This article is mentioned in:

Introduction

Notch is a signaling pathway which regulates cell-to-cell signal transduction. Notch was thus named as its inactivation caused notches in the wing blade of Drosophila melanogaster (1,2). In mammals, the canonical Notch signaling is mainly composed of five Notch ligands [Jagged1 and 2, and Delta-like (DLL)1, 3 and 4] and four Notch receptors (Notch1-4) (3,4). Notch signaling is initiated when Notch ligands bind with the receptors, then the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) is cleaved and released, followed by translocation from the cellular membrane to the nucleus (5). In the nucleus, the NICD binds with the transcriptional regulator of the CSL family to regulate downstream targets (6). The CSL family includes C promoter binding factor-1 (CBF-1) in mammals, also known as recombination signal-binding protein for immunoglobulin Jκ region (RBP-Jκ) in mice, Suppressor of Hairless [Su(H)] in Drosophila and longevity assurance gene 1 (Lag1) in Caenorhabditis (7). Notch signaling is important for cell fate, proliferation, apoptosis and cell migration (8–12). Recent research has demonstrated that Notch signaling also plays an important role in skeletal remodeling (13–15).

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, and more than 20 BMP members have been identified (16,17). Mammalian BMP receptors include seven type I receptors, which are activin-like kinase (ALK)1-7 and five type II receptors, which include ActRIIA, ActRIIB, BMPRII, TβRII, and AMHRII. BMP signaling is activated when BMPs bind with type II receptors, and then type I receptor is rescuited and phosphorylated, which activates the receptor Smad (R-Smad) protein. In the cytoplasm, R-Smad binds to co-Smad (Smad4) and translocates into the nucleus to regulate the expression of target genes (18–20). BMPs have a broad spectrum of biological functions, such as the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation during development (21–23). In addition, some BMPs have been used in bone tissue engineering for various bone-associated diseases (24–26). Yet, the mechanism underlying these processes remains unclear. A thorough analysis of the osteogenic activity of 14 human BMPs has been made and found that BMP9 is the most efficient BMP in inducing the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs both in vitro and in vivo (27–29). BMP9, also called growth differentiation factor-2 (GDF-2), was discovered and isolated from a liver cDNA library of embryonic mice. Its precursor protein shares 50–55% amino acid sequence identity with BMP2, 4, 5, 6 and 7. The homology of BMP9 between the human and the mouse is ~80% (30–33).

As mentioned above, Notch and BMP signaling have a similar mode of function, and are both involved in regulating cell fate and proliferation during development. Recently, research has confirmed that Notch signaling interacts with the TGF-β pathway to regulate cell growth and myogenic differentiation (34–38). Yet, it remains unclear whether Notch crosstalks with BMP9 in bone formation.

In the present study, we investigated the possible role of Notch signaling in BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. Our results showed that the Notch pathway significantly promoted BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation and proliferation of MSCs, which may be mediated by the upregulation of ALK2

Materials and methods

Cell culture

C3H10T1/2 and C2C12 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) and cultured in complete Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) (HyClone, Logan, UT, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA), 100 U/ml of penicillin and 100 μg/ml of streptomycin. Cells were incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2. Mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) were isolated from post coitus day 12.5 mice (5 female and 5 male mice, purchased from Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine), as described previously (39).

Reagents and antibodies

p-Smad1/5/8 (cat. no. 9516) was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA) and Smad1/5/8 (cat. no. sc-6031-R) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; cat. no. TA-08) and β-actin (cat. no. TA-09) were purchased from Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology (Beijing, China). γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stored at −80°C. The recombinant adenoviruses including Ad-BMP9, Ad-DLL1, Ad-dnNotch1, Ad-dnALK1, Ad-dnALK2, Ad-GFP and Ad-RFP were kindly provided by Dr Tong-Chuan He (University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA).

RNA extraction, reverse transcription (RT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR)

Total RNA was extracted from the cells with TRIzol reagents (Takara, Otsu, Japan), and was reverse transcribed to cDNA using the Takara PrimeScript RT reagent kit. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was performed as described previously (40,41). The cDNA products were further diluted 5- to 10-fold and used in the successive experiments. A touchdown cycling program was used as follows: 94°C for 5 min, 94°C for 30 sec, 68°C for 30 sec, and 72°C for 12 cycles with a decrease in 1°C/cycle; then, 94°C for 30 sec, 55°C for 30 sec, and 72°C for 30 sec for 18–27 cycles depending on the abundance of the target genes. The PCR products were resolved on 2% agarose gels. All samples were normalized with the expression level of mouse GAPDH.

qPCR analysis was performed using a SYBR Premix Ex Taq kit (Takara). The cycling program consisted of 94°C for 2 min and 30 cycles at 92°C for 20 sec, 57°C for 30 sec, and 72°C for 20 sec, followed by a plate read at 78°C for each cycle. All samples were evaluated in triplicate and normalized to GAPDH. The primer pairs of target genes are presented in Table I.

Table I Primer sequences.

Table I

Primer sequences.

Gene	Forward primer (5′→3′)	Reverse primer (5′→3′)′
DLL1	CCGGCTGAAGCTACAGAAAC	AGCCCCAATGATGCTAACAG
dnNotch1	GCAGAACAACAAGGAGGAGACT	GAGGTCCTTAGCTTCCTTGCTAC
Hey1	GGCCTGCTTGGCTTTTCT	CCAAGTGCAGGCAAGGTC
Runx2	GGTGAAACTCTTGCCTCGTC	AGTCCCAACTTCCTGTGCT
Col1a1	CGGCTCCTGCTCCTCTTA	TTCATTGCATTGCACGTCAT
OCN	TCTGACAAAGCCTTCATGTCC	AAATAGTGATACCGTAGATGC
OPN	ACACTTTCACTCCAATCGTCC	TGCCCTTTCCGTTGTTGTCC
Id1	ACGACATGAACGGCTGCT	CAGCTGCAGGTCCCTGAT
Id2	CAGCATCCCCCAGAACAA	TCTGGTGATGCAGGCTGA
Id3	CTACGAGGCGGTGTGCTG	GCGCGAGTAGCAGTGGTT
ALK1	ACCTGGGACTGGCTGTGA	GCAGTCTGTGCGGATGTG
ALK2	GTGGCTCCGGTCTTCCTT	AGCGACATTTTCGCCTTG
GAPDH	GGCTGCCCAGAACATCAT	ATGATGTTCTGGGCAGCC

[i] DLL, Delta-like; dnNotch1, dominant-negative mutant of Notch1; Runx2, runt-related transcription factor 2; Colla1, type I collagen; OCN, osteocalcin; OPN, osteopontin; Id, inhibitor of differentiation; ALK, activin-like kinase.

Preparation of conditioned medium

BMP9-conditioned medium (BMP9-CM) was prepared as described previously (42). Briefly, subconfluent HCT116 cells (in a 75 cm2 flask) were infected with an optimal titer of Ad-BMP9 or Ad-GFP control. At 4 h after treatment, the medium was replaced with serum-free DMEM. The conditioned medium was collected at 48 h after infection and used as soon as possible.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays

ALP activity was analyzed by a modified Great EscAPe SEAP chemiluminescence kit (Takara). Each assay condition was performed in triplicate, and the results were repeated in three independent experiments. ALP activity was normalized by the total cellular protein concentrations among the samples.

Matrix mineralization assay (Alizarin Red S staining)

Cultured cells were seeded in 24-well cell culture plates and infected with Ad-DLL1 followed by treatment with BMP9-CM, ascorbic acid (50 mg/ml) and β-glycerophosphate (10 mM). On day 11, the mineralized matrix nodules were stained for calcium precipitation by means of Alizarin Red S staining, as described previously (41). Briefly, the cells were fixed with 0.05% (v/v) glutaraldehyde at room temperature for 10 min. After being washed with double-distilled water, the fixed cells were incubated with 0.4% Alizarin Red S (Sigma-Aldrich) for 5 min, followed by extensive washing with double-distilled water. The staining of calcium mineral deposits was recorded under a microscope.

Western blot analysis

The cells were seeded in 75-cm2 cell culture dishes and subjected to the indicated treatments. At the indicated time-points, the cells were harvested and washed with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and extracted in protein buffer (20 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1% P40, and 1 mM EDTA) in the presence of protease and phosphatase inhibitors. Proteins were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Following electrophoretic separation, the proteins were transferred onto a PVDF membrane. The membrane was blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 2 h at 37°C and probed with the primary antibody (diluted 1:1,000) overnight at 4°C, then washed three times with Tris-buffered saline contained 0.1% Tween-20 (TBST). The membrane was then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit (cat. no. ZB-2301) or goat anti-mouse (cat. no. ZB-2305) secondary antibodies (diluted 1:5,000; Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology). Finally, the membrane was exposed with ECL (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Rockford, IL, USA).

Transfection and luciferase reporter assay

The cells were transfected with 2 μg per flask of BMP R-Smad-binding element luciferase reporter (p12xSBE-Luc) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA, USA). At 24 h after transfection, the cells were replated in 24-well plates and treated with BMP9-CM and/or Ad-DLL1, Ad-dnNotch1, DAPT. At 36 h after treatment, the cells were lysed and harvested for luciferase assays using the Luciferase Assay kit (Promega Corp., Madison, WI, USA). Each assay condition was performed in triplicate. The results were repeated in at least three independent experiments. Luciferase activity was normalized with the total cellular protein concentrations among the samples.

Stem cell implantation and ectopic ossification

MEFs were co-infected with Ad-BMP9 and/or Ad-DLL1, Ad-dnNotch1 for 24 h, and harvested for subcutaneous injection (5×106 cells per injection) into the flanks of athymic nude (nu/nu) mice (4- to 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley). At 4 week(s) after treatment, the animals were euthanized, and the bony masses were collected for micro-CT imaging and histologic evaluation. All animal experiments were approved by the Ethics Committee of Chongqing Medical University.

Micro-CT imaging analysis, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining

Animals were euthanized at 4 week(s) and bony masses were imaged using high-performance micro-CT imager component of a GE Triumph (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA) trimodality preclinical imaging system. All image data analysis was performed using Amira 5.3 (Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).

Retrieved tissues were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin overnight and processed for paraffin embedding. Serial sections of the embedded tissues were stained with H&E and Masson's trichrome staining as previously described (43).

Flow cytometric (FCM) assay

Cells were seeded in 6-well plates and harvested after a 72-h treatment, washed with PBS three times and fixed with 75% iced-ethanol at 4°C. The fixed cells were washed with PBS and stained with propidium iodide-containing RNase followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting for cell cycle analysis.

Statistical analysis

Data are reported as the means ± SD. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software version 14 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results

Effects of Notch signaling on BMP9-induced early osteogenic differentiation in MSCs

We sought to explore whether or not Notch signaling has any effect on a BMP9-induced early osteogenic marker. We first adopted DAPT, an inhibitor of the γ-secretase complex, to inhibit the Notch activity of MSCs. We also confirmed that Ad-DLL1 upregulated the level of DLL1 in MEFs, and the dominant-negative mutant of Notch1 (dnNotch1) which contains extracellular and transmembrane domains but lacks cytoplasmic domains was highly expressed in the Ad-dnNotch1-infected cells (data not shown). We used Ad-dnNotch1 and Ad-DLL1 to downregulate and upregulate Notch signaling, respectively (data not shown). Moreover, by using ALP staining and activity assay, we found that BMP9-induced ALP activity was significantly inhibited by DAPT and Ad-dnNotch1 in a concentration-dependent manner (Fig. 1A, B and D). Conversely, Ad-DLL1 enhanced BMP9-induced ALP activity (Fig. 1C). These data suggested that Notch signaling enhances the BMP9-induced early osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.

Figure 1 Notch signaling enhances BMP9-induced early osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. (A) MEFs were treated with Ad-BMP9 in the presence of various concentrations of DAPT (L=5 μM, M=10 μM and H=15 μM), and the BMP9-induced ALP activity was assessed by quantitative assay and staining assay at 7 day(s) post-treatment. (B) MEFs were infected with various titers of Ad-dnNotch1, followed by treatment with BMP9-CM, ALP activity was measured by quantitative assay and staining assay at 5 day(s) post-treatment. (C) MEFs were exposed to Ad-RFP or Ad-DLL1 in the presence of BMP9-CM, and the BMP9-induced ALP activity was assessed by quantitative assay and staining assay at 7 day(s) post-treatment. (D) MEFs were treated with BMP9-CM and/or Ad-dnNotch1, and the ALP activity was measured by quantitative assay and staining assay at 3, 5, 7 day(s) post-treatment. Magnification, ×100. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. ns, no statistical significance; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; MEFs, mouse embryo fibroblasts; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; dnNotch1, dominant-negative mutant of Notch1; BMP9-CM, BMP9-conditioned media; DLL, Delta-like.

Effects of Notch signaling on BMP9-induced late osteogenic differentiation in MSCs

Although ALP is a well-established early osteogenic marker, it may not be an accurate predictor of the late stage of osteogenic differentiation and bone formation (41). Thus, we aimed to determine whether Notch signaling has an effect on the expression of BMP9-induced late osteogenic markers, such as osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OCN). By RT-PCR or Alizarin Red S staining, we found that the combination of Ad-BMP9 and DAPT treatment significantly decreased the expression of OCN in a concentration-dependent manner (Fig. 2A); The expression of OCN and OPN decreased when treated with Ad-dnNotch1 (Fig. 2B). Conversely, Ad-DLL1 treatment was found to enhance the matrix mineralization induced by BMP9 (Fig. 2C). These data suggested that Notch signaling facilitates BMP9-induced late osteogenic differentiation in MSCs.

Figure 2 Notch signaling increases BMP9-induced late osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. (A) C2C12 cells were treated with different concentrations of DAPT (M=10 μM, and H=15 μM, respectively) in the presence of BMP9-CM, and the gene expression of OCN was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR at 7, 9 and 11 day(s) post-treatment and quantification by densitometry. (B) MEFs were exposed to Ad-dnNotch1 in the presence of BMP9-CM, and the gene expression levels of OPN and OCN were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR at 9 day(s) post-treatment and quantification by densitometry. (C) MEFs were infected with Ad-DLL1 in the presence of BMP9-CM, and matrix mineralization was assessed at 11 day(s) post-treatment by Alizarin Red S staining assay. Magnification, ×100. *P<0.05. BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; BMP9-CM, BMP9-conditioned media; OCN, osteocalcin; MEFs, mouse embryo fibroblasts; dnNotch1, dominant-negative mutant of Notch1; OPN, osteopontin; DLL, Delta-like.

Effects of Notch signaling on BMP9-induced ectopic ossification

Our in vitro data revealed that Notch signaling plays an important role in BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Thus, we determined the effect of Notch on BMP9-induced ectopic bone formation. The infected MEFs were collected and injected subcutaneously into athymic nude mice. After 4 week(s), the animals were sacrificed and the bony masses were retrieved (Fig. 3A). The overall sizes of bony masses from the Ad-BMP9 combined with Ad-DLL1 group were apparently larger than that from the Ad-BMP9 group, and the bony masses from the group treated with Ad-BMP9 and Ad-dnNotch1 were significantly smaller than that of the Ad-BMP9 group. Histologic analysis indicated that, compared with the Ad-BMP9 group, the trabecular bone and osteoid matrix area was obviously increased in the group of Ad-BMP9 combined with Ad-DLL1, and was significantly decreased in the Ad-BMP9 combined with Ad-dnNotch1 group (Fig. 3B). Micro-CT scanning analysis showed the same results (Fig. 3C). These data demonstrated that Notch signaling enhances BMP9-induced ectopic bone formation.

Figure 3 Notch signaling promotes mineralization in BMP9-stimulated MSC implantation in vivo. (A) At 4 week(s), animals were sacrificed, and the ectopic bone masses were retrieved. (B) Histologic analysis of the retrieved samples. The samples were decalcified and paraffin-embedded and sectioned for H&E and Masson's trichrome staining. Arrows, mineralized matrix. (C) Retrieved samples were subjected to micro-CT imaging analysis, and representative three-dimensional reconstructed images are shown. The color bar indicates the BMD from low (green) to high (red). BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; bone mineral density (BMD).

Effects of Notch signaling on BMP9-induced activation of BMP/Smad signaling

We then explored the possible mechanism behind the effect of Notch signaling on the BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. BMP/Smad signaling is the classical pathway for BMP9 to induced osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. Thus, we aimed to ascertain whether or not Notch regulates this signaling. In the presence of BMP9-CM, we treated the cells for 36 h with DAPT, Ad-dnNotch1 or Ad-DLL1, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that DAPT had no obvious effects on total protein level of Smad1/5/8, but decreased the phosphorylation level of Smad1/5/8 in the C2C12 cells (Fig. 4A). Similar results were found in MEFs treated with Ad-BMP9 and Ad-dnNotch1 (Fig. 4A). Conversely, Ad-DLL1 was found to enhance the phosphorylation level of Smad1/5/8 induced by BMP9 in the C3H10T1/2 and C2C12 cells and MEFs (Fig. 4B). Using the BMP responsive Smad1/5/8 reporter, p12xSBE-luc, we found that Ad-DLL1 promoted BMP9-induced reporter activities prominently in the C3H10T1/2 and C2C12 cells and MEFs, and Ad-dnNotch1 impaired the BMP9-induced reporter act ivities (Fig. 4C). Collectively, these results suggested that Notch signaling can enhance the BMP/Smad signaling transduction induced by BMP9 in MSCs.

Figure 4 Notch signaling augments the activity of BMP9-induced BMP/Smad signaling. (A and B) C2C12 cells, MEFs and C3H10T1/2 cells were infected with Ad-DLL1 or Ad-dnNotch1 or different concentrations of DAPT (M=10 μM, and H=15 μM, respectively) in the presence of BMP9-CM; total amount and phosphorylated forms of Smad1/5/8 were analyzed by western blot analysis. (C) MEFs, C2C12 cells and C3H10T1/2 cells were transfected with p12xSBE-luc and co-infected with Ad-DLL1 or Ad-dnNotch1 in the presence of BMP9-CM; luciferase activity was assessed at 36 h post-treatment. *P<0.05. BMP, bone mor-phogenetic protein; MEFs, mouse embryo fibroblasts; DLL, Delta-like; dnNotch1, dominant-negative mutant of Notch1; BMP9-CM, BMP9-conditioned media.

Effects of Notch signaling on BMP9-induced expression of essential osteogenic factors in MSCs

It has been demonstrated in our previous study that runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), inhibitor of differentiation (Id)1, 2 and 3 are targets of BMP9, and are critical to BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation in MSCs (40). Type I collagen (Colla1) is the special collagen secreted by osteoblast cells. With RT-PCR analysis, we found that the expression of Runx2 and Colla1 induced by BMP9 was decreased by DAPT in a concentration-dependent manner in C2C12 cells, and similar results were found in MEFs when treated with Ad-dnNotch1 combined with BMP9-CM. Yet, the BMP9-induced expression levels of Runx2 and Col1a1 were increased when treated with Ad-DLL1 combined with BMP9-CM (Fig. 5A). We also found that the expression levels of Id1, Id2 and Id3 were decreased by DAPT in the presence of BMP9, but only Id1 was decreased by Ad-dnNotch1 combined with BMP9-CM treatment in MEFs (Fig. 5B). These results indicated that Notch signaling was able to regulate BMP9-induced essential osteogenic factors, but there may be some differences between different ligands/receptors.

Figure 5 Notch signaling increases the expression of essential osteogenic factors induced by BMP9 in MSCs. (A) MEFs and C2C12 cells were treated with Ad-dnNotch1 or Ad-DLL1 or different concentrations of DAPT (M=10 μM, and H=15 μM, respectively) in the presence of BMP9-CM. The gene expression of Runx2 and Colla1 was detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR at indicated time-points and quantification by densitometry. (B) MEFs and C2C12 cells were treated with DAPT (M=10 μM) or Ad-dnNotch1 in the presence of BMP9-CM, and the gene expression levels of Id, Id2, Id3 were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR at 24 h post-treatment and quantification by densitometry. *P<0.05. BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; MEFs, mouse embryo fibroblasts; dnNotch1, dominant-negative mutant of Notch1; DLL, Delta-like; BMP9-CM, BMP9-conditioned media; Runx2, runt-related transcription factor 2; Colla1, type I collagen; Id, inhibitor of differentiation.

Effects of Notch signaling on the expression of ALK2 induced by BMP9

ALK1 and ALK2 are functional receptors essential for BMP9 osteogenic activity (42). BMP9 can increase the expression of ALK1 and ALK2 in MSCs, which is likely to be a novel clue to demonstrate the molecular mechanism underlying BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Therefore, we aimed to ascertain whether or not Notch can affect ALK1 and ALK2. With qPCR, we found that it was ALK2 but not ALK1 that was significantly downregulated by Ad-dnNotch1 combined with BMP9-CM in MEFs (Fig. 6A). Ad-DLL1 promoted the gene expression of ALK2 induced by BMP9 in MEFs, but had no apparent effect on ALK1 gene expression (Fig. 6A). In order to ascertain whether Notch signaling augments BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation by increasing the gene expression of ALK2, we treated cells with Ad-dnALK1 and Ad-dnALK2, respectively, in the presence of BMP9-CM. We noted that BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation was markedly impaired by Ad-dnALK1 and Ad-dnALK2, and Ad-DLL1 rescued the inhibitory effect of dnALK2, but had no significant effect on dnALK1 (Fig. 6B and C). These results suggested that DLL1/Notch signaling may regulate BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs by partly increasing BMP9-dependent upregulation of ALK2.

Figure 6 Notch signaling promotes BMP9-induced ALK2 gene expression, and the inhibitory effect of dnALK2 on BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation is rescued by overexpression of DLL1. (A) MEFs were treated with Ad-DLL1 or Ad-dnNotch1 in the presence of BMP9-CM, and the gene expression of ALK1 and ALK2 was detected by qPCR at 3 day(s) post-treatment. (B) C3H10T1/2 cells, C2C12 cells and MEFs were infected with Ad-DLL1 and/or Ad-dnALK1, Ad-dnALK2, or Ad-RFP for 24 h, and were stimulated with BMP9-CM. ALP activity was assessed by staining assay at 5 day(s) post-treatment. (C) Matrix mineralization was assessed at 9 day(s) post-treatment by Alizarin Red S staining assay. Magnification, ×100. *P<0.05. BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; ALK, activin-like kinase; DLL, Delta-like; MEFs, mouse embryo fibroblasts; dnNotch1, dominant-negative mutant of Notch1; BMP9-CM, BMP9-conditioned media; ALP, alkaline phosphatase.

Effect of Notch signaling on the proliferation of MSCs during BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation

Notch signaling is involved in regulating the balance between cell differentiation and stem cell proliferation during the development of numerous tissues. Notch signaling may affect BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation by regulating the proliferation of MEFs. Using FCM analysis, we found that following treatment withAd-DLL1 combined with BMP9-CM the percentage of MEFs in the S phase was increased compared to the percentage of cells treated with Ad-RFP combined with BMP9-CM. In addition, the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase decreased significantly. We also noted that Ad-dnNotch1 decreased the S phase cell percentage induced by BMP9-CM, but apparently increased the cell percentage in G0/G1 (Fig. 7A and B). Based on these data, Notch may promote the proliferation of MSCs in the presence of BMP9-CM.

Figure 7 Notch signaling exhibits an apparent effect on proliferation in MEFs during BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation. (A and B) Cell cycle analysis was detected by FCM in MEFs. MEFs, mouse embryo fibroblasts; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; FCM, flow cytometry.

Discussion

In the present study, we investigated the effect of Notch signaling on BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation in MSCs, and the possible mechanism underlying this process. Our findings suggested that Notch signaling can enhance the activity of BMP9 to induce osteogenic differentiation in MSCs, and this effect may be partly mediated by upregulation of ALK2.

BMP9, also called GDF-2, is one of the least studied BMPs (44). Numerous studies have indicated that BMP9 has pivotal biological functions in the areas of liver fibrosis, iron metabolism, cartilage formation and angiopoiesis, and recent studies have shown that BMP9 is the strongest inducer of osteogenic differentiation, which has been regarded as a potential factor in tissue engineering (45). The studies concerning BMP9-induced osteogenesis mechanism are conducive to its application in bone-related diseases. Previous research has indicated that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) inhibits BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation by blocking BMP9-induced Smad signaling and subsequently reducing Smad-dependent upregulation of ALK1 and ALK2 in MSCs (41). Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling acts synergistically on BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation (46). p38 and ERK1/2 MAKPs exert opposing effects on BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation (43). Cox2 is critical for BMP9 to induce osteogenic differentiation in MSCs (39). Hedgehog signaling is involved and plays a regulatory role in the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs induced by BMP9 (40). Yet, little is known concerning the effect of Notch signaling on BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation. Although the importance of Notch on bone remodeling has been found, its role in bone formation remains uncertain. Some studies have determined that Notch signaling can crosstalk with BMP2 to regulate osteogenesis and skeletal remodeling (47–49). However, the effects of Notch signaling on BMP-induced osteogenesis are incompatible. Delta1/Jagged1-activated Notch1 enhances BMP2-induced differentiation in MC3T3-E1 and C2C12 cells (49). Similarly, Notch signaling promotes osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of vascular SMCs by directly activating Msx2 gene transcription via RBP-Jκ (50). Other groups have indicated the opposite results that disruption of Notch signaling in the limb skeletogenic mesenchyme markedly increased trabecular bone mass in adolescent mice (51). In any case, Notch signaling plays critical roles in BMP2-regulated osteogenesis and skeletal remodeling. These different results may be associated with the differentiation of cell lines and the methods used to upregulate or downregulate the pathway. On the other hand, these reports also suggest that there may be complex crosstalk between Notch and BMP signaling.

Our mechanistic studies demonstrated that Notch may enhance the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs by augmenting the activity of BMP9/Smad signaling. The activation of BMP/Smad signaling is initialized from the binding of BMPs and their receptors (BMPRs). Thus, we aimed to clarify whether BMP9/Smad signal transduction strengthened by Notch is derived from BMPRs. We treated MSCs with Ad-DLL1, Ad-dnNotch and DAPT, respectively. We found that the expression of ALK2 (a type of type I BMP receptor) was markedly increased after upregulation of Notch and decreased when Notch was downregulated. But other BMPRs had no changes. When treated with Ad-dnALK2, BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was obviously suppressed, but this inhibition was rescued by the presence of Ad-DLL1. These results showed that the effect of Notch on the activation of the BMP9/Smad signaling may be mediated by upregulation of ALK2 in MSCs.

ALK2, also known as activin A receptor type 1 (ACVR1, is a type I receptor which contributes to osteogenic differentiation induced by BMP2, BMP6, BMP7 and BMP9 (17,52). It has been reported that ALK1 and ALK2 are essential for BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation and ALK2 is required for chondrogenesis during development (42,53,54). Gain-of-function mutation of ALK2 gene is involved in the pathogenesis of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), which is characterized by progressive heterotopic endochon-dral ossification in muscles and other non-skeletal tissues (55). Thus, ALK2 plays a key role in osteogenic differentiation. Previous studies have revealed that BMP9 upregulates ALK2 expression in MSCs through BMP/Smad signaling (42). Yet, the mechanisms regulating ALK2 expression are still poorly understood. Our data suggested that the expression of ALK2 may be regulated by BMP9 and Notch, but the mechanisms need to be further studied.

It is generally believed that during the process of cell differentiation, cell proliferation is inhibited to some extent. We investigated the proliferation of MSCs during osteoblastogenesis induced by BMP9. Our FCM data revealed that Notch enhanced the proliferation of MSCs by decreasing the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase, and increasing the percentage of cells in the S phase

In conclusion, we demonstrated that Notch signaling can potentiate the BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. In regards to the mechanism, we found that this effect may be mediated by upregulation of the expression of ALK2 to enhance the activation the BMP/Smad signaling induced by BMP9.

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr Tong-Chuan He (University of Chicago Medical Center) for providing the recombinant adenoviruses. This study was supported in part by research grants from the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation (CSTC2012jjA10004 and KJ130305).

References