min; 35 cycles of 95°C for 1 min, and 60°C for 1 min and 72°C for 1 min; and then 72°C for 7 min. RT-qPCR was performed in triplicate using a SYBR® Premix Ex Taq Kit (Takara Bio, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's protocol, on a CFX96 Real-time PCR system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). All reactions were run in triplicate and gene expression was determined using the 2−∆∆Cq method (17).

Dual-luciferase reporter assay

Foxa1 was predicted to be a target of miR-132 by the online database TargetScanHuman 7.1 (www.targetscan.org; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research). Then, the fragment was inserted into the pGL3 luciferase promoter vector (Promega Corporation) to develop the Luc-pGL3-Foxa1-3′UTR and Luc-pGL3-Foxa1-mut-3′UTR vectors. Cells (1×105) in 24-well plates were co-transfected with Luc-pGL3-Foxa1-3′UTR or Luc-pGL3-Foxa1-mut-3′UTR vector and miR-132 mimics or miR-NC using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent, according to the instructions of the manufacturer. The Renilla luciferase reporter vector was transfected as an internal control in each assay. At 48 h post-transfection, firefly and Renilla luciferase activities were detected using a dual-luciferase reporter system (Promega Corporation). The results are expressed as relative luciferase activity (Firefly/Renilla). All experiments were performed three times in triplicate.

Western blot analysis

Western blotting was performed to evaluate the expression of Foxa1. Briefly, the cells were collected and lysed on ice in RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) with protease inhibitor, according to the manufacturer's instructions. The protein concentration of cell lysates was determined using a BCA kit (Wuhan Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd.). Equal amounts of protein lysates (30 µg per lane) were resolved by 10% SDS-PAGE, and then electrotransferred to PVDF membranes (EMD Millipore). The membranes were blocked with TBS with 0.1% Tween-20 (TBST)_containing 5% non-fat milk for 2 h at room temperature, and then incubated with the specific antibodies at 4°C overnight, including mouse anti-Foxa1 (1:1,000; cat. no. ab40868), mouse anti-Bax (1:1,000; cat. no. ab3191), mouse anti-Bcl-2 (1:1,000; cat. no. ab692) and mouse anti-GAPDH (1:200; cat. no. ab8245) monoclonal antibodies (both from Abcam). After washing with TBST, the membranes were further incubated with HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (1:2,000; cat. no. BA1051; Wuhan Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd.) at 37°C for 1 h, followed by visualization with an ECL kit (Nanjing KeyGen Biotech Co., Ltd.). Protein expression levels were semi-quantified using Quantity One software (version 4.6.7; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.).

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 6.0 (GraphPad software, Inc.). Normally distributed data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. To check the normality of the distribution, the Shapiro-Wilk test was performed. Two-tailed Student's t-test was performed for comparisons of the mean values of two groups; one-way ANOVA (followed by a Bonferroni post hoc test) was used to determine differences among the mean values of multiple groups because the quantitative data followed a normal distribution. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Patient characteristics

The characteristics of female patients in the PCOS group and control group are summarized in Table I. In total, 26 patients with PCOS were recruited from patients seeking reproductive assistance at the Reproductive Medicine Center of Shanxi Women and Infants Hospital. Each patient with PCOS was confirmed clinically. A total of 16 cases of tubal infertility and 14 cases of infertility related to male factors were included as controls for this study. There was no significant difference between the PCOS and control groups regarding age, infertility duration, and levels of FSH, E2 and PRL. However, compared with the control group, the BMI, and levels of LH and TES were significantly increased in the PCOS group (P<0.05)

miR-132 expression is upregulated in human GCs from patients with PCOS

RT-qPCR was performed to detect miR-132 expression in GCs of 26 patients with PCOS and 30 controls. Compared with the controls, the expression of miR-132 was significantly upregulated in the GCs of patients with PCOS (P<0.05; Fig. 1).

Figure 1. miR-132 expression is upregulated in human GCs from patients with PCOS. Expression levels of miR-132 were examined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR in isolated human GCs from the aspirated follicular fluid of patients with PCOS (26 cases) and controls (30 cases). P<0.01 vs. controls. GC, granulosa cell; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; miR, microRNA.

Apoptosis is increased in GCs from patients with PCOS

In order to determine the GC apoptotic rate in PCOS, cells were cultured directly on coverslips and stained with a TUNEL cell apoptosis detection kit. A significantly increased number of apoptotic nuclei were present in the PCOS group compared with the control group (P<0.05; Fig. 2A and B).

Figure 2. TUNEL assay showing the apoptosis of granulosa cells. (A) The buffy (faint yellow) nucleus indicated TUNEL-positive cells. Slides were observed under a microscope (magnification, ×200). (B) Statistical analysis of TUNEL results. PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome.

miR-132 negatively regulates cell growth and viability in GCs

Having noted a significantly higher expression of miR-132 in GCs of the ovaries from patients with PCOS, it was proposed that miR-132 may be associated with the growth and viability of GCs. Therefore, GCs were transfected with miR-132 mimics and miR-132 inhibitor, and the relative miR-132 expression was verified (Fig. 3A and B). As shown in Fig. 3C, the CCK-8 assay revealed that decreased expression of miR-132 in GCs promoted viability (P<0.05). In contrast to the miR-132 mimics, the miR-132 inhibitor promoted cell growth (P<0.05; Fig. 3C). To further determine the role of miR-132 in cell apoptosis of human GCs, western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2. The results showed that miR-132 mimics significantly increased Bax protein expression and decreased protein expression of Bcl-2 when compared with the control group. Whereas, the miR-132 inhibitor significantly upregulated the protein expression of Bcl-2 and decreased the protein expression of Bax when compared with the control group (P<0.05; Fig. 3D and E).

Figure 3. miR-132 negatively regulates cell growth and viability of GCs. (A and B) Relative miR-132 expression following transfection with mimics and inhibitor. (C) Cell viability was determined by a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay in KGN cells transfected with miR-132 NC, miR-132 inhibitor or miR-132 mimics. (D) Protein expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 in GCs were examined by western blotting with GAPDH as an internal reference. (E) Semi-quantification of the western blotting results. *P<0.05 vs. miR-132 NC. miR, microRNA; GC, granulosa cell; NC, negative control.

miR-132 directly inhibits Foxa1 expression by binding to its 3′UTR

Foxa1 was predicted to be a target of miR-132 by the online database TargetScanHuman 7.1 (www.targetscan.org), with the sequence GACUGUUA in its 3′UTR being the predicted binding site (Fig. 4A). A significant downregulation of Foxa1 expression was detected by RT-qPCR in human GCs from patients with PCOS (P<0.05; Fig. 4B). Then, RT-qPCR and western blotting were performed to observe the expression of Foxa1 at the mRNA and protein levels in GCs transfected with miR-132 mimics and inhibitor. Compared with the control group, following the upregulation of miR-132, the mRNA and protein levels of Foxa1 were significantly decreased. Whereas, following the downregulation of miR-132, Foxa1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased (P<0.05; Fig. 4C, D and F). To further demonstrate whether Foxa1 was a direct target of miR-132, Foxa1 3′UTR was cloned into a luciferase reporter vector and the putative miR-132 binding site in the Foxa1 3′UTR was mutated (Fig. 4E). Compared with the control group, miR-132 overexpression suppressed the luciferase activity of the reporter vector with Foxa1-WT; whereas miR-132 knockdown increased the luciferase activity of the WT vector. Moreover, the luciferase activity of the MUT vector in GCs was not affected by miR-132 overexpression or knockdown (Fig. 4E). Taken together, these data suggested that the Foxa1 gene is a direct target of miR-132 overexpression, which inhibits Foxa1 expression in GCs.

Figure 4. miR-132 directly inhibits Foxa1 expression by binding to its 3′UTR. (A) The sequence GACUGUUA in Foxa1 3′UTR was predicted to be the binding site of miR-132. Five bases in the binding site were mutated to construct mut-Foxa1 3′UTR. (B) The mRNA expression of Foxa1 was examined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR in isolated human granulosa cells from the aspirated follicular fluid of patients with PCOS and controls. (C) Western blotting data showed the protein expression of Foxa1 following transfection with mimics and inhibitors. (D) Semi-quantification of the western blotting results. (E) Validation of miR-132 binding to the Foxa1 3′UTR using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. (F) Foxa1 mRNA expression was inhibited by miR-132 overexpression and upregulated by transfection with a miR-132 inhibitor. GAPDH was used as an internal reference. *P<0.05 vs. miR-132 NC. miR, microRNA; NC, negative control; Foxa1, forkhead box protein A1; UTR, untranslated region; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; mut, mutant.

Cytotoxicity assay of silencing Foxa1in human GCs

To explore the function of Foxa1 in GCs, Foxa1 expression was knocked down by siRNA in human GCs from control patients. RT-qPCR and western blotting indicted that mRNA and protein levels of Foxa1 were significantly decreased after 24 h in GCs transfected with Foxa1-siRNA (P<0.05; Fig. 5A-C). Then, cell viability detection was performed to evaluate the effect of Foxa1-siRNA on human GCs. As expected, Foxa1 siRNA-transfected GCs displayed reduced cell viability compared with si-NC at 48 h post-transfection (P<0.05; Fig. 5D). These results indicated that silencing Foxa1 inhibited human GC growth.

Figure 5. Silencing of Foxa1 inhibits the viability of human GCs. (A) Western blotting data showed the protein expression of Foxa1 in GCs transfected with si-NC or Foxa1-siRNA. (B) Semi-quantification of the western blotting results. (C) Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis showed the mRNA expression of Foxa1 in GCs transfected with si-NC or Foxa1-siRNA. (D) A Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to evaluate the viability of GCs transfected with Foxa1-siRNA. *P<0.05 vs. si-NC. siRNA, small interfering RNA; Foxa1, forkhead box protein A1; GC, granulosa cell; NC, negative control.

Foxa1 overexpression reverses the suppressive effect of miR-132 mimics

To further determine the role of miR-132 on cell viability through the direct targeting of Foxa1 in human GCs, cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-Foxa1 or miR-132 mimics. As shown in Fig. 6A, overexpression of Foxa1 by pcDNA3.1-Foxa1 significantly increased Foxa1 expression in human GCs compared with the vector control group (P<0.05) Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of miR-132 mimics on Foxa1 expression was partially reversed by Foxa1 overexpression. Subsequently, it was found that the suppressed cell viability following transfection with miR-132 mimics was attenuated by Foxa1 overexpression in human GCs (P<0.05; Fig. 6B).

Figure 6. Foxa1 overexpression reverses the inhibitory effect of miR-132 mimics. (A) Foxa1 mRNA expression in human GCs transfected with miR-132 mimics or pcDNA3.1-Foxa1 was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. (B) A Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to evaluate the viability of GCs. *P<0.05. Foxa1, forkhead box protein A1; miR, microRNA; GC, granulosa cell.

Discussion

The aim of the present study was to examine whether miR-132 was involved in the abnormal viability of GCs from patients with PCOS and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. It was observed that the expression of miR-132 was significantly increased in GCs from patients with PCOS. Furthermore, the results revealed that the decreased expression of miR-132 was associated with a increased cell apoptotic index of GCs from patients with PCOS. Moreover, the dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that Foxa1 was a direct target for miR-132 and promoted GC viability. Foxa1 overexpression reversed the suppressive effects of miR-132 mimics. These results thus indicated that miR-132 suppressed cell viability, and the potential underlying mechanisms are associated with the targeting and suppression of Foxa1 expression.

Previous studies have demonstrated that miR-132 plays a pro-apoptotic role in a number of cancer types, such as glioma (18), colorectal cancer (19,20), osteosarcoma (21), hepatic carcinoma (22), breast cancer (23), pituitary tumor (24) and lung cancer (25). In addition, an increased expression of miR-132 has been reported in periovulatory mouse GCs following LH/hCG treatment and enhanced estradiol synthesis in GCs (14,26). However, a large number of studies on miR-132 have primarily focused on cancer, and the mechanisms underlying the role of miR-132 in PCOS have not yet been investigated. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to report that miR-132 was involved in inhibiting the viability of KGN cells, suggesting that miR-132 plays crucial roles in the abnormal viability of GCs, which may lead to the development of PCOS.

Foxa1 is a transcription factor that belongs to the forkhead family, consisting of the winged-helix DNA-binding domain, and the N-terminal and C-terminal transcriptional domains, thereby delineating genomic regions and allowing for the subsequent binding of other transcription factors, such as the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and androgen receptor (27–29). Foxa1 is expressed in a variety of organs, including breast, liver, pancreas and prostate, and can influence the expression of a large number of genes associated with metabolic processes, the regulation of signaling and the cell cycle (30,31). It has been reported that Foxa1 is a direct target of miR-132 in breast cancer, thyroid cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (32–34). Consistent with the aforementioned results, the present study further demonstrated that Foxa1 was a direct target of miR-132 in KGN cell viability. However, Sang et al (35), who identified miRNAs in the human follicular fluid of patients with PCOS, demonstrated that miR-132 was expressed at significantly lower levels in the follicular fluid of patients with PCOS compared with in the healthy controls. The differences were likely due to a variety of reasons. miR-132 expression in the aforementioned study was measured in human follicular fluid, whereas in the present study, miR-132 expression was examined in human GCs. In addition, the regulatory process of GC proliferation is complex and is closely related to a variety of factors (36,37).

In conclusion, the findings of the present study demonstrated that the expression of miR-132 was significantly increased in patients with PCOS. In addition, the overexpression of miR-132 inhibited the viability of KGN cells by targeting Foxa1. These results provided novel evidence for the dysregulated viability of GCs observed in PCOS. Due to the limitation in the number of PCOS samples and cell types used, further investigations are required in order to fully determine the underlying molecular mechanisms of miR-132 in POCS.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This study was supported by the Scientific Research Project of Shanxi Provincial Department of Health (grant no. 201601070), the Initial Scientific Research Fund of PhD at Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital (grant no. b201635), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi (grant nos. 201901D211519 and 201901D211546), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi (grant no. 201901D211546), the Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China (grant no. HGKY2019092) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant no. 2020M670703).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

XC and XJ wrote the manuscript and made substantial contributions to the design of the present study. XW, JL and XB contributed to data interpretation and writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanxi Women and Infants Hospital Ethics (Taiyuan, China; approval no. 201922021), and all the participants signed written informed consent for participation in this study.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References