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Molecular Medicine Reports
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Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
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May-2026 Volume 33 Issue 5

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International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

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Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

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Review Open Access

Advances in the mechanisms of extracellular vesicles and circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Sitong Yi
    • Wenxin Liu
    • Zhaohui Wang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: The First Department of Gastroenterology, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology (Dalian Municipal Central Hospital), Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Yi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 155
    |
    Published online on: March 30, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13865
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Abstract

Metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a key factor contributing to poor patient prognosis, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) playing a marked synergistic role in this process. Current research suggests that EVs, acting as essential mediators of intercellular communication, facilitate CTC‑driven HCC recurrence and metastasis by transporting bioactive molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. CTCs are regarded as the initiators of tumor metastasis, while the bioactive cargo carried by EVs functions as critical factors that promote their outgrowth. EVs not only remodel the microenvironment of target organs by forming a ‘pre‑metastatic niche’, but also establish a permissive microenvironment for CTC colonization. This tripartite interplay establishes a cascade model that enhances metastatic dissemination. The present manuscript reviewed the recent advancements and clinical value in understanding the roles of EVs and CTCs in HCC metastasis and recurrence, as well as the mechanisms by which EVs mediate CTC‑driven liver cancer spread, aiming to promote further in‑depth research into HCC metastasis mechanisms.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yi S, Liu W and Wang Z: Advances in the mechanisms of extracellular vesicles and circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis (Review). Mol Med Rep 33: 155, 2026.
APA
Yi, S., Liu, W., & Wang, Z. (2026). Advances in the mechanisms of extracellular vesicles and circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 155. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13865
MLA
Yi, S., Liu, W., Wang, Z."Advances in the mechanisms of extracellular vesicles and circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.5 (2026): 155.
Chicago
Yi, S., Liu, W., Wang, Z."Advances in the mechanisms of extracellular vesicles and circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 5 (2026): 155. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13865
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yi S, Liu W and Wang Z: Advances in the mechanisms of extracellular vesicles and circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis (Review). Mol Med Rep 33: 155, 2026.
APA
Yi, S., Liu, W., & Wang, Z. (2026). Advances in the mechanisms of extracellular vesicles and circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 155. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13865
MLA
Yi, S., Liu, W., Wang, Z."Advances in the mechanisms of extracellular vesicles and circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.5 (2026): 155.
Chicago
Yi, S., Liu, W., Wang, Z."Advances in the mechanisms of extracellular vesicles and circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 5 (2026): 155. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13865
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