This article is mentioned in:

Introduction

Desmoplastic fibroma of the bone is an extremely rare, lytic, locally aggressive but non-metastatic, primary bone tumor. Histologically, desmoplastic fibroma of the bone is formed of wavy fibroblasts and abundant collagenous tissue, and bears a close resemblance to a desmoid tumor of the soft tissues. It is a slowly progressing, locally invasive tumor, which exhibits a characteristic production of collagen fibers (1). The most common location is the mandible, followed by the extremities, head and spine. The incidence is estimated at 0.06% among all bone tumors and 0.3% among benign bone tumors (1–4). Desmoplastic fibroma of the bone occurs most often in the first three decades of life and is found equally among men and women (5). The most common symptoms include pain and swelling, and 12% of patients present with pathological fractures. However, a number of patients may be asymptomatic and thus, the tumor is often identified incidentally (6). On radiographs, the lesion is lytic, sometimes poorly limited, and exhibits low signal intensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The diagnosis of the disease is predominantly based on pathological examination. The recurrence rates in patients treated with or without resection are 17 and 55–72%, respectively (6).

The disease was first identified by Jaffe in 1958 (7). To date, ~200 cases of desmoplastic fibroma of the bone have been reported in the literature. Of these, 13 have been reported in the femur (8–19), with only two in the proximal femur (8,13) and the remaining located in the distal femur (9–12,14–17,19,20). To the best of our knowledge, the current study presents the longest published follow-up of desmoplastic fibroma of the bone. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient.

Case report

In April 1981, a 21-year-old female presented to The First Hospital of Jilin University (Changchun, Jilin, China) with slight lameness and pain in the proximal right thigh that had persisted for the last month. One day prior to admission, the pain worsened. A physical examination revealed no evident abnormalities, with the exception of tenderness and pain on percussion of the locality. Radiography showed a lytic, cystic, low-density lesion in the proximal femur and femoral neck (Fig. 1). The lesion was expansile and the cortex was slightly eroded. The margins were intact and sclerotic. The initial diagnosis at admission was of a bone cyst, based on radiological evidence, that revealed a well-defined, centrally located, metaphyseal-diaphyseal lucent lesion, which exhibited expansion and thinning of the cortices. The patient underwent curettage and an allogeneic bone graft was applied. Histological examination revealed sparse, spindle-shaped cells with low mitotic activity, surrounded and separated from one another by abundant collagenous tissue. Additionally, there was no necrosis (Fig. 2). Thus, based on the aforementioned postoperative analyses and previous case, a diagnosis of desmoplastic fibroma was determined. The patient was advised to remain on bed-rest for three months. Despite this, one month later, the patient suffered a pathological fracture from a fall while walking (Fig. 3A). Surgery consisting of an open reduction and internal fixation was performed (Fig. 3B). The fracture healed after eight months (Fig. 3C), and the patient's leg was partially weight-bearing. The patient was followed up at one or two year intervals with physical and radiological examinations. After 28 years of follow-up, the patient was able to bear weight on the leg and has not experienced recurrence.

Figure 1. Radiography showing a lytic, cystic, low-density lesion of the proximal femur and femoral neck. The lesion was expansile and the cortex was slight eroded. The lesion exhibited intact, well defined sclerotic margins.

Figure 2. Histological examination revealing sparse spindle-shaped cells with low mitotic activity, surrounded and separated from one another by abundant collagenous tissue, and no necrosis.

Figure 3. Radiographic findings associated with the fall the patient suffered one month after curettage. (A) Pathological fracture. (B) Following open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture. (C) The healed fracture eight months later.

Discussion

The present study reports the case of a 21-year-old female with a desmoplastic fibroma who was initially diagnosed with a bone cyst of the proximal femur at the age of 21, was treated with curettage and an allograft, and did well for 28 years. This case is quite similar to four other published studies of a desmoplastic fibroma of the proximal femur (8,13). In all these reported cases, the patients were all initially diagnosed with bone cysts at young age based on radiological evidence and treated accordingly before the final diagnosis of desmoplastic fibroma was determined. Based on the diagnostic history of previous patients, as well as postoperative analyses, the diagnosis of bone cyst was dismissed in favor of demoplastic fibroma in the present case.

Desmoplastic fibroma of the bone is an extremely rare bone tumor that resembles a desmoid tumor of the soft tissues. In 1958, Jaffe (7) first differentiated this bony lesion from other fibromas of bone, and termed it ‘desmoplastic fibroma’ based on the presence of fibroblasts and abundant collagenous tissue (21).

In comparison to the 13 reported cases of desmoplastic fibroma of the femur (8–20), the patient presented in the current case exhibited desmoplastic fibroma of the proximal femur, which is extremely rare. Among the 13 cases reported previously, only two cases exhibited desmoplastic fibroma of the proximal femur (8,13). Radiographically, the current case presented as a lytic metadiaphyseal lesion, with a honeycomb appearance without matrix mineralization, which is consistent with the radiological manifestations of a bone cyst, as well as the findings of the previous cases. Therefore, diagnosis of desmoplastic fibroma based on radiological evidence alone remains a challenge. The two cases of desmoplastic fibroma of the proximal femur reported previously (8,13) underwent bone curettage and bone grafts, as performed in the present case. However, both patients exhibited pathological fractures and subsequently underwent a second surgical procedure for internal fixation (8,13). These findings indicate that for desmoplastic fibroma of the proximal femur, internal fixation must be performed at an early stage, as fibroma may affect the mechanical stability of the bone.

The differential diagnosis of a desmoplastic fibroma should consider aggressive fibromatosis. Aggressive fibromatosis, also known as a desmoid tumor, was described prior to desmoplastic fibroma and is defined as a rare mesenchymal neoplasia composed of collagenous tissue and spindle-shaped cells (7). The majority of desmoid tumors are abdominal (69%); they can be localized intra-abdominally, within the abdominal wall and also extra-abdominally (7,21). As the intraosseus variant is desmoplastic fibroma, morphological differentiation is unlikely.

The clinical manifestations of desmoplastic fibroma include pain and swelling as the disease progresses. The diagnosis of desmoplastic fibroma by radiography alone is challenging. Plain X-ray shows an osteolytic, expansile, medullary lesion with well-defined sclerotic margins, which is often located in the metaphysis. The cortex is usually thin and there are intralesional trabeculae, resembling soap bubbles. Computed tomography is used to detect intraosseus tumor extension and cortical involvement, while magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates the separation of the intraosseus tumor from the bone, and is used to assess extraosseus tumor growth and for pre-operative planning (1,2,21). The radiologic differential diagnosis includes non-ossifying fibroma, fibrous dysplasia, adamantinoma, bone cysts, giant cell tumors and metastases.

The treatment of desmoplastic fibroma varies, but may include curettage, resection (intralesional, marginal or wide) with or without an allograft, cryosurgery, and amputation in recurrent cases (1–4,22,23). The rates of recurrence are 55–72% without resection and 17% with resection (1,22,24–26). Metastases have not been reported. The therapy for desmoplastic fibroma is strongly dependent on the region of the body that is affected and the aggressive nature of the lesion. When a resection is feasible, as in the mandible and long bones, it should be performed, as a resection has the lowest rate of recurrence (1). Nedopil et al (21) suggested that in isolated intraosseus lesions without evidence of extension in adjacent soft tissus, and when resection is associated with a higher risk due to anatomical conditions, a risk-benefit analysis should be performed. In these cases, thorough curettage may be adequate management, as it reduces the surgical duration, has a lower risk of infection and facilitates a faster recovery. Once the decision has been made, close post-operative observation, including clinical and radiographic examination, is necessary to detect a recurrent lesion as early as possible. We believe that curettage and allografts may not be sufficient to treat desmoplastic fibroma and propose an intralesional resection and close follow-up in all cases to prevent recurrence.

In conclusion, desmoplastic fibroma in the femur is rare, particularly in the proximal femur. The disease is easily misdiagnosed and treated as a bone cyst. Management strategies should involve observations of the clinical manifestations and confirmation of the diagnosis with histological examination. To prevent recurrence, an intralesional resection and close follow-up after surgery are strongly recommended. In the present case, there was no recurrence of the tumor over a 28-year follow-up period.

References