The adenovirus E2 gene promoter contains two positive regulatory elements, the activating transcription factor (ATF) and E2 promoter binding factor (E2F) sites, in physical proximity which are important for adenovirus E1A-induced transcriptional activation of the E2 promoter. It is also known that E1A trans-activates through the E2F site by freeing E2F from inactive complexes containing E2F and tumor suppressor Rb or other proteins. In this study, we demonstrated that E1A, in addition to activating the E2F sites, could trans-activate the E2 promoter through enhancing the DNA binding ability of ATF; and enhanced ATF binding was phosphorylation-dependent. Besides, overexpression of Rb can block both the transcriptional effect of E1A and human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E7, and E1A-induced ATF binding. Moreover, Rb can overcome trans-activation through the E2F sites by E1A or E7. These data suggest that E1A can trans-activate the E2 promoter through two regulatory elements by different mechanisms, and Rb can antagonize the trans-activation effect of E1A or E7.

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